Presentation by Brian Clarke from the University of Surrey in the Centre for Environmental Health and Engineering, presented a talk on Water Aid to the Isle of Wight Cafe Scientifique.
The document discusses septic tanks and their role in on-site wastewater treatment systems. It provides details on what a septic tank is, how it works, and its components. Mathematical models are presented to analyze the anaerobic digestion process that occurs in septic tanks. Linear and non-linear equations are fitted to experimental data to model the relationship between inputs, state variables, and outputs of the anaerobic digestion system. Computer programs can also be developed using these models to analyze septic tank performance over time based on given inputs and parameters.
AltaSorz offers EcoClean Bio-Blocks as a waterless and odor-free solution for urinals and washrooms. The blocks contain billions of bacteria that eliminate urine smell and blockages in washroom lines, leaving a pleasant and hygienic environment. By eliminating the need for water, businesses can save substantial costs on water bills and maintenance compared to traditional urinals. The blocks also provide effective long-term cleaning inside traps and drain lines without the need for additional deodorizers.
The document discusses septic tanks, which are underground structures for processing wastewater. Septic tanks work through sedimentation and anaerobic sludge digestion over 12-36 hours. The wastewater separates into scum, sludge, and effluent. Effluent exits into absorption fields while sludge digests. Septic tanks are suitable for up to 300 people. Design considerations include capacity, dimensions, and detention time. Effluent can be dispersed into soak pits or trenches filled with gravel.
Environmental practicals for mbbs studentsdrjagannath
1. The document discusses various methods of purifying water including rapid sand filters, slow sand filters, chlorination, and household purification methods.
2. Slow sand filters use a biological layer that forms on the top of sand to purify water through chemical and biological processes. The layer removes pathogens and impurities.
3. Chlorination is commonly used to disinfect water on a large scale by adding chlorine to form hypochlorous acid which kills pathogens. The Horrocks apparatus can determine the chlorine dose needed.
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
1) A soak pit is an underground chamber that allows pre-treated wastewater from a septic tank to slowly soak into the ground.
2) It is designed with a layer of sand and gravel at the bottom to disperse the flow and is typically 1.5-4m deep with a casing of coarse sand.
3) The wastewater percolates through the soil where small particles are filtered out and organics are digested, though eventual clogging of the pit is inevitable and requires cleaning.
Domestic septic tanks are underground concrete structures that hold wastewater from homes long enough for solids to settle and be broken down by bacteria. They consist of compartments to prevent sludge and scum from exiting, and effluent flows into a drain field. Septic tanks are designed based on detention time (12-36 hours typically) or rational methods considering settling, digestion and sludge storage zones. Effluent can be disposed of via soak pits, trenches, or irrigation. Septic tanks require periodic cleaning to remove accumulated sludge but provide inexpensive wastewater treatment for small communities if properly maintained.
unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal pptanjalatchi
disposable of excrete waste consist of definition, methods, treament of waste disoposal, summary, question, conclusion, assignment on topic given, refernces,
The document discusses septic tanks and their role in on-site wastewater treatment systems. It provides details on what a septic tank is, how it works, and its components. Mathematical models are presented to analyze the anaerobic digestion process that occurs in septic tanks. Linear and non-linear equations are fitted to experimental data to model the relationship between inputs, state variables, and outputs of the anaerobic digestion system. Computer programs can also be developed using these models to analyze septic tank performance over time based on given inputs and parameters.
AltaSorz offers EcoClean Bio-Blocks as a waterless and odor-free solution for urinals and washrooms. The blocks contain billions of bacteria that eliminate urine smell and blockages in washroom lines, leaving a pleasant and hygienic environment. By eliminating the need for water, businesses can save substantial costs on water bills and maintenance compared to traditional urinals. The blocks also provide effective long-term cleaning inside traps and drain lines without the need for additional deodorizers.
The document discusses septic tanks, which are underground structures for processing wastewater. Septic tanks work through sedimentation and anaerobic sludge digestion over 12-36 hours. The wastewater separates into scum, sludge, and effluent. Effluent exits into absorption fields while sludge digests. Septic tanks are suitable for up to 300 people. Design considerations include capacity, dimensions, and detention time. Effluent can be dispersed into soak pits or trenches filled with gravel.
Environmental practicals for mbbs studentsdrjagannath
1. The document discusses various methods of purifying water including rapid sand filters, slow sand filters, chlorination, and household purification methods.
2. Slow sand filters use a biological layer that forms on the top of sand to purify water through chemical and biological processes. The layer removes pathogens and impurities.
3. Chlorination is commonly used to disinfect water on a large scale by adding chlorine to form hypochlorous acid which kills pathogens. The Horrocks apparatus can determine the chlorine dose needed.
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
1) A soak pit is an underground chamber that allows pre-treated wastewater from a septic tank to slowly soak into the ground.
2) It is designed with a layer of sand and gravel at the bottom to disperse the flow and is typically 1.5-4m deep with a casing of coarse sand.
3) The wastewater percolates through the soil where small particles are filtered out and organics are digested, though eventual clogging of the pit is inevitable and requires cleaning.
Domestic septic tanks are underground concrete structures that hold wastewater from homes long enough for solids to settle and be broken down by bacteria. They consist of compartments to prevent sludge and scum from exiting, and effluent flows into a drain field. Septic tanks are designed based on detention time (12-36 hours typically) or rational methods considering settling, digestion and sludge storage zones. Effluent can be disposed of via soak pits, trenches, or irrigation. Septic tanks require periodic cleaning to remove accumulated sludge but provide inexpensive wastewater treatment for small communities if properly maintained.
unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal pptanjalatchi
disposable of excrete waste consist of definition, methods, treament of waste disoposal, summary, question, conclusion, assignment on topic given, refernces,
This document discusses sewage treatment and provides details on various stages of sewage treatment processes. It describes:
- The composition of sewage, including that it is 90% water and contains organic and inorganic solids. Untreated sewage can cause health and environmental issues.
- The goals of sewage treatment which are to purify sewage water so it can be safely disposed of in rivers, lands or seas without causing pollution or health problems.
- The primary treatment stages of screening, grit removal and primary sedimentation to remove solids.
- The secondary treatment methods of trickling filters and activated sludge processes which use aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter.
- Final treatment
The document provides information about septic systems and the problems with conventional septic tanks. It introduces Safegard septic tanks as an advanced solution. Safegard tanks have a unique vertical and modular design that makes them strong, lightweight, and easy to install. They are more durable and resistant to corrosion than conventional brick or concrete tanks. The document outlines the components, sizes, and installation process of Safegard septic tanks.
The document discusses the construction details of septic tanks. It provides a brief history of septic tanks originating in France in the 1860s. It defines a septic tank as an underground concrete chamber that separates wastewater into liquids and solids and provides basic treatment through digestion by anaerobic bacteria. The document outlines two common methods for designing septic tanks - the detention period method and rational period method - which determine tank size based on wastewater flow rates and the population served. It notes advantages such as low cost and effective BOD removal but disadvantages including odor issues and need for periodic cleaning.
Hand hygiene and pit vip toilet in rural africaDino Sgarabotto
This document discusses pit and VIP toilets and hand hygiene in rural Africa. It describes the basic design of pit toilets and how VIP toilets improve on standard pit toilets by including a vent pipe and flyscreen to prevent odors and flies from escaping. It also discusses the tippy tap, a simple handwashing station that uses a foot lever and small amount of water. The document emphasizes that pit latrines and handwashing facilities should be included in every rural household to promote hygiene and reduce disease transmission.
The document provides information on septic systems, which are commonly used for sewage treatment and disposal in Bhutan. It discusses the typical components of a septic system including the connecting pipe, inspection chamber, septic tank, and soak pit. It describes the functions of the septic tank, including collecting and storing sewage, separating solids and liquids, and allowing primary treatment by bacteria. The manual outlines design considerations for septic tanks including tank size, retention time, and components like the base, walls, inlet, outlet, and ventilation. It provides guidance on installing, operating, and maintaining septic systems, including inspecting, emptying tanks, and preventing system failures.
This document describes various sewage treatment processes including septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, ponds, lagoons and ditches. It provides details on the process, components and design of septic tanks. Septic tanks use sedimentation and anaerobic digestion to treat sewage. The design criteria includes detention time, tank dimensions, sludge storage volume and absorption field sizing based on percolation rates. An example problem demonstrates how to design a septic tank and absorption field for a hostel.
This is a lecture on household water treatment methods and techniques. These techniques are valuable for point-of-use treatment in emergency situations or where no elaborate systems exist.
different types of toilets used in daily life by people are described in this slide. Mostly used types are; with water as an odor seal, without water with as odor seal, types by usage posture and public toilet.
This slide represents one of the best filtration systems for your koi pond. Through this slide you can understand about how to choose one of the best pond filters and how to safe your Koi fishes for long time.
Effluent Treatment Plant, Reverse Osmosis System, Sewage Treatment Plant, Water Softening Plant, Swimming Pool Filter
We Netsol Water Solutions Private Limited are one of the leading and reliable manufacturer, supplier and exporter of a wide range of best quality Water Treatment Solutions. The offered range has been availed to the customers at the most comprehensive and market leading price range. We have manufactured this range from the usage of best quality raw material procured from reliable vending sources. In our extensive range we are availing products such as RO Plant, Effluent Treatment Plant, Air Pollution Control System, Water Treatment Plant WTP Manufacturer, Swimming Pool Filter, Swimming Pool Builder and much more.
Our expert professionals have fabricated this range in complete compliance with the industrial standards. We have also installed and made use of highly advanced technicalities and machines for the making of these machines and components. Offering complete purification of water, the systems are available for various processes be it industrial or domestic. At our infrastructure we have installed the best of facilities. We assure complete quality from our side as we put up our products to stringent quality testing.
This document discusses various methods for purifying water, including natural and artificial methods. It focuses on large-scale water purification processes. The key steps discussed are storage, filtration (slow sand and rapid sand), and disinfection using chlorine. Storage allows sedimentation and improves water quality over time. Slow sand filtration uses a biological film for high-quality filtration. Rapid sand filtration can handle raw water directly using coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and mechanical filtration followed by chlorination for disinfection.
AquaH2O Water filtration - water purificationAlg Colombo
The document discusses various aspects of water quality and purification methods. It begins by outlining the importance of water for the human body and various health benefits. It then discusses advantages of purified water over tap or bottled water in minimizing exposure to contaminants. Various filtration methods are described, including carbon filters and reverse osmosis, highlighting their effectiveness in removing particulates, chemicals, and microorganisms. The document also covers topics like total dissolved solids, water hardness, and common water contaminants related to odor, taste, and color. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of water properties and popular purification technologies.
Sewage Treatment and a case study of treatment plantGeetika Singla
The document discusses various methods of sewage treatment for unsewered and sewered areas. For unsewered areas, it describes service latrines, non-service latrines including bore hole latrines, dug well latrines, water seal latrines, and septic tanks. For temporary use, it discusses shallow and deep trench latrines. For sewered areas, it explains the water carriage system and primary treatment processes including screening, grit removal, and sedimentation. It also describes secondary treatment methods like trickling filters and activated sludge process.
This PowerPoint contains information about a water system that can be used to recycle grey water; it also explains the terms as like Water Supply, Sanitation, Water Hygiene and Waste Management...
The document discusses low-cost sanitation systems, specifically septic tanks. It describes how septic tanks work and the situations where they are suitable. Septic tanks are underground structures that use anaerobic bacteria to treat wastewater and are used where sewer systems are not available. The document outlines the components, design considerations, and disposal methods for effluent from septic tanks, including soak pits and dispersion trenches which allow the liquid to absorb into the soil. Design examples are provided to demonstrate how to size a septic tank and calculate the area required for effluent disposal trenches.
This presentation talks about the first commercial membranes starting in the 1960's and then moves on to discuss how membranes work and the processes required to clean them.
This document discusses the waste water treatment process at the Larnaca Waste Water Treatment Plant in Cyprus. It describes the various treatment stages, including primary treatment using screens and grit removal, secondary treatment using oxidation ditches and settlement tanks, tertiary treatment using rapid sand filters and chlorination, and sludge handling including thickening, aerobic digestion, and drying. The treated water is used for irrigation and sludge is transported to fields for agricultural use according to limits for metal concentrations. Monitoring of soil is conducted before and every six months after sludge application.
This document provides guidelines for sanitizing stored water supplies in tanks. It discusses maintaining clean water sources, determining water volumes in different tank shapes using formulas, and sanitizing procedures using household bleach at a rate of 1-1.5 fluid ounces per 500 gallons of water. The sanitized water should not be used for drinking until the chlorine smell disappears within 1-2 days. Routine tank cleaning and maintenance can help reduce need for shock chlorination.
A septic tank is a key component of a septic system that is used for sewage treatment in areas without connection to municipal sewage systems. The septic tank uses anaerobic bacteria to decompose waste and relies on other components like drain fields to further treat and dispose of effluent. While septic systems provide a reliable drainage option, they can pollute groundwater and surface water if not maintained properly by avoiding things like excessive water use, chemical disposal, or root intrusion that can overload or damage the system.
Working together with the Lions Club of London Kingsbury, Water Aid aims to provide access to safe water and sanitation for the world's poorest communities. Children in these communities often walk miles each day to fetch water for basic needs like drinking, cooking, and washing. Donating funds to Water Aid can help change lives by supporting projects like building boreholes and latrines, giving communities free-flowing water and sanitation facilities. Clean water is essential but one in eight people globally currently lack access, so regular donations as small as £2 per month can help millions of lives.
1) The document discusses Uganda's Small Towns Water Project which uses an Output-Based Aid (OBA) approach to improve water access in small towns and rural growth centers.
2) Under the project, private operators were engaged via design-build-operate contracts to extend water services to an additional 45,000 people across 10 towns.
3) Initial results found an average 20% efficiency gain through competitive bidding. Connections are being delivered, though some sites have faced slower construction than planned. Access to upfront financing remains a challenge.
This document discusses sewage treatment and provides details on various stages of sewage treatment processes. It describes:
- The composition of sewage, including that it is 90% water and contains organic and inorganic solids. Untreated sewage can cause health and environmental issues.
- The goals of sewage treatment which are to purify sewage water so it can be safely disposed of in rivers, lands or seas without causing pollution or health problems.
- The primary treatment stages of screening, grit removal and primary sedimentation to remove solids.
- The secondary treatment methods of trickling filters and activated sludge processes which use aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter.
- Final treatment
The document provides information about septic systems and the problems with conventional septic tanks. It introduces Safegard septic tanks as an advanced solution. Safegard tanks have a unique vertical and modular design that makes them strong, lightweight, and easy to install. They are more durable and resistant to corrosion than conventional brick or concrete tanks. The document outlines the components, sizes, and installation process of Safegard septic tanks.
The document discusses the construction details of septic tanks. It provides a brief history of septic tanks originating in France in the 1860s. It defines a septic tank as an underground concrete chamber that separates wastewater into liquids and solids and provides basic treatment through digestion by anaerobic bacteria. The document outlines two common methods for designing septic tanks - the detention period method and rational period method - which determine tank size based on wastewater flow rates and the population served. It notes advantages such as low cost and effective BOD removal but disadvantages including odor issues and need for periodic cleaning.
Hand hygiene and pit vip toilet in rural africaDino Sgarabotto
This document discusses pit and VIP toilets and hand hygiene in rural Africa. It describes the basic design of pit toilets and how VIP toilets improve on standard pit toilets by including a vent pipe and flyscreen to prevent odors and flies from escaping. It also discusses the tippy tap, a simple handwashing station that uses a foot lever and small amount of water. The document emphasizes that pit latrines and handwashing facilities should be included in every rural household to promote hygiene and reduce disease transmission.
The document provides information on septic systems, which are commonly used for sewage treatment and disposal in Bhutan. It discusses the typical components of a septic system including the connecting pipe, inspection chamber, septic tank, and soak pit. It describes the functions of the septic tank, including collecting and storing sewage, separating solids and liquids, and allowing primary treatment by bacteria. The manual outlines design considerations for septic tanks including tank size, retention time, and components like the base, walls, inlet, outlet, and ventilation. It provides guidance on installing, operating, and maintaining septic systems, including inspecting, emptying tanks, and preventing system failures.
This document describes various sewage treatment processes including septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, ponds, lagoons and ditches. It provides details on the process, components and design of septic tanks. Septic tanks use sedimentation and anaerobic digestion to treat sewage. The design criteria includes detention time, tank dimensions, sludge storage volume and absorption field sizing based on percolation rates. An example problem demonstrates how to design a septic tank and absorption field for a hostel.
This is a lecture on household water treatment methods and techniques. These techniques are valuable for point-of-use treatment in emergency situations or where no elaborate systems exist.
different types of toilets used in daily life by people are described in this slide. Mostly used types are; with water as an odor seal, without water with as odor seal, types by usage posture and public toilet.
This slide represents one of the best filtration systems for your koi pond. Through this slide you can understand about how to choose one of the best pond filters and how to safe your Koi fishes for long time.
Effluent Treatment Plant, Reverse Osmosis System, Sewage Treatment Plant, Water Softening Plant, Swimming Pool Filter
We Netsol Water Solutions Private Limited are one of the leading and reliable manufacturer, supplier and exporter of a wide range of best quality Water Treatment Solutions. The offered range has been availed to the customers at the most comprehensive and market leading price range. We have manufactured this range from the usage of best quality raw material procured from reliable vending sources. In our extensive range we are availing products such as RO Plant, Effluent Treatment Plant, Air Pollution Control System, Water Treatment Plant WTP Manufacturer, Swimming Pool Filter, Swimming Pool Builder and much more.
Our expert professionals have fabricated this range in complete compliance with the industrial standards. We have also installed and made use of highly advanced technicalities and machines for the making of these machines and components. Offering complete purification of water, the systems are available for various processes be it industrial or domestic. At our infrastructure we have installed the best of facilities. We assure complete quality from our side as we put up our products to stringent quality testing.
This document discusses various methods for purifying water, including natural and artificial methods. It focuses on large-scale water purification processes. The key steps discussed are storage, filtration (slow sand and rapid sand), and disinfection using chlorine. Storage allows sedimentation and improves water quality over time. Slow sand filtration uses a biological film for high-quality filtration. Rapid sand filtration can handle raw water directly using coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and mechanical filtration followed by chlorination for disinfection.
AquaH2O Water filtration - water purificationAlg Colombo
The document discusses various aspects of water quality and purification methods. It begins by outlining the importance of water for the human body and various health benefits. It then discusses advantages of purified water over tap or bottled water in minimizing exposure to contaminants. Various filtration methods are described, including carbon filters and reverse osmosis, highlighting their effectiveness in removing particulates, chemicals, and microorganisms. The document also covers topics like total dissolved solids, water hardness, and common water contaminants related to odor, taste, and color. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of water properties and popular purification technologies.
Sewage Treatment and a case study of treatment plantGeetika Singla
The document discusses various methods of sewage treatment for unsewered and sewered areas. For unsewered areas, it describes service latrines, non-service latrines including bore hole latrines, dug well latrines, water seal latrines, and septic tanks. For temporary use, it discusses shallow and deep trench latrines. For sewered areas, it explains the water carriage system and primary treatment processes including screening, grit removal, and sedimentation. It also describes secondary treatment methods like trickling filters and activated sludge process.
This PowerPoint contains information about a water system that can be used to recycle grey water; it also explains the terms as like Water Supply, Sanitation, Water Hygiene and Waste Management...
The document discusses low-cost sanitation systems, specifically septic tanks. It describes how septic tanks work and the situations where they are suitable. Septic tanks are underground structures that use anaerobic bacteria to treat wastewater and are used where sewer systems are not available. The document outlines the components, design considerations, and disposal methods for effluent from septic tanks, including soak pits and dispersion trenches which allow the liquid to absorb into the soil. Design examples are provided to demonstrate how to size a septic tank and calculate the area required for effluent disposal trenches.
This presentation talks about the first commercial membranes starting in the 1960's and then moves on to discuss how membranes work and the processes required to clean them.
This document discusses the waste water treatment process at the Larnaca Waste Water Treatment Plant in Cyprus. It describes the various treatment stages, including primary treatment using screens and grit removal, secondary treatment using oxidation ditches and settlement tanks, tertiary treatment using rapid sand filters and chlorination, and sludge handling including thickening, aerobic digestion, and drying. The treated water is used for irrigation and sludge is transported to fields for agricultural use according to limits for metal concentrations. Monitoring of soil is conducted before and every six months after sludge application.
This document provides guidelines for sanitizing stored water supplies in tanks. It discusses maintaining clean water sources, determining water volumes in different tank shapes using formulas, and sanitizing procedures using household bleach at a rate of 1-1.5 fluid ounces per 500 gallons of water. The sanitized water should not be used for drinking until the chlorine smell disappears within 1-2 days. Routine tank cleaning and maintenance can help reduce need for shock chlorination.
A septic tank is a key component of a septic system that is used for sewage treatment in areas without connection to municipal sewage systems. The septic tank uses anaerobic bacteria to decompose waste and relies on other components like drain fields to further treat and dispose of effluent. While septic systems provide a reliable drainage option, they can pollute groundwater and surface water if not maintained properly by avoiding things like excessive water use, chemical disposal, or root intrusion that can overload or damage the system.
Working together with the Lions Club of London Kingsbury, Water Aid aims to provide access to safe water and sanitation for the world's poorest communities. Children in these communities often walk miles each day to fetch water for basic needs like drinking, cooking, and washing. Donating funds to Water Aid can help change lives by supporting projects like building boreholes and latrines, giving communities free-flowing water and sanitation facilities. Clean water is essential but one in eight people globally currently lack access, so regular donations as small as £2 per month can help millions of lives.
1) The document discusses Uganda's Small Towns Water Project which uses an Output-Based Aid (OBA) approach to improve water access in small towns and rural growth centers.
2) Under the project, private operators were engaged via design-build-operate contracts to extend water services to an additional 45,000 people across 10 towns.
3) Initial results found an average 20% efficiency gain through competitive bidding. Connections are being delivered, though some sites have faced slower construction than planned. Access to upfront financing remains a challenge.
1) A study of injury data from 22 public swimming pools in Victoria, Australia found an incidence rate of 142 injuries per 100,000 pool visits over a 6 month period.
2) The majority of injuries were minor cuts, bruises, and grazes to the extremities, especially the feet. Many resulted from collisions, falls, or thermal effects like nosebleeds.
3) About half of the injuries received wound management, while others received ice, combinations of treatments, or were referred elsewhere. The median treatment time was 10 minutes.
PALS is a non-profit organization that established Pakistan's first coastal lifeguard service in Karachi in 2003. Prior to 2004, over 250 people were drowning on Karachi beaches every year. PALS now employs 150 professional lifeguards who patrol 20 beaches, providing open-water rescues, first aid, and drowning prevention education. In its first few years of operation, PALS performed over 1,100 rescues and saw coastal drownings drop significantly. The organization aims to expand services and establish national drowning prevention initiatives and training programs.
The lifeguard should be equipped as well.
The equipment will allow the guards to do the job effectively, make them easily noticeable and accessible to patrons, and protect them from injury.
Lifeguards are responsible for supervising water areas like pools, beaches, and lakes to ensure public safety. They are trained in water rescue, first aid, and emergency response. Lifeguards must be strong swimmers, monitor water users for signs of distress or drowning, clear water areas during emergencies, and administer first aid when needed. They use equipment like rescue tubes, spineboards, and first aid kits and communicate with whistles and flags. Lifeguards work from elevated chairs or towers to best oversee their assigned supervision area.
Here are a few First-aid tips that comes handy and could help you or someone out there during an emergency situation where we are in need of a medical attention and the following these tips will help you get through while necessary help arrives by.
UthMag hosted a large event with over 120 attendees between ages 17-23 who played various sports video games from 4pm to 1am. Michael Jackson: The Experience was the most popular game with 38 players, followed by Kinect Sports with 18 players and PES 2011 with 42 players. Attendees provided positive feedback on all games played and appreciated the competitive tournament structure. After the event, the Facebook page saw increased traffic and likes through competitions, reaching over 300 additional visitors and gaining more than 150 new likes in three days.
Coca Cola Finance Report - This report gives a detailed analysis of Coca Cola's financial performance. The report also gives insights for future shareholders.
The document proposes converting an underutilized mobile station located at a high-traffic intersection into a convenience store with fuel pumps, a car wash, and repair services. It details the projected conversion costs of $453,960 and financial projections showing increased annual net income of $760,848 and returns on investment of 34.58% compared to the property's current performance. The site is well-located with over 87,000 vehicles passing per day and has no environmental issues.
Presentation by Erik Lennert of the successful collaboration between the Communications department of the Rocky Mountain College of Art+Design and Markit on Demand (ex WallStreet on Demand), made during the Cumulus Digital Culture session in Denver, October 29th 2011.
Spartups is looking to form strategic partnerships with student organizations, networking groups, businesses, and other incubators and accelerators. They are also seeking mentors, advisers, and guest speakers. The document provides details on a new pitch format for applicants and current Spartups members, and information on how to contact Spartups or follow them on social media.
This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on digital modulation and coding detection theory. It defines the Q-function and shows how it can be used to calculate error probabilities for digital modulation. It then derives upper and lower bounds on error probability (Pe) in terms of the minimum distance (dmin) between constellation points. Finally, it discusses how repeaters can be used to boost signal strength, and shows how the error probability is affected depending on whether the repeaters are regenerative or analog.
WASH during Emergencies - Presented at MIT Class "Disseminating WASH Innovati...Tom Mahin
This document discusses approaches to implementing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) during emergencies such as natural disasters, conflicts, and disease outbreaks. It highlights how displacement of large populations increases the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera. Chlorinating water sources is an effective way to reduce cholera but faces challenges for rural and household use. New approaches like chlorine dispensers and tablet chlorinators aim to improve chlorine dosing of community water sources. Hygiene promotion to increase handwashing and use of treated water is also important for preventing outbreaks. The document describes Haiti's 2010 earthquake and 2011 cholera response as case studies.
All living things require clean, uncontaminated water as the most crucial compound for life on Earth
Ideally, drinking water should be clear, colorless, and well aerated, with no unpalatable taste or odor, and it should contain no suspended matter, harmful chemical substances, or pathogenic microorganisms.
Wastewater discharge from industries, agricultural pollution, municipal wastewater, and poor environmental sanitation are the main sources of water contamination
conservation and quality for water.pptxssuser98cc4c
The document discusses water quality testing and rainwater harvesting. It provides details about:
- Average annual rainfall in India and how it varies significantly in different areas
- The importance of harvesting rainwater, which can be done through surface storage or groundwater recharge
- Key water quality parameters like turbidity, bacteria, chemicals, hardness and how to test for them
- Health impacts of common contaminants like arsenic and fluoride and guidelines for safe levels
- Ongoing research at CoreValleys laboratory related to water and food analysis, product development, and more.
The document discusses water treatment and filtration processes. It provides information on various steps in water treatment including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. It also describes different types of filtration such as slow sand filtration and rapid sand filtration. Rapid sand filtration uses higher flow rates than slow sand filtration. Key aspects of rapid sand filtration covered include the filter media layers, backwashing process, and calculating the hydraulic loading rate.
this ppt is about desalination of water through various techniques,describing the procedure of desalition and analysing wjhich meathod will be more useful
This document describes the Mission Bhagiratha water treatment plant in India. It aims to provide safe drinking water to urban and rural habitations by sourcing water from the Krishna and Godavari rivers. The water undergoes various treatment processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration to remove impurities. Key tests are conducted to check the water quality against acceptance criteria for characteristics like turbidity, pH, hardness and other chemicals. Processes like clarification, filtration, chlorination and distribution through overhead tanks are involved to purify and deliver drinking water.
Melbourne Water supplies potable water to Melbourne through a treatment process and distribution system. It treats water from protected catchment areas with disinfection only, while water from open catchment areas requires additional filtration due to public access. Melbourne Water owns reservoirs that store treated water before gravity or pumping distributes it through pipes. As an alternative source, desalinated seawater undergoes reverse osmosis before mixing with reservoir water.
The document discusses safe and wholesome water. It defines safe water as free from pathogens and harmful chemicals, pleasant tasting, and usable for domestic purposes. It then discusses various water sources like rain, surface water, and ground water. It explains water purification processes at large scale like storage, filtration, and disinfection which usually involves chlorination. For small scale purification, it discusses boiling, filtration, and chemical disinfection methods.
The document provides information about domestic water treatment systems. It discusses the standard water treatment process, which includes coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. It also describes different types of domestic water treatment systems like water softeners, reverse osmosis filters, and ultraviolet filters. The installation process for domestic water filters is outlined in 5 steps. Common issues with domestic water systems like aging equipment and chemical contamination are also discussed along with potential solutions.
1. The document discusses the water treatment process at the Durgapur Municipal Corporation water treatment plant in Angadpur. It involves 7 stages: screening, prechlorination, aeration, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection.
2. Key steps include adding aluminum sulfate and polyelectrolyte to form flocs, sedimentation to remove flocs, sand filtration, and chlorination for disinfection. Additional steps are aeration, pH adjustment with lime, and post-chlorination before distribution.
3. The water treatment plant, pumping stations, and distribution network were installed in two phases to supply water to Durgapur town.
This document summarizes popular struggles related to water in Bolivia and Sudan. In Bolivia, the Cochabamba Water War protests took place from 1999-2000 in response to the privatization of the municipal water supply and dramatic rate increases. Tens of thousands protested, leading the government to reverse privatization. In Sudan, water conflicts stem from northern Arab expansion and mechanized farming threatening southern subsistence farmers. One conflict was over the Jonglei Canal project to drain swampland for farming, but it threatened local tribes and was attacked by the Sudan People's Liberation Army, forcing suspension of the project.
The document summarizes popular struggles related to water in Bolivia and Sudan. In Bolivia, mass protests known as the Cochabamba Water War erupted in 2000 in response to the privatization of the municipal water supply and large rate increases imposed by the private company. After months of demonstrations and clashes with police, the government reversed the privatization. In Sudan, water conflicts stem from northern Arab expansion seeking new farmland and resources in the south. One conflict involved the Jonglei Canal project to drain the Sudd Swamps, which threatened local tribes and was attacked by the Sudan People's Liberation Army, forcing suspension of the project in 1984. Both examples show popular resistance to changes in water access and use of important water
The document summarizes a visit by dental students to a water treatment plant in Bhubaneswar, India. The plant purifies 7.5 million gallons of water daily from the Kaukhai River using a rapid sand filtration process. This involves coagulation with alum, flash mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration through sand beds, backwashing of filters, chlorine disinfection, and storage in reservoirs. The visit provided the students practical knowledge of large-scale water purification methods.
Eilon Adar. Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research. J.B. Institutes for Desrt Research. Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Foro "Promoviendo una Minería Sostenible"
Rainwater harvesting has a long history around the world. It involves collecting rainwater and storing it for later use before it reaches aquifers. It has been practiced as far back as the 3rd century BC in parts of India and Pakistan. It remains an important source of water for irrigation and other purposes. Rainwater harvesting systems typically involve three steps - collection, filtration, and storage. Water conservation aims to ensure sustainable access to water resources for current and future generations. It is important for both environmental and social reasons.
Rainwater harvesting has been practiced for centuries around the world to collect and store rainwater for irrigation and drinking. It involves collecting rainwater, transporting it, filtering it, and storing it for groundwater recharge or other uses. Popular struggles have occurred related to water privatization and large dam projects that displaced communities or restricted access to water sources. Sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs, and groundwater can be preserved by reducing chemical and waste pollution, conserving water usage, and practicing reuse and recycling.
Slow sand filtration is an old water treatment technology that is not fully understood. Particles are removed from water as it passes slowly through a bed of sand, but the mechanisms were unknown. Research has found that both biological and physical-chemical processes contribute to particle removal. Biologically, small particles (<2um) are removed as microorganisms in the filter feed on bacteria. Larger particles are removed through physical-chemical attachment to other particles that have built up in the filter bed and cake layer. Ongoing research continues to investigate the mystery compounds and processes involved in slow sand filtration.
The document provides an overview of water purification processes and methods. It discusses key steps in large-scale municipal water treatment plants including coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration (slow sand and rapid sand), and disinfection (chlorination). It also covers small-scale household water treatment options like boiling, chemical disinfection, water softeners, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet light. The history of water treatment is reviewed dating back to ancient civilizations with important developments like the discovery of waterborne disease transmission and regulations to protect public health.
The document summarizes drinking water purification methods. It discusses parameters for water sources, such as acceptable coliform and turbidity counts. Surface water is treated through clarification and disinfection, including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration to remove particles, as well as chlorination to disinfect. Regulations like the Safe Drinking Water Act establish standards for drinking water quality. Treatment systems filter water and use disinfectants like chlorine, ozone and UV light to remove pathogens before water is stored and distributed.
This document provides information on water purification methods at different scales. On a large scale, water is purified through storage, sedimentation, filtration (rapid sand and slow sand), and disinfection (usually chlorination). On a medium scale, adding bleach or chlorinated lime is common. On a small scale, boiling, distillation, and adding chemicals like bleach or iodine can purify water. The document also discusses rapid sand filtration versus slow sand filtration and different water quality testing standards.
Similar to Brian Clarke on Water Aid (Cafe Scientifique) (20)
Dr Robin Wilson - Monitoring the environment from spaceonthewight
Dr Robin Wilson, a freelance academic and data scientist with a PhD in satellite imaging and complex systems simulation presented his extremely interesting talk, "Monitoring the environment from space.
Hundreds of satellites orbit the Earth every day, collecting data that is used for monitoring almost all aspects of the environment. This talk introduced the world of satellite imaging, beyond the 'pretty pictures' to the scientific data behind them, and showed how the data can be applied to monitor plant growth, air pollution and more, giving local, Isle of Wight examples.
Dr Stephen Prior - Drones and other Unmanned Air Vehicles - Cafe Sci Isle of ...onthewight
Dr Stephen Prior's (Engineering and Physical Sciences Faculty, Southampton University) presentation to the Isle of Wight's Cafe Scientifique on Drones and other Unmanned Air Vehicles, March 2019.
David Prendergast - Innovative Physics - From AI to Fukushima - Isle of Wight...onthewight
David Prendergast from Shanklin-based Innovative Physics presented the talk 'From AI to Fukushima' to the Isle of Wight Cafe Scientifique on 21 Jan 2019.
Prof Paul White - The behaviour of marine mammals - Cafe Scientifique - Mar 2018onthewight
Prof Paul White on ‘The Behaviour of Marine Mammals’, including how they communicate and hunt speaking to Isle of Wight Cafe Scientifique on 12 March 2018.
Dr Catherine Mercer and Dr Frank Ratcliff - The 100,000 Genome Project - Jan ...onthewight
The 100,000 Genomes Project will sequence 100,000 genomes from around 70,000 people.
Participants are NHS patients with a rare disease, plus their families, and patients with cancer. Significantly, this is currently the largest national sequencing project of its kind in the world.
This talk explores the project, and ask the question; “Would you have your genome sequenced?”
Dr. Jon Whitehurst - Bats, Maths and Maps - Isle of Wight Cafe Sci - Nov 2016onthewight
What do bats, maths and maps have in common with systems engineering you ask yourself? The answer in this case lies in developing repeatable methodologies for the accurate prediction of bat habitat suitability using non-invasive survey methods.
The intent of this lecture is to show the extent to which cross discipline working is exploited within modern day ecology and to demonstrate that the ecology research in the 21st century is not just about fieldwork, recording and subjective assessment.
The specific example presented is bat habitat suitability modelling and the lecture will cover the end-to-end process of mapping predictive bat habitat use and describe the contributions to this process from across a wide range of scientific disciplines that enable field observations and digitised habitat features into fully quantifiable predictions of bat habitat use.
Progress 8 is a new school accountability measure that measures pupils' average progress across 8 subjects compared to pupils nationally with similar prior attainment. It uses Attainment 8 scores, which average pupils' grades in the best 8 subjects across English, maths, EBacc subjects and other approved qualifications. Progress 8 will be introduced in 2016 and replace the current progress measure, with schools below a score of -0.5 falling below the new floor standard.
Dr Richard Crowder - Termites, Bees and Robots - 14 Mar 2016 - Isle of Wight ...onthewight
Dr Richard Crowder of the Department of Computing and Electronic Engineering of Southampton University presented a talk on 'Termites, Bees and Robots' to the Isle of Wight branch of Cafe Scientifique on 14 Mar 2016.
News Rewired Presentation - OnTheWight's experience with Automated Articles -...onthewight
I was invited to present at Journalism.co.uk's News Rewired conference on 1 December 2015.
Here's my presentation in the 'How can robot journalists help the media' session.
Dr Jen Gupta - Understanding nature’s death ray guns - 13 Oct 2015onthewight
Dr Jennifer Gupta is the Outreach Officer for the Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation at the University of Portsmouth. Her interest is in astrophysics and she spoke about the developments in Radio Astronomy, Quasars and Black Holes.
Professor John Coleman, Phonetics Department, Oxford University, talk "Voices...onthewight
Professor John Coleman from the Phonetics Department at Oxford University presenting his talk "Voices from the Past" to the Isle of Wight Cafe Scientifique.
He discusses, how do present day languages sound compared to those spoken by our ancestors? An audio journey into the spoken words of the past.
Discover the deep cultural connections we share with our linguistic cousins across Europe and Asia and hear reconstructions of ancient words, last spoken over 6,000 years ago.
Innovation at OnTheWight - Presented at What's next for Community Journalism ...onthewight
The presentation Simon gave at the "What's next for Community Journalism" conference organised by Centre for Community Journalism in Cardiff in September 2015.
We were asked to give a talk with an overview of innovations that we'd carried out over our ten years of doing #hyperlocal news on the Isle of Wight.
As the early innovation was so long ago, much of it has become mainstream in the intervening years!
Prof Arnold Taylor: The significant experiments of Robert Hooke - 8 June 2015onthewight
Prince Rupert's Drops are glass teardrops created in the 1600s that are nearly unbreakable but will shatter if the tail is snapped. They were first created by Prince Rupert of the Rhine in the 1600s and later studied under a microscope by Robert Hooke, who discovered their unusual properties and strength. The document discusses the history and creation of Prince Rupert's Drops by various early scientists.
Intriguing Neutrinos: The Deep Secrets of Nature’s Ghosts by Dr Elisabeth Falkonthewight
Lisa Falk's presentation about the Neutrino, one of the fundamental particles which make up the universe - Also, currently, one of the least understood.
Subatomic particles produced by the decay of radioactive elements. They're special for many reasons - They have no charge, are incredibly light, travel at near light speed and travel through most other matter.
Following the introduction to what they are, she detailed the challenges of detecting them (she's been directly involved in these experiments, including time at CERN), and the vast equipment that's used.
Finally she talked about the DUNE project, the next stage in Neutrino detection.
Presented to Cafe Scientifique, Isle of Wight, 11th May 2015.
East Cowes - Proposed development - Solent Gateways - Dec 2014onthewight
The document proposes improvements to connectivity between Southampton and the Isle of Wight through the Solent Gateways project. This includes enhancing the public areas around the Red Funnel ferry terminals in East Cowes and Southampton to improve the transport interchanges and stimulate regeneration. Specific proposals for East Cowes include upgrading Bridge Square, York Square, and Trinity Wharf near the ferry terminal with new public spaces, pedestrian priority areas, and a cohesive waterfront design using materials like stone, timber and steel. The project aims to complete an existing masterplan and improve traffic flow, public transport access, and the quality of the town center environment.
Prof Graham Mills - The Fate of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Aquatic Enviro...onthewight
Professor Graham Mills presented his talk "The Fate of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Aquatic Environment"
A full background of what contaminates water, from Pharmacology and Agriculture. People passing medicines they have taken or disposing of them by throwing them down the toilet are causing major changes to fish and other water dwelling creatures.
- October 2014 - Cafe Scientifique Isle of Wight
Dr Luke Myers - Tidal Power Isle of Wight - Cafe Scientifique - Sept 2014onthewight
Dr Luke Myers' presentation about Tidal Power to Cafe Scientifique on the Isle of Wight - 29 Sept 2014
Write up of the event and other audio: <a>Dr Luke Myers: Tidal Power</a>
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
1. Not Water Aid……
….but water aid to Rwanda, Aceh,
Darfur & Uganda
Water Treatment in Emergencies and
the Developing World!
Brian Clarke
Deputy Director
Centre for Environmental & Health
Engineering (CEHE)
Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences
2. Why is water important?
What has water ever done for you?
• You are over 60% water
• Water is in every cell of your body, except in
hair and nails
• Water dilutes and carries your waste away
• Water is used to regulate your temperature
3. Water Quality
• When it comes to water quality, either raw water or
potable supplies, always think in terms of physical,
chemical and (micro)biological features
• It doesn’t look very nice, ughhhh…
NTU, SS mg/l or particle size µm?
• It doesn’t taste very nice, but…..
organic, inorganic, toxic, hazardous, multiple, site
testing, sanitary survey?
• I feel ill, Cholera Mary’s got me again!
water related disease, faecal-oral transmission route
5. How do you measure microbiological
“contamination”?
• Difficult to reliably detect pathogenic
microbes in the considerable quantity flow
of a community water supply
• Pathogens can be present in relatively
small numbers and they may be present
infrequently or at irregular intervals
• Accordingly, searching for pathogens is
not a practicable means of monitoring
microbiological water quality
6. Indicator Organism & Delagua Kit
• A member of the Coli aerogenes group,
Escherichia coli, is used as an indicator
organism (not the enterotoxic variant
currently affecting Northern Germany!)
7. If a water is free of E.coli it is assumed that faecal contamination is
non-existent or Microbial monitoring thatthe
has been eliminated and in pathogens are not
present (actually these are thermotolerant coliform assumed faecal!)
field?
Zero FC/100ml not always an indication of a microbiologically safe
water !!!
9. Water Related Disease
• Water borne
• Diarrhoea & Dysenteries, Cholera,Typhoid
• Water washed
• Eye infections. Skin infections
• Water based
• Shistosomiasis (Bilharzia)
• Water related insect vector
• Malaria
13. Water Supply
• In some camps Oxfam carried out batch
treatment using alum as a coagulant &
hypochlorite disinfection
• MSF had a fleet of trucks carrying up to 2
million litres of water per day to 68 locations
in the campsites, chlorine was added as the
trucks left Lake Kivu and, after travelling for
90 - 120 minutes, was suitable for
consumption (www Susie Low MSF)
14. Batch Physico-chemical System?
Sedimentation,
Coagulant addition
and Floc settlement
Disinfection
~addition of
hypochlorite?
Supply
15. Water Related Disease
• People began to get sick, on July 18th 1994
the first cases of cholera were confirmed in
Goma town
• A laboratory identified the causative
organism as Vibrio cholerae 01, biotype El
Tor, Serotype Twawa, resistant to affordable
drugs such as doxycycline
• More than 3,000 cases of cholera were
reported the first day
16.
17. Refugees Return
• After 3-4 years the refugees were
encouraged to return to Rwanda
• Commencing 1996 CEHE had established a
pilot plant at Nyabwishongwezi to support
DFID funded research
• 20,000 refugees and IDPs settled the
Northern part of the Akagera Game Park
• CEHE advised the UN on the development of
a community water treatment system
18.
19. Slow Sand Filtration
• James Simpson constructed slow sand filters for the
Chelsea Water Company in London in 1829 and,
towards the end of the 19th Century, widespread
application of slow sand filtration occurred in
Europe
• Historically a significant reduction of drinking water
transmitted disease was noted in communities
supplied with slow sand filtered water ( Rachwal et
al, 1996)
• CEHE research confirmed that a multistage system
of gravel prefilters, slow sand filters and terminal
disinfection can provide effective multiple barriers to
penetration by pathogens
21. Microbiological Performance
Fabric
Enhanced Depth Bacteriophage Polio Virus
Slow Sand mm % Reduction % Reduction
Filter
SSF A 200 98.77 99.93
SSF B 300 99.88 99.99
SSF C 500 99.97 >99.99
22. Don’t rely on Bio-adsorption!
2-4-D Herbicide Removal
23. Protection of Slow Sand Filters with
Gravel Prefilters
• It is recognised that the operational support
required for water treatment systems will
need to be simple and affordable if they are
to obtain widespread acceptance for small
community applications in the developing
world (Clarke et Al , 1996)
• Employing upflow gravel prefilters as a form
of pretreatment considerably reduces the
risk of the slow sand filter blocking as a
result of the surface straining of particles
present in the raw water
24.
25. Multistage Filtration System
Multiple Barrier Concept
Gravel Prefilters
Upflow 40, 20 & 10 mm
nominal gravel
Depth say 1.0 m Slow Sand Filters
Uniformity coefficient = 2
Sharp sand
30. Abstraction from the
River Umuvumba and
Pumping to the Water
Treatment Works
Four Sedimentation
Tanks
Two Twin-stage Upflow
Gravel Prefilters
Four Fabric Enhanced
Slow Sand Filters
Supply to 15000
Disinfection and Storage people in new
in two Clearwater Tanks communities
42. Oxfam Field Upflow Clarifier
• Design brief to CEHE
o It had to fit in a standard Oxfam tank
o It had to handle any water quality
o It had to produce up to 10000 litres/hour
o It had to be cheap and integrate with other Oxfam
kits
• Physico-chemical treatment and clarification
• Suction side dosing (thanks to MSF, Brussels)
43. Coagulant Chemistry? (simplified)
• Alum + calcium bicarbonate =
hydroxyl aluminium floc + calcium sulphate + carbon dioxide
Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 = 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2
destabilisation of colloids
combination with hardness to produce floc
• In Oxfam field work no laboratory balances are available so a weight
of 1100 grams per 1 litre of granular alum is assumed, hence Oxfam
Alum Solution, Al2(SO4)3 n H2O ~ “n” a storage issue?
44. Pump
Suction Side
Coagulant
Dosing
Disinfection
hypochlorite
Clarification
dosing
T11 Field Clarifier
Typical Oxfam
Emergency Water T45 Storage Tank Supply
Treatment System
45. Fabric Fabric fixing
filter frame
Perforated outlet pipe
Schematic
illustration of an
Oxfam Field Floc Blanket
Upflow Clarifier
Dual inlets
for raw
water &
coagulant
from the
spiral pipe
flocculator
48. Lamno and Meulaboh
• CEHE personnel flew to Banda Aceh to
support Oxfam water treatment operations in
Lamno & Meulaboh in May
• Lamno and Meulaboh are towns that suffered
severe damage from the Tsunami
• Lamno is about the size of Ventnor and
Meulaboh a similar size to Newport
• Supervised the construction of an Oxfam
physico-chemical system with the assistance
of Indonesian colleagues
57. JCB were very generous and their
machines were extremely useful…
58.
59. Pressure Filters
• Pressure filters consist of a small pressure
vessel with a system for distributing the
influent water over the surface area of the
filter media and a drainage system for
collecting filtered water at outlet
• Filters are operated until the headloss across
the units reaches a predetermined maximum,
typically read on a pressure gauge, or the
effluent turbidity reaches a predetermined
maximum
60. Raw water
Dirty
inlet
washwater
effluent
Filtered
Washwater effluent
69. Issues associated with an Emergency
Response
• Available water resources for IDPs and refugees?
• Raw water quality?
• Supply problems
• What about the “non technical” aspects of the crisis
response?
– Community locations
– Population figures
– Diplomacy
– Security
– International politics
79. Contamination of jerry cans before and after cleaning
(N.B. the numbers on the diagram represent the specific count).
80.
81.
82.
83. Electrolysis & Disinfection
• All mammals need salt and,
accordingly, it is universally available
• Electrolysis of salt and water produces
sodium hypochlorite
• Disinfection by hypochlorite drip is a
practical option in the developing world
• Disinfection α Cx t ?
85. Salt type Weight Time of Total Total Chlorine
Rotation Chlorine
grams seconds mg/l mg/l per gram salt
Processed 1,38 45 2000 1450
1,38 60 2000 1450
Rock 1,04 45 5000 4807
1,11 60 4000 3607
Sea 0,5 45 4000 8000
0,5 60 8000 16000
86.
87. Sachet Water Treatment Systems
• Sachet water treatment products are
currently generating interest with UNICEF
and the main relief agencies
• PUR and Watermaker are the main products
currently under consideration by leading
Relief Agencies
88. Interesting Menu?
• The specific composition of the PUR sachet
was described by Reller et al. (2003) as
containing ferric sulphate, bentonite, sodium
carbonate, chitosan, polyacrylamide,
potassium permanganate and calcium
hypochlorite
90. Ceramic Candle Filters
• Ceramic candle filters can remove
particulates and micro-organisms from raw
surface water at the point of use to provide
only drinking water (2litres/day/candle?)
• Ceramics typically provide micro-filtration
• Surface blocking requires regular hand
cleaning
91. Ceramic Candle Filters
Reverse osmosis <0.0001 µm
Nano-filtration <0.001 µm
Ultra-filtration 0.005-0.01 µm
Before Use Micro-filtration 0.2-5.0 µm
After 1 Run
After Cleaning
92. Ceramic Candle SEM Surface Features
CEHE, 2004
Stefani Hong Phuk
Katadyn
93. Bacteriophage ~ similar size to pathogens?
• The bacteriophages ØX174 and PRD-1 were used in
2006 – 2007 to test the abilities of a selection of
ceramic candle filters and sachet treatment products
to reduce viral numbers from suspension
• The phage ØX174 can be used to “represent”
Norovirus, whereas the larger PRD-1 can be used to
“represent” both Rotavirus and Adenovirus
• Substantial (complete) removal of bacteria but poor
removal of viruses ( < 1 log PRD-1 )
94. The ability to make a
good value
judgement is the
mark of a true
Engineer!