The document discusses various aspects of water quality and purification methods. It begins by outlining the importance of water for the human body and various health benefits. It then discusses advantages of purified water over tap or bottled water in minimizing exposure to contaminants. Various filtration methods are described, including carbon filters and reverse osmosis, highlighting their effectiveness in removing particulates, chemicals, and microorganisms. The document also covers topics like total dissolved solids, water hardness, and common water contaminants related to odor, taste, and color. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of water properties and popular purification technologies.
Water Quality In Mumbai : Chlorinated Compounds In Potable WaterSourabh Kulkarni
This document discusses a study on water quality in Mumbai, India, focusing on chlorinated compounds in drinking water. The objectives were to determine concentrations of free chlorine, total chlorine, monochloramine, and chlorine dioxide using a spectrophotometer, and compare results to standards. Water samples were collected from various areas in Mumbai and tested using DPD methods. Results found chlorine compound levels below standards. Free chlorine decreased with distance from the treatment plant. The study concluded water quality was better in central suburbs than western suburbs, and prepared reagents provided reasonably accurate results at lower cost than commercial alternatives.
Water purification without electricity can be achieved through various physical and biological processes. Untreated water sources like rivers and reservoirs require sedimentation to allow dirt and debris to settle. The water then passes through a multi-layer filter of gravel, pebbles, sand and charcoal. Each layer removes different impurities. Charcoal filtration is effective at removing toxins and odors without chemicals. It produces healthy, safe drinking water in an affordable way suitable for off-grid areas.
The document discusses various water purification techniques, including desalination methods like reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and distillation. It describes how reverse osmosis works using a semipermeable membrane to filter out solutes under pressure. Historical water purification methods are also discussed, such as techniques described in ancient Sanskrit documents like boiling, heating, or filtering water through sand and gravel. The benefits of reverse osmosis purification are provided, which completely removes contaminants and requires no energy. Additional water treatment methods covered include distillation, heating/boiling, filtration, chlorination, and ozonation.
Water purification methods are very necessary at industrial level. Its also necessary to purify water for drinking purpose and its use in agricultural areas.
This document discusses various methods of water purification and identifies the most appropriate methods based on different situations. It identifies boiling, filtering, distilling, and chlorination as common purification methods. Distilling is considered the most effective as it removes the widest range of contaminants, but has limitations as it removes minerals. The appropriate method depends on factors like local water quality, cost, and performance of the system. Groups will present creative ways to purify water and discuss limitations of distilling.
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from water to produce water suitable for specific purposes such as drinking. There are different water filter options for homes including pitcher filters, under sink filters, shower filters, faucet mounts, water dispensers, countertop filters, and whole house filters. These filters vary in what contaminants they remove and where they are installed but generally work to purify water and make it safer for consumption or use.
The document provides information about water treatment processes at a water treatment plant. It discusses the steps involved, which include intake of raw water, screening and rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, chlorination for disinfection, storage, and distribution. Key steps involve removing contaminants through physical, chemical, and biological processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. Chlorine is added as a disinfectant before water is stored and distributed. Experts recommend replacing chlorine with alternatives like chlorine dioxide or ozone that do not produce harmful by-products.
Water Quality In Mumbai : Chlorinated Compounds In Potable WaterSourabh Kulkarni
This document discusses a study on water quality in Mumbai, India, focusing on chlorinated compounds in drinking water. The objectives were to determine concentrations of free chlorine, total chlorine, monochloramine, and chlorine dioxide using a spectrophotometer, and compare results to standards. Water samples were collected from various areas in Mumbai and tested using DPD methods. Results found chlorine compound levels below standards. Free chlorine decreased with distance from the treatment plant. The study concluded water quality was better in central suburbs than western suburbs, and prepared reagents provided reasonably accurate results at lower cost than commercial alternatives.
Water purification without electricity can be achieved through various physical and biological processes. Untreated water sources like rivers and reservoirs require sedimentation to allow dirt and debris to settle. The water then passes through a multi-layer filter of gravel, pebbles, sand and charcoal. Each layer removes different impurities. Charcoal filtration is effective at removing toxins and odors without chemicals. It produces healthy, safe drinking water in an affordable way suitable for off-grid areas.
The document discusses various water purification techniques, including desalination methods like reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and distillation. It describes how reverse osmosis works using a semipermeable membrane to filter out solutes under pressure. Historical water purification methods are also discussed, such as techniques described in ancient Sanskrit documents like boiling, heating, or filtering water through sand and gravel. The benefits of reverse osmosis purification are provided, which completely removes contaminants and requires no energy. Additional water treatment methods covered include distillation, heating/boiling, filtration, chlorination, and ozonation.
Water purification methods are very necessary at industrial level. Its also necessary to purify water for drinking purpose and its use in agricultural areas.
This document discusses various methods of water purification and identifies the most appropriate methods based on different situations. It identifies boiling, filtering, distilling, and chlorination as common purification methods. Distilling is considered the most effective as it removes the widest range of contaminants, but has limitations as it removes minerals. The appropriate method depends on factors like local water quality, cost, and performance of the system. Groups will present creative ways to purify water and discuss limitations of distilling.
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from water to produce water suitable for specific purposes such as drinking. There are different water filter options for homes including pitcher filters, under sink filters, shower filters, faucet mounts, water dispensers, countertop filters, and whole house filters. These filters vary in what contaminants they remove and where they are installed but generally work to purify water and make it safer for consumption or use.
The document provides information about water treatment processes at a water treatment plant. It discusses the steps involved, which include intake of raw water, screening and rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, chlorination for disinfection, storage, and distribution. Key steps involve removing contaminants through physical, chemical, and biological processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. Chlorine is added as a disinfectant before water is stored and distributed. Experts recommend replacing chlorine with alternatives like chlorine dioxide or ozone that do not produce harmful by-products.
WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY, Power Point PresentationShyamal Chowdhury
This document discusses technologies for mitigating arsenic and toxic minerals in water, as well as for surface water purification. It notes the scarcity of safe drinking water in rural areas of developing countries like Bangladesh, where groundwater is often contaminated with arsenic and surface water contains harmful bacteria. The document describes a patented filtering compound that can efficiently absorb arsenic and other toxic minerals from water, reducing arsenic levels well below permissible limits. It also discusses developing inexpensive test kits and a regeneration process to extend the life of the filtering medium. The goal is to provide cost-effective water purification projects to at-risk rural communities.
Water purification methods include sedimentation, filtration, aeration, chlorination, distillation, and reverse osmosis. Sedimentation involves allowing impurities to settle in tanks, and filtration passes water through layers of sand, gravel, and other materials. Aeration uses pressurized air to kill bacteria, and chlorination adds chemicals to kill remaining microbes. Distillation heats water to vapor and then cools the vapor to liquid, leaving impurities behind. Reverse osmosis uses a semipermeable membrane to retain solutes on one side while allowing solvent like water to pass through.
This is a lecture on household water treatment methods and techniques. These techniques are valuable for point-of-use treatment in emergency situations or where no elaborate systems exist.
New Technologies for Water Purification, Ion Exchange(India) LimitedIndia Water Portal
Presentation at the Seminar on Packaged Water Industry in India which was organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on 30th June 2009.
To know more click on the link http://indiawaterportal.org/post/6790
We thank CII and the presenters for giving us permission to make these presentations available online.
Water Purification Plant ManufacturersManish Yadav
The document summarizes water purification techniques used in water purification plants. It discusses the goals of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, and particles to produce clean water. Filtration methods including coarse, micro, and ultra filtration are explained to remove bacteria, viruses, and other impurities down to 1 micron sizes. Various water purification plants and manufacturers are mentioned.
This document summarizes various water purification methods used in pharmaceutical applications. It discusses different types and grades of water including drinking water, purified water, highly purified water, and water for injection. Key water purification techniques described include deionization, reverse osmosis, distillation, ultrafiltration, and combinations thereof. Advanced processes like microfiltration and double pass reverse osmosis systems are also outlined to produce higher purity water suitable for various future uses.
The document summarizes the water treatment process. Raw water is taken from sources like lakes and rivers and contains particles like viruses, bacteria, and sediments. It then goes through coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to remove harmful particles. Coagulants are added to help particles combine and form clumps that are then removed. The treated water is stored, distributed, and consumed by homes after ensuring it is clean and safe.
Water purification is a 14-step process that begins with water collection and ends with independent quality testing. The steps include activated carbon filtration, water softening, reverse osmosis for demineralization, remineralization by adding selected minerals, micron filtering, ultraviolet and ozone disinfection, bottling control, packaging quality assurance, line sanitation, and multiple levels of quality control and testing to produce safe drinking water.
This document summarizes various water treatment processes used to remove pathogens from drinking water. It discusses sources of water and the need for treatment due to microbial contamination. The main water treatment processes covered include storage, filtration (slow sand, rapid sand), coagulation/flocculation, softening and disinfection (chlorine, UV). It provides details on the typical microbial reductions achieved by each process and the factors influencing effectiveness.
The document discusses various types of water treatment equipment and processes from Sichuan Shanshui Technology Co., Ltd. It defines terms like original water, softened water, pure water, and ultrapure water. It describes technologies for softening water using sodium ion exchangers, producing pure water using pretreatment and membrane filtration, and producing ultrapure water using pretreatment, RO, and EDI. It provides information on conventional filters, integrated water purifiers, disc filters, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and RO systems. It includes photos and discusses the inflow and effluent water quality standards for different treatment equipment.
The document discusses various methods for purifying drinking water used in households, including reverse osmosis, boiling and distillation, chemical disinfection, filtration, UV light treatment, and biofilters. It provides details on how each method works, such as boiling water to kill bacteria, distillation to remove impurities, and chemical disinfectants like chlorine. The document recommends biofilters as an affordable and efficient purification option that uses layers of gravel, sand, and activated charcoal to remove debris, particles and bacteria from water.
The document describes Labconco's WaterPro water purification systems. It discusses different types of water contaminants and levels of purity. The WaterPro systems include reverse osmosis stations and polishing stations. The polishing stations can produce Type I water and are suitable for analytical instruments and life sciences. The document outlines the purification technologies and features of the different models. These include carbon filtration, deionization, ultrafiltration, and UV treatment. Accessories like storage tanks and stands are also mentioned. Customers can request a free water quality analysis from Labconco.
The document discusses small-scale and large-scale water purification methods. For small-scale, it describes household purification like boiling, chemicals (bleach, alum), filters, and sedimentation. It also covers well disinfection. Large-scale involves storage, filtration (slow sand, rapid sand), and disinfection (chlorine, superchlorination, other agents).
This document discusses various water treatment processes used in the pharmaceutical industry, including reverse osmosis (RO), demineralization (DM), and ultrafiltration. RO uses semipermeable membranes to remove dissolved solids, organic pyrogens, and microbes from water. DM removes mineral salts using ion exchange resins. Ultrafiltration uses membranes to retain suspended solids and high molecular weight substances while allowing water and low molecular solutes to pass through. The document also describes different types of treated pharmaceutical water like water for injection and their uses.
this is a general model on a waste water purification plant further it can be classified on the its sub branches as per required according to the water type and water treatment type...
This document provides information about a public health engineering course taught by Ms. A. S. Dungarwal. The course covers various topics related to water purification including clariflocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and advanced water treatment methods. Specific techniques discussed include screening, aeration, coagulation aided sedimentation, slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration, and pressure filtration. Process details and comparisons of different filtration methods are provided.
This document summarizes the student's four-month internship at O'Gala Table Water Company. It discusses the importance of water and describes the processes used to purify water, including ultraviolet light, ozonation, activated carbon filters, and chlorine. The document outlines the equipment used at the plant, including overhead tanks, treatment systems, and an automatic packing machine. It also discusses the advantages of water purification and concludes that investing in water treatment solutions is important for access to clean drinking water.
This document discusses various methods of water purification. It begins by listing sources of water such as groundwater, lakes, rivers, and rainwater. It then discusses the process of water purification by removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, and other pollutants. The main methods of water purification discussed are separation techniques like sedimentation and distillation, use of chemicals like chlorine and iodine, filtration methods using sand, charcoal and reverse osmosis, and oxidation processes. Rainwater harvesting is also summarized as the collection and storage of rainwater for reuse rather than allowing it to run off.
The document discusses water treatment processes for domestic water supplies. It describes 5 steps for household water supply installation: coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and storage. Coagulation uses chemicals to remove dirt and particles. Sedimentation uses gravity to separate solids. Filtration removes smaller particles through layers of sand and charcoal. Chlorine is added to disinfect water and kill bacteria. Treated water is stored before distribution. The document also discusses water quality problems like turbidity, pathogens, hardness, iron, manganese, and chemicals; and recommends future improvements like nanotechnology and using cow manure in nutrient separation and ultrafiltration systems to produce clean water.
WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY, Power Point PresentationShyamal Chowdhury
This document discusses technologies for mitigating arsenic and toxic minerals in water, as well as for surface water purification. It notes the scarcity of safe drinking water in rural areas of developing countries like Bangladesh, where groundwater is often contaminated with arsenic and surface water contains harmful bacteria. The document describes a patented filtering compound that can efficiently absorb arsenic and other toxic minerals from water, reducing arsenic levels well below permissible limits. It also discusses developing inexpensive test kits and a regeneration process to extend the life of the filtering medium. The goal is to provide cost-effective water purification projects to at-risk rural communities.
Water purification methods include sedimentation, filtration, aeration, chlorination, distillation, and reverse osmosis. Sedimentation involves allowing impurities to settle in tanks, and filtration passes water through layers of sand, gravel, and other materials. Aeration uses pressurized air to kill bacteria, and chlorination adds chemicals to kill remaining microbes. Distillation heats water to vapor and then cools the vapor to liquid, leaving impurities behind. Reverse osmosis uses a semipermeable membrane to retain solutes on one side while allowing solvent like water to pass through.
This is a lecture on household water treatment methods and techniques. These techniques are valuable for point-of-use treatment in emergency situations or where no elaborate systems exist.
New Technologies for Water Purification, Ion Exchange(India) LimitedIndia Water Portal
Presentation at the Seminar on Packaged Water Industry in India which was organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on 30th June 2009.
To know more click on the link http://indiawaterportal.org/post/6790
We thank CII and the presenters for giving us permission to make these presentations available online.
Water Purification Plant ManufacturersManish Yadav
The document summarizes water purification techniques used in water purification plants. It discusses the goals of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, and particles to produce clean water. Filtration methods including coarse, micro, and ultra filtration are explained to remove bacteria, viruses, and other impurities down to 1 micron sizes. Various water purification plants and manufacturers are mentioned.
This document summarizes various water purification methods used in pharmaceutical applications. It discusses different types and grades of water including drinking water, purified water, highly purified water, and water for injection. Key water purification techniques described include deionization, reverse osmosis, distillation, ultrafiltration, and combinations thereof. Advanced processes like microfiltration and double pass reverse osmosis systems are also outlined to produce higher purity water suitable for various future uses.
The document summarizes the water treatment process. Raw water is taken from sources like lakes and rivers and contains particles like viruses, bacteria, and sediments. It then goes through coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to remove harmful particles. Coagulants are added to help particles combine and form clumps that are then removed. The treated water is stored, distributed, and consumed by homes after ensuring it is clean and safe.
Water purification is a 14-step process that begins with water collection and ends with independent quality testing. The steps include activated carbon filtration, water softening, reverse osmosis for demineralization, remineralization by adding selected minerals, micron filtering, ultraviolet and ozone disinfection, bottling control, packaging quality assurance, line sanitation, and multiple levels of quality control and testing to produce safe drinking water.
This document summarizes various water treatment processes used to remove pathogens from drinking water. It discusses sources of water and the need for treatment due to microbial contamination. The main water treatment processes covered include storage, filtration (slow sand, rapid sand), coagulation/flocculation, softening and disinfection (chlorine, UV). It provides details on the typical microbial reductions achieved by each process and the factors influencing effectiveness.
The document discusses various types of water treatment equipment and processes from Sichuan Shanshui Technology Co., Ltd. It defines terms like original water, softened water, pure water, and ultrapure water. It describes technologies for softening water using sodium ion exchangers, producing pure water using pretreatment and membrane filtration, and producing ultrapure water using pretreatment, RO, and EDI. It provides information on conventional filters, integrated water purifiers, disc filters, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and RO systems. It includes photos and discusses the inflow and effluent water quality standards for different treatment equipment.
The document discusses various methods for purifying drinking water used in households, including reverse osmosis, boiling and distillation, chemical disinfection, filtration, UV light treatment, and biofilters. It provides details on how each method works, such as boiling water to kill bacteria, distillation to remove impurities, and chemical disinfectants like chlorine. The document recommends biofilters as an affordable and efficient purification option that uses layers of gravel, sand, and activated charcoal to remove debris, particles and bacteria from water.
The document describes Labconco's WaterPro water purification systems. It discusses different types of water contaminants and levels of purity. The WaterPro systems include reverse osmosis stations and polishing stations. The polishing stations can produce Type I water and are suitable for analytical instruments and life sciences. The document outlines the purification technologies and features of the different models. These include carbon filtration, deionization, ultrafiltration, and UV treatment. Accessories like storage tanks and stands are also mentioned. Customers can request a free water quality analysis from Labconco.
The document discusses small-scale and large-scale water purification methods. For small-scale, it describes household purification like boiling, chemicals (bleach, alum), filters, and sedimentation. It also covers well disinfection. Large-scale involves storage, filtration (slow sand, rapid sand), and disinfection (chlorine, superchlorination, other agents).
This document discusses various water treatment processes used in the pharmaceutical industry, including reverse osmosis (RO), demineralization (DM), and ultrafiltration. RO uses semipermeable membranes to remove dissolved solids, organic pyrogens, and microbes from water. DM removes mineral salts using ion exchange resins. Ultrafiltration uses membranes to retain suspended solids and high molecular weight substances while allowing water and low molecular solutes to pass through. The document also describes different types of treated pharmaceutical water like water for injection and their uses.
this is a general model on a waste water purification plant further it can be classified on the its sub branches as per required according to the water type and water treatment type...
This document provides information about a public health engineering course taught by Ms. A. S. Dungarwal. The course covers various topics related to water purification including clariflocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and advanced water treatment methods. Specific techniques discussed include screening, aeration, coagulation aided sedimentation, slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration, and pressure filtration. Process details and comparisons of different filtration methods are provided.
This document summarizes the student's four-month internship at O'Gala Table Water Company. It discusses the importance of water and describes the processes used to purify water, including ultraviolet light, ozonation, activated carbon filters, and chlorine. The document outlines the equipment used at the plant, including overhead tanks, treatment systems, and an automatic packing machine. It also discusses the advantages of water purification and concludes that investing in water treatment solutions is important for access to clean drinking water.
This document discusses various methods of water purification. It begins by listing sources of water such as groundwater, lakes, rivers, and rainwater. It then discusses the process of water purification by removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, and other pollutants. The main methods of water purification discussed are separation techniques like sedimentation and distillation, use of chemicals like chlorine and iodine, filtration methods using sand, charcoal and reverse osmosis, and oxidation processes. Rainwater harvesting is also summarized as the collection and storage of rainwater for reuse rather than allowing it to run off.
The document discusses water treatment processes for domestic water supplies. It describes 5 steps for household water supply installation: coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and storage. Coagulation uses chemicals to remove dirt and particles. Sedimentation uses gravity to separate solids. Filtration removes smaller particles through layers of sand and charcoal. Chlorine is added to disinfect water and kill bacteria. Treated water is stored before distribution. The document also discusses water quality problems like turbidity, pathogens, hardness, iron, manganese, and chemicals; and recommends future improvements like nanotechnology and using cow manure in nutrient separation and ultrafiltration systems to produce clean water.
wholesomeness, Requirements for Domestic Use. Impurities in Water. Objects & purpose of Water Analysis.Collection of Samples. Classification of Analysis of Water: Physical,
Chemical & Biological Examination of Water.
What is potable water
Purification process to get potable water
Other water purification methods
How to purify water to potable water in wild
FAQ’s about potable water
This document discusses water purification. It defines potable water and lists domestic, public, industrial, and agricultural water uses. Sources of water include rain, surface water, and ground water. Guidelines for drinking water quality cover acceptability, microbiological, chemical, and radiological aspects. Purification methods for large scale include storage, filtration using slow sand filters or rapid sand filters, and chlorination. Small scale purification involves boiling, chemical disinfection, and filtration. Proper well disinfection is also discussed.
Purification anf disinfection of watertJasmine John
Water purification involves removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, and gases from contaminated water to produce water suitable for drinking or other purposes. Key steps in water purification treatment include physical processes like filtration and sedimentation, chemical processes like flocculation and chlorination, and biological processes like slow sand filters. Standards for drinking water quality are set by governments and international organizations and treatment methods vary depending on the source and quality of the water.
Water quality and management are important for optimal poultry production. Water serves many functions in the body including digestion, nutrient transport, temperature regulation, and waste elimination. Factors like feed intake, age, temperature, and electrolytes affect water consumption. Common contaminants in water like bacteria, minerals, and pollutants can negatively impact bird performance if not properly managed. Regular testing, sanitation, and filter maintenance help ensure clean drinking water.
Aquafresh RO Water Purifier PPT of Its Benefitsaquaro0016
Our PowerPoint presentation on Aquafresh RO Water Purifier is designed to showcase the numerous benefits and advantages of this innovative water purification system. With a focus on delivering clean, safe drinking water, Aquafresh RO utilizes state-of-the-art Reverse Osmosis (RO) technology to eliminate impurities, bacteria, viruses, and heavy metals from water, ensuring enhanced taste and odor.
Through a series of engaging slides, we introduce the importance of clean water, explain how Aquafresh RO works, highlight its key features such as high-quality filtration and easy maintenance, and delve into the various benefits it offers including health benefits, convenience, and environmental impact.
Water is the most important source of life on earth. Impure and polluted water have become a serious threat to human sustenance.Contaminated water is the major cause of serious diseases in both humans and animals.That is why it is very important to be cautious about the type of water you are drinking.
Water pollution is the contamination of water sources by substances which make the water unusable for drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities. Pollutants include chemicals, trash, bacteria, and parasites. All forms of pollution eventually make their way to water.
Water properties pressure_flocculation coagulationMuhammad Nouman
The document discusses water quality and drinking water standards. It provides information on various types of water quality parameters including physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. It describes factors that affect water quality such as contamination from living organisms, solids, and dissolved materials. It also outlines primary and secondary drinking water standards from organizations like the WHO and EPA, which establish limits for parameters to protect human health and aesthetic quality. Regular water quality monitoring is emphasized to ensure standards are being met.
Quality of water :
It includes all the physical, chemical and biological parameters along with test to be used for defining water quality and water schemes for city
This document discusses various aspects of water quality monitoring and wastewater treatment. It begins by describing some key physical parameters used to evaluate water quality such as color, turbidity, temperature, solids, and taste/odor. It then discusses chemical parameters like pH and dissolved oxygen. The document outlines sources of water pollution and different treatment steps in a wastewater treatment plant including preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment methods.
This document provides guidelines for preventing water borne diseases through safe drinking water. It discusses how drinking contaminated water can cause over 2 million deaths annually, mostly in children in developing countries. It defines potable water and contaminated water. It classifies water borne diseases and lists examples transmitted through water, including water-borne, water-washed, water-based, and vector-borne diseases. The document then outlines the conventional water treatment process, including screening, aeration, pH correction, coagulation, sedimentation, chlorination, filtration, and disinfection. It aims to remove contaminants to make water safe for drinking.
This document outlines guidelines for preventing waterborne diseases through safe drinking water. It discusses how contaminated water can spread pathogens and cause over 2 million deaths annually, mostly in children in developing countries. Various waterborne diseases are classified based on their transmission route. The document then details conventional water treatment methods, including screening, aeration, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and pH adjustment to remove contaminants and make water potable.
Discover the power of nature with our Antibiotic Minerals, available at earthlylivingproducts.com. Harnessing the natural antibacterial properties of minerals, our products offer a safe and effective way to boost your health and well-being. Ideal for those seeking alternative health solutions, our antibiotic minerals can help combat infections and support overall immune function without the harsh side effects of traditional antibiotics. Explore our range and experience the healing benefits of Earth's natural resources.
Water quality is determined by physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS) are important water quality parameters. TSS refers to particles larger than 2 microns that can be filtered out, while TDS are particles smaller than 2 microns. Common sources of TSS and TDS include erosion, pollution, and sediment disruption. High levels can negatively impact water clarity, aquatic life, and taste. TDS is measured through electrical conductivity or gravimetric methods.
The document discusses various water quality parameters including water pollution, water quality standards, and important requirements of water for domestic use. It defines total solids as the total of all solids in a water sample, including total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and volatile suspended solids. It also discusses how total solids are measured by weighing the solids present in a known water sample volume before and after drying to evaporate the water. The document provides classifications of impurities based on size and nature, and describes several common methods for analyzing water quality parameters.
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
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3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
AquaH2O Water filtration - water purification
1. Water
(Water makes up approximately 60% of
the human body and
93% is water in the blood)
By Auto Lube Group, November 2013
2. Advantages of water
• Optimal water intake is an essential for human
survival.
• Water purges toxins from the blood helps keep
the skin glowing and clear.
• Water purifies colon in intestine making it easy to
absorb nutrients.
• Water balances body fluids and fights infection.
• Water increases the production of new blood and
muscle cells.
• Water develops immune system.
3. Key benefits of using purified water
• Tap and even some bottled water contains
chemicals, heavy metals, nuclear material, and
potential allergens.
• By drinking purified water, you will minimize your
exposure to contaminants and may potentially
reduce your allergy symptoms.
• Defense between the body and the over 2100
known toxins that may be present in drinking
water.
• Provides clean, healthy water for cooking, as well
as drinking, at the convenience of tap water.
4. Key benefits …
• Better tasting and better smelling drinking water by removing
chlorine and bacterial contaminants.
• Removes lead from drinking water, thus preventing harmful
substance from entering the body.
• Greatly reduces the risk of rectal cancer, colon cancer, and
bladder cancer by removing chlorine and chlorine byproducts.
• Reduces the risk of gastrointestinal disease.
• Protects the body from disease and leads to overall greater
health.
• A solid block carbon water filter can selectively remove
dangerous contaminants from drinking water while retaining
healthy mineral deposits that balance the pH of drinking water.
• Bottled water needs logistic arrangements to ensure
uninterrupted supply which incur additional cost and efforts.
5. Water Contamination: Taste and Odor
• Strong Chlorine taste or smell - The addition of chlorine
to kill off bacteria and other harmful microorganisms.
• Metallic taste - Some water systems have a high mineral
concentration giving the consumer a salty or soda taste.
• Rotten egg odor - This is usually a result of decaying
organic deposits underground.
• Musty or unnatural smells - These smells are normally a
result of organic matter or even some pesticides in the
water supply. Even very low amounts can introduce
unpleasant odors into the water.
• Turpentine taste or odor - Even though you can smell it,
more than likely not at a level to cause harmful effects.
6. Water Contamination: Colour
"Clean" water should be clear with no noticeable color deposits.
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Red or Brown Color - A red, brown or rusty color is generally indicative of iron or
manganese in your water. Disadvantages to iron in your water include stains in
sinks, or discolored laundry.
Yellow Color - This coloration occurs in regions where the water has passed
through marshlands and then moved through peat soils. Although the yellow color
may be displeasing, it presents no health hazard, as it is only small particles
suspended in the water.
Blue or Green Color - A green or blue color is generally a result of copper in your
water supply, or copper pipes and corrosive water. Copper can become a problem
if it is higher than 30 PPM in your water. Effects at this dose are
vomiting, diarrhea, and general gastrointestinal distress. If you are using well water
as your primary source of water, and copper is a concern in your area, it would be
to your advantage to have your water tested for copper.
Cloudy White or Foamy - Cloudy water is usually due to turbidity. Turbidity is
caused by finely divided particles in the water. When light hits the water, it is
scattered, giving a cloudy look to the water. No harmful effects to the
body, although they can cause abrasions to pipes, or possible staining of sinks .
7. What is TDS?
• Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are the total amount
of mobile charged ions, including minerals, salts
or metals dissolved in a given volume of
water, expressed in units of mg per unit volume
of water (mg/L), also referred to as parts per
million (ppm).
• TDS is directly related to the purity of water.
8. TDS…
• A TDS meter is based on the electrical
conductivity (EC) of water. Pure H20 has
virtually zero conductivity. TDS is calculated by
converting the EC by a factor of 0.5 to 1.0
times the EC, depending upon the levels.
• Typically, the higher the level of EC, the higher
the conversion factor to determine the TDS.
9. Why Should You Measure the TDS
Level in Your Water?
• The EPA Secondary Regulations advise a maximum contamination
level (MCL) of 500mg/liter (500 parts per million (ppm)) for TDS.
Numerous water supplies exceed this level.
• When TDS levels exceed 1000mg/L it is generally considered unfit
for human consumption. A high level of TDS is an indicator of
potential concerns, and warrants further investigation. Most often,
high levels of TDS are caused by the presence of potassium,
chlorides and sodium. These ions have little or no short-term
effects, but toxic ions (lead arsenic, cadmium, nitrate and others)
may also be dissolved in the water.
• Even the best water purification systems on the market require
monitoring for TDS to ensure the filters and/or membranes are
effectively removing unwanted particles and bacteria from your
water.
11. Taste & Health
How can water with high TDS be undesirable or harmful?
• It may taste bitter, salty, or metallic and may have unpleasant odors
• High TDS water is less thirst quenching.
• High TDS interferes with the taste of foods and beverages, and makes
them less desirable to consume.
• Some of the individual mineral salts that make up TDS pose a variety of
health hazards. The most problematic are
Nitrates, Sodium, Sulfates, Barium, Cadmium, Copper, and Fluoride.
• If a person drinks 2 pints (473ml) of water a day, this will total 4500 gallons
of water passing through his body over a 70 year span. If the water is not
totally pure, this 4500 gallons will include 200-300 pounds (1p = 453gr) of
rock that the body cannot utilize. Most will be eliminated through
excretory channels. But some of this will stay in the body, causing stiffness
in the joints, hardening of the arteries, kidney stones, gall stones and
blockages of arteries, microscopic capillaries and other passages in which
liquids flow through our entire body.
12. Don’t you need the minerals in your
drinking water?
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Inorganic Minerals
It is believed that mineral waters help furnish elements for body metabolism. However, there is
scientific proof to suggest that most of these minerals are in an inorganic (dead) form. While they
may enter the circulation, they cannot be used in the physiological process of building the human
cell.
With this in mind, we can see that mineral water may give "dead" or "inorganic" minerals to the
body which cannot be properly assimilated.
These inorganic minerals only interfere with the delicate and complex biology of the body.
The body's need for minerals is largely met through foods, NOT DRINKING WATER." -The American
Medical Journal Fact: The organic minerals in tap water represent only 1% of the total mineral
content of the water.
One glass of orange juice contains more beneficial minerals than thirty gallons of untreated tap
water.
Organic, or Bioavailable Minerals
Only after they have passed through the roots of plants do these inorganic minerals become
organic (through photosynthesis) and capable of being assimilated into our tissues as ORGANIC
Minerals.
Pure water removes the inorganic mineral deposits in your body. Organic minerals are fully
absorbed and remain in your tissues.
According to many nutritionists minerals are much easier to assimilate when they come from foods.
Can you imagine going out to your garden for a cup of dirt to eat rather than a nice carrot; or
drinking a whole bathtub of water for LESS calcium than that in 225ml glass of milk?
13. Carbon Filters
Activated Carbon (Granular and Solid Block)
• Granular activated carbon is a well-established technology for the reduction of a wide range of
aesthetic contaminants, and is quite effective in the reduction of some health contaminants such as
volatile organic compounds (benzene, trichloroethylene, and other "petroleum"-based
contaminants.
• Because of its molecular makeup, activated carbon can adsorb well, meaning that it can take in or
collect many organic molecules on its surface. Granular activated carbon filters are typically
inexpensive, and maintenance involves replacing six to twelve cartridges a year, depending on the
quality of the raw water and the filter media.
• Specially designed solid block and precoat activated carbon filters are also available, which are
effective at reducing heavy metals such as lead and mercury. Solid block filters with a pore size
smaller than 0.2 microns are often effective against biological contaminants as well.
Microfiltration
• Microfiltration uses a filter media with a pore size smaller than 0.2 microns to physically prevent
biological contamination from passing through. Ceramic and solid block carbon are commonly used
to provide microfiltration. Ceramic filters have and advantage in that they can often be cleaned and
reused a number of times before they lose effectiveness.
• Carbon block media usually has to be disposed of after each use. This media, however, provides
additional treatment for a variety of other health and aesthetic contaminants (see activated carbon
section). Microfiltration is effective for treating the full range of biological contaminants, including
hard-shelled cysts like Cryptosporidium.
14. Filter Performance
If you have a filter or RO system in your home, you need to check the water it
produces periodically to make sure it's working properly. The performance of RO
systems and filters are measured by the amount of TDS Reduced by the filters and
membranes. The reduction of TDS indicates the reduction of microorganisms and
harmful non-solids such as chlorine and fluorine.
Carbon Filters
• Granular activated carbon filtration is the most common technology used in home
filter systems. Unfortunately, these home systems are often poorly maintained. In
many cases, filters are not cleaned properly, or filter elements are not changed at
appropriate intervals. Over time, effectiveness declines, and in some cases the
contaminants in the overloaded filter actually begin to discharge back into the water.
RO Percentage Rejection
• The effectiveness of an RO unit is characterized by the rejection rate or rejection
percentage.
• The rejection rate is the percent of a contaminant that does not move through, or is
rejected by the membrane. Rejection rates need to be high enough to reduce the
contaminant level in the untreated water to a safe level.
• For example, when the feed water contains 300 ppm TDS, the product water may
have 15 to 30 ppm (95% and 90% rejection ratio respectively).
15. What is Reverse Osmosis (RO)?
The process was first described by a French Scientist in 1748, who noted that
water spontaneously diffused through a pig bladder membrane into
alcohol. Over 200 years later, a modification of this process known as
reverse osmosis allows people throughout the world to affordably convert
undesirable water into water that is virtually free of health or aesthetic
contaminants. Reverse osmosis systems can be found providing treated
water from the kitchen counter in a private residence to installations used
in manned spacecraft.
Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is found virtually anywhere pure water
is needed; common uses include:
• Drinking Water, Humidification, Ice-Making, Car Wash Water Reclamation
• Biomedical Applications, Laboratory
Applications, Photography, Pharmaceutical Production, Kidney Dialysis
• Cosmetics, Animal Feed, Hatcheries
• Restaurants, Greenhouses
• Metal Plating Applications, Wastewater Treatment
• Boiler Water, Battery Water, Semiconductor production
16. Normal Osmosis
A semipermeable membrane, like the membrane of a cell wall or a bladder, is selective
about what it allows to pass through, and what it prevents from passing.
These membranes in general pass water very
easily because of its small molecular size; but also
prevent many other contaminants from passing by
trapping them. Water will typically be present on
both sides of the membrane, with each side
having a different concentration of dissolved
minerals. Since the water is the less concentrated
solution seeks to dilute the more concentrated
solution, water will pass through the membrane
from the lower concentration side to the greater
concentration side. Eventually, osmotic pressure
(seen in the diagram below as the pressure
created by the difference in water levels) will
counter the diffusion process exactly, and an
equilibrium will form.
17. Reverse Osmosis
The process of reverse osmosis forces water with a greater concentration of
contaminants (the source water) into a tank containing water with an
extremely low concentration of contaminants (the processed water).
High water pressure on the source side is used to
"reverse" the natural osmotic process, with the
semi-permeable membrane still permitting the
passage of water while rejecting most of the
other contaminants. The specific process
through which this occurs is called ion
exclusion, in which a concentration of ions at the
membrane surface from a barrier that allows
other water molecules to pass through while
excluding other substances.
18. Flush – RO system
• Even with these advances, the "reject" water on the source
side of a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system must be periodically
flushed in order to keep it from becoming so concentrated
that it forms a scale on the membrane itself.
• RO systems also typically require a carbon prefilter for the
reduction of chlorine, which can damage an RO membrane;
and a sediment prefilter is always required to ensure that
fine suspended materials in the source water do not
permanently clog the membrane.
• Hardness reduction, either through the use of water
softening for residential units or chemical softening for
industrial use, may also be desirable in hard water areas.
19. What Reverse Osmosis Treats?
• Reverse osmosis can treat for a wide variety of health and aesthetic
contaminants. Effectively designed, RO equipment can treat for a wide
variety of aesthetic contaminants that cause unpleasant taste, color,
and odor problems like a salty or soda taste caused by chlorides or
sulfates.
• RO can also be effective for treating health contaminants like arsenic,
asbestos, atrazine (herbicides/pesticides). fluoride, lead, mercury,
nitrate, and radium. When using appropriate carbon prefiltering
(commonly included with most RO systems), additional treatment can
also be provided for such "volatile" contaminants as benzene,
trichloroethylene, trihalomethanes, and radon.
• The Water Quality Association (WQA) cautions, however, that while RO
membranes typically remove virtually all known microorganisms and
most other health contaminants, design considerations may prevent a
unit from offering foolproof protection when incorporated into a
consumer drinking water system.
20. Conclusion
• Reverse osmosis is a relatively new, but very
effective, application of an established
scientific process.
• With continual advances in system and
membrane design that boost efficiency and
reliability, RO can be expected to play a major
role in water treatment for years to come.
21. Water Hardness (and Water Softeners)
Hardness in drinking water is caused by calcium and magnesium - two nontoxic, naturally occuring minerals in
water. Excessive hardness makes it difficult for soap to lather, leaves spots on dishware, reduces water
flow and can cause pipe, valve and drain scaling.
Does hard water really create problems?
• It leaves a residue called hard water scale on all washable surfaces.
• Over a period of time, hard water scale can clog your plumbing which eventually reduces water pressure.
It damages water heaters, dishwashers, washing machines, coffee makers and virtually all appliances
through which water passes. This scale leaves spots or streaks on dishes and glassware, and dulls the look
of clothing, floors, sinks, tubs, and even hair.
• Corrosion often occurs because of highly acidic water that gradually eats away
pipes, appliances, heaters, boilers and air-conditioning units.
How is water hardness treated?
• If you have a hard water problem, your solution could be through a water filtration system such as
Reverse Osmosis (RO) (which will remove most minerals), Distillation (which will remove all minerals) or a
Water Softener. For a whole house, reverse osmosis or other types of filtration are typically more costly
options than a water softener.
Do water softeners remove TDS?
• Water softeners do not remove TDS. Instead, water softeners work through a process of ion
exchange. As water flow through the water softener, it will pass through a resin, bed of small plastic
beads or chemical matrix (called Zeolite) that will exchange the calcium and magnesium ions with sodium
ions (salt). Therefore, the TDS level will remain virtually constant (there may be minor differences).
• Water softeners are designed to "soften" water so that it washes brighter, rinses cleaner and feels much
better.
22. Filtration stages
Single: PP /yarn filter
Removes particles, impurities, rust and dust in the water.
Double: PP filter + granular carbon
The granular carbon filter removes chlorine, taste and odor from the water.
Triple: PP filter + granular carbon + block carbon
The block carbon filter removes suspending particles (Eg. wood pulp) and smell turbidity
(bad smell) in addition to further filtration of chlorine, taste and odor from the water.
UV: Ultra Violet
Rainwater, tanks and wells are unpredictable for bacteria contamination.
UV purification produces germ-free water without the use of chemicals.
Mineral ball:
Helps oxygenate and fortify water. It contains calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc
and other trace minerals. WHO (World health Organizations) recommends drinking
water with calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, selenium, sodium, potassium
and zinc, all essential to a healthy human body.
RO: Reverse Osmosis
23. What we offer!
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Single Filter
Double Filter
Triple Filter
Double Filter + UV
Triple Filter + UV
Triple Filter + UV + Mineral Ball
Water pot
Shower head
RO systems
Dispenser Holding Tanks (8L) to use with existing
dispensers
• Water Softeners
• Industrial water treatments
24. Price list, warranty, delivery &
marketing materials
• Price list
– BQB will offer 10% discount to cash customers
– 20% for corporate customers
– 30% to staff (dealer price) to encourage sale with in his/her circle.
• warranty
– 2 years as per the manufacturer (T&C apply)
• Delivery
– No delivery or installation
• Marketing materials
– Advertise with news papers (Rivira on 17/11/2013)
– Leaflets will be ready soon