Rapid sand filtration is a technique common in developed countries for treating large quantities of drinking water. It is a relatively sophisticated process usually requiring power-operated pumps for backwashing or cleaning the filter bed, and flow control of the filter outlet. A continuously operating filter will usually require backwashing about every two days when raw water of relatively low turbidity is used.
filtration of water treatment. types of filters and filtration. slow sand filter. environmental engineering-1. water treatment methods. filtration of raw water. design and construction of slow sand filters. cleaning of slow sand filters. slow sand filters were explained. about rapid sand filters and pressure filters will be explained in next publication.
Nepal's national drinking water quality standard 2005Pragati Shah
These slides are about the national standard for the drinking water supply in Nepal. Every drinking water supplier and stake holders in sanitation and water supply area should follow this quality standard.
Rapid sand filtration is a technique common in developed countries for treating large quantities of drinking water. It is a relatively sophisticated process usually requiring power-operated pumps for backwashing or cleaning the filter bed, and flow control of the filter outlet. A continuously operating filter will usually require backwashing about every two days when raw water of relatively low turbidity is used.
filtration of water treatment. types of filters and filtration. slow sand filter. environmental engineering-1. water treatment methods. filtration of raw water. design and construction of slow sand filters. cleaning of slow sand filters. slow sand filters were explained. about rapid sand filters and pressure filters will be explained in next publication.
Nepal's national drinking water quality standard 2005Pragati Shah
These slides are about the national standard for the drinking water supply in Nepal. Every drinking water supplier and stake holders in sanitation and water supply area should follow this quality standard.
WHO expert group (1961) on public health aspects of housing prefers to use the term residential environment, which is defined as the physical structure including all necessary services, facilities, equipment and devices needed or desired for the physical and mental health and social well being of the family and individual
disposal of waste in community health nursing
community medicine
Definition of waste disposal
Solid waste
Sources of refuse
Storage
Collection
Transportation of waste
Environment hygiene committee
Methods of disposal
Methods of composting
Public education
Excreta disposal
Biomedical waste management
Conclusion
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
WHO expert group (1961) on public health aspects of housing prefers to use the term residential environment, which is defined as the physical structure including all necessary services, facilities, equipment and devices needed or desired for the physical and mental health and social well being of the family and individual
disposal of waste in community health nursing
community medicine
Definition of waste disposal
Solid waste
Sources of refuse
Storage
Collection
Transportation of waste
Environment hygiene committee
Methods of disposal
Methods of composting
Public education
Excreta disposal
Biomedical waste management
Conclusion
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
All living things require clean, uncontaminated water as the most crucial compound for life on Earth
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Water :the universal need. As we all know water is most essential component to mankind yet its quality is in hazardous state and quantity is declining. This slide contains crucial information about water purification systems like what happens to water before we get it I'm our home?!
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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1. A VISIT REPORT TO WATER TREATMENT
PLANT, BHUBANESWAR WATER WORKS,
PALASUNI,BHUBANESWA,ODISHA
P ADARSH ABHIJIT (FINAL YEAR)
KALINGA INSTITUTE OF DENTAL SCIENCES
1
3. OVERVIEW:-
• On 7th January, 2017 we, the students of Kalinga Institute
of Dental Sciences Final year BDS visited Bhubaneswar
Water Works as a part of their academic curriculum, Public
Health Dentistry.
• We are divided into 2 groups of 50 people so as to have
individual attention. We were demonstrated about the
different stages of water purification. They daily purify 7.5
million gallon water. They supply purified water to the half
of the Bhubaneswar.
• The objective of the visit was to provide practical
knowledge about purification of water by Rapid Sand
Technique. We appreciate the effort of the management of
KIDS for executing this successful water plant visit.
• NECESSITY FOR WATER TREATMENT:-
1. Free from pathogenic agents and harmful chemical
substances and excessive amount of minerals which could
produce undesirable physiological effects.
2. Pleasant to taste i.e., free from color and odor ; and
3. Usable for domestic purpose.
3
4. INTRODUCTION :
• BHUBANESWAR WATER WORKS is a water
treatment plant run by Govt. of Odisha.
• The 41M.L.D. WATER TREATMENT PLANT,
PALASUNI, BHUBANESHWAR foundation
stone laid by Shri B.K.Biswal (Minister Of State-
Working & Housing & Urban Development, Mining
and Geology)
• Date of commencement - 2-1-1983
• Date of completion- 31-1-1985
• Estimated cost was Rs 64.95 lacs.
• Capacity- 9 million gallon per Daily
• Chief Engineer was M.G. Hyder.
• Contractor- M/s Clear Water New Delhi
• The basic physiologic requirement estimated at about
21/day:-
– For urban domestic needs – 135L/capita.
– For rural areas – 40L/capita.
• It is a gravity type rapid sand filter plant.
4
5. STEPS FOR PURIFICATION
ON LARGE SCALE:
STEP 1. COLLECTION:
The raw water which is supplied to the water
treatment plant comes from various small and big
streams of river from Kaukhai which is a branch of
Mahanadi in Odisha.
Step 2. COAGULATION:
The raw water is first treated with chemical coagulant alum
was in the range of 5-40mg/L of water.
The dose of alum varies depending upon the turbidity, color,
temperature and pH of the water.
Observation:-
Here we saw the raw coming from KUAKHAI River
which was then mixed with alum and lime.
Chemical coagulants are added in either two ways:-
1. Alum -21mg/liter, and lime -6mg/kg
2. PAC (Polyaluminium chloride) -4mg/kg
5
6. Step 3. FLASH MIXING:
• Treated water is then subjected to violent
agitation in a “mixing chamber” for a few minutes.
• This allows quick and rapid dissemination of alum
throughout the bulk of the water.
• Observation :-
– Here we saw the rapid mixing of alum by large mechanized
rotors powered by large diesel motors.
6
7. Step 4. FLOCCULATION:
• This phase involves a slow and gentle stirring of the
treated water in a flocculation chamber.
• The mechanized type of rotor is most commonly
used. It consists of a number of paddles which
rotates at 2-4 rpm.
• This slow and gentle stirring causes the formation of
thick copious white flocculent precipitate of
Aluminium Hydroxide.
• The thicker the precipitate is, the higher is the
settling velocity.
• The superficial layer of water is now removed along
with the flocculent material.
• Observation: Here we are explained about
flocculation- a slow and gentle stirring of treated
water in a flocculation chamber for about 30 mins.
Rotor
7
8. Step 5. SEDIMENTATION:
• The coagulated water is now lead into sedimentation tank
where it is detained for 2-6 hrs when the flocculent
precipitate together with impurities and bacteria settle
down in the tank.
• At least 95% of the flocculent precipitate needs to be
removed from the water before it is admitted to the rapid
filters.
• The sludge or precipitate id removed from the bottom of
the tank without disturbing the operation of the tank.
• Observation :-
– We were explained that the plant consist of three
sedimentation tank, depth 3.5m.
– The coagulated water is now lead into sedimentation
tank where it is detained for 150 mins.
8
9. Step 6. FILTERATION:
• Each filter unit has 4 sand beds – filter sand, coarse sand,
fine gravel, coarse gravel. The thickness of sand bed is
1m.
– The effective size of sand particle is 0.4-0.7mm.
– Below the sand bed, a layer of graded gravel of 30-
40 cm.
• The depth of the water on the top of the sand bed is 5-6
feet.
• The under drains at the bottom of the filter bed collects
the filter water. The rate of filtration is 5-15 cu m/sq
m/hr.
• The alum floc forms a slimy layer which absorbs
bacteria from the water and effects purification of water.
This alum floc is not removed by sedimentation and is
held back on the sand bed.
• Oxidation of ammonia also takes place during the
passage of water through filters.
9
10. • Loss of head- sandfilters getting dirty and beginning to lose
efficiency approaching 7-8 feet needing backwashing.
Observation :-
– The plant consists of 7(twin section) rapid sand filter
beds. Each unit of filter bed has a surface of 900 sq feet
and each section is 5.85 4.35m.
– Capacity is 244cu/hr.
– The filter is gravity type (Paterson's type).
– The layers of sand filter are :-
1. Supernatant water:- 5-6 feet thick.
2. Sand bed:- 1.2 m thick (fine and coarse sand).
3. Gravel support:- 0.30m (fine and coarse gravel).
4. Filter bottom:- 0.16m.
Filter control
panel-1
“Loss of head”
indicator
10
11. Step 7. BACKWASHING:
• As filter proceeds, the suspended impurities and bacteria
clog the filters.
• The filter soon becomes dirty and begin to lose their
efficiency.
• When this “loss of head” approaches 7-8 feet, filtration is
stopped and filter beds are subjected to backwashing.
• This is done by reversing the flow of water through the
sand bed.
• It dislodges the impurities and cleans up the sand bed.
• Washing is stopped when clear sand is visible and the
wash water is sufficiently clean.
• It takes about 15 mins.
• Observation:-
– The backwashing is done twice daily at 8am and 5
pm.
11
12. Step 8. DISINFECTION:
• This is the last step before the storage and distribution of this
water.
• The process used is CHLORINATION.
• The chlorine gas is used for effective disinfection.
• Principles of chlorination:
1. Water should be free from turbidity.
2. Chlorine demand should be estimated.
3. Contact period.
4. Minimum recommended concentration of free chlorine
is 0.5mg/L for 1 hour.
5. The chlorine demand of water is the difference between
the amount of chlorine added to the water and the
amount of residual chlorine remaining at the end of
treatment(after 1hr).The residual chlorine concentration
is 0.5mg/L for 1hr.
• Action of chlorine:
– when Chlorine is added to the water there is a formation
of hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid. The
disinfecting action of chlorine is due to hypochlorous
acid.
12
13. Step 9. RESERVOIR:
• We have visited the reservoir where the purified water
was stored.
• From there it was supplied to the various parts of
Bhubaneswar.
13
CONCLUSION:-
• This visit gave us the knowledge about the purification
of water on larger scale.
• We came to know about the importance of water
purification which was carried out under various
processes
• Well explained by the manager of the plant, the steps
of rapid sand filter includes:
1. Coagulation.
2. Rapid mixing.
3. Flocculation
4. Sedimentation
5. Filtration
6. Backwashing
7. Disinfection
8. Reservoir