Dr Luke Myers - Tidal Power Isle of Wight - Cafe Scientifique - Sept 2014

Dr L. Myers– Energy & Climate Change Group - www.energy.soton.ac.uk
Development of freestream tidal energy
Dr Luke Myers
Sustainable Energy Research Group / Energy and Climate Change Division
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment
University of Southampton,
Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK

Energy and Buildings
Ocean Energy
Climate Change
Low Pressure Energy
Energy & Climate Change Group

Energy and Buildings
Energy generation
Consumption and behaviour
Design for Changing Climate
Building Simulations
Community Schemes
PV, μwind, thermal
Digital innovation
User feedback
Tools for industry
Building fabric
Refurbishment
PV Building components
Solar Cell Fabrication
Local Authority
Ecological Footprint Analysis
Low Carbon Cities/communities
Village Electrification
Ocean Energy
Arrays and Farms
Device development
Fundamental understanding
Resource Analysis
Fossil fuels
Climate Change
Low Pressure Energy
Energy & Climate Change Group
Modelling Coastal Flooding
Real Time Coastal flood forecasting
Sea Level
Rise
Tyndall Centre South
Impacts and responses
Cliff erosion & climate
CIRCE
Stability of tidal inlets
World port cities
THESEUS
Modelling Coastal Flooding
Hydrostatic Pressure Machines
Coastal Engineering
Low Head Hydro Power
Cavitation, loadings
Scale model testing
Array modelling
Tools for industry
Marine current
Wave
VIV in risers
Device performance
Site analysis and yields
Validation data for academic Research and Industry Tools Project Level Analysis Industry Support Site Investigations

Gravitation Orbital motion
From planetary motion
Adapted from Principles Renewable Energy Resources, Twidell & Weir. Units (TW)
40,000
Hydropower
Latent heat Potential energy
Kinetic energy
300
Wind and
wave conversion
Biofuels
Photosynthesis
30
Reflected to space 50,000
From sun
Absorbed on earth 120,000
Solar radiation
Geothermal installations
Heat
30
Tidal energy
Tides
3
80,000
Sensible heating
Solar radiation
and heating devices. OTEC
Harnessing the Sun's Energy
From earth
Geo- thermal

Drivers for renewables – UK context
 Commitment to achieve 10% electricity from renewables by 2010.
EU Target : 20% of energy from renewable resources by 2020.
 Climate Change: CO2 emissions to be reduced by 60% by 2050
 Security of energy supply
 The promotion of competitive markets in the UK
Options for multi-MW scale renewables, UK context

Tidal elevation amplitudes (M2)
6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:M2_tidal_constituent.jpg

New Zealand

Indonesia

South Korea

Orkneys, Scotland

Inner Hebrides, Scotland

Channel Islands

Vancouver Island, BC

High elevations
High elevations
High currents
Low elevations
Tidal Streams

Major urban centres
www.dti.gov.uk
Seabed electricity cable

What types of machine?
http://www.shipspotting.com/

http://www.pulsetidal.com/shallow-water-advantage.html

www.eettidal.com
www.sabella.fr
www.lunarenegy.co.uk.

Postcard collection Ton Meesters, Breda, the Netherlands http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2010/11/boat-mills-bridge-mills-and- hanging-mills.html

Scotrenewables
http://www.scotrenewables.com

http://www.nautricity.com/
http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/11-12/MORE/overview/introduction.html

Fixings & Moorings
Shallow water options
Deeper water options
Deployment depends not only on a weather window but also on the availability of barges or boats etc.
www.marineturbines.com

Early pioneers – river based vertical axis
Irrigation pumping Canadian project
www.itpower.co.uk
Tidal Stream - History
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Further development
Loch Linnhe 15kW
ENERMAR vertical axis
www.pontediarchimede.com
1970
1980
1990
2000
2007
www.itpower.co.uk

2000 onwards - Commercial scale
MCT Ltd - Seaflow
www.marineturbines.com
Hammerfest Strom
www.e-tidevannsenergi.com
Stingray
Energy Business
1970
1980
1990
2007
2000

2000 onwards - Commercial scale
1970
1980
1990
2007
Lunar Energy
www.lunarenergy.co.uk
TidEL
www.smdhydrovision.com
2000

and more recently…

•Secured an Agreement for Lease from The Crown Estate
•Encompassing almost 3.5km2
•Goal to deliver a fully operational, 398MW renewable energy plant powered purely by the tide, generating the equivalent electricity to power 40,000 Scottish homes by the early 2020’s.
•Phase 1 86MW, upgraded 15MW transmission in place

PT = [½ ρ A V3]. Cp
Cp is the power coefficient. Represents the fraction of power extracted by the turbine.
Power in a Tidal Stream
1MW dual rotor tidal stream turbine 16m diameter
1MW Wind turbine 55m diameter

PT = [½ ρ A V3]. Cp
Cp is the power coefficient. Represents the fraction of power extracted by the turbine.
Power in a Tidal Stream
Diameter
Speed
Power
Force
(m)
(knots)
(m/s)
(kW)
(kN)
10
4
2.1
140
170
20
4
2.1
561
682
30
4
2.1
1263
1534
10
5
2.6
274
266
20
5
2.6
1096
1065
30
5
2.6
2466
2397

Resource Assessment & Forecasting:
Portland Bill
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
200
400
600
800
1000
U3
0
(m/s)3
Time (hrs)
0 1.71 2.15 2.47 2.71 2.92 3.11
U
0
(m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
200
400
600
800
1000
U3
0
(m/s)3
Time (hrs)
0 1.71 2.15 2.47 2.71 2.92 3.11
U
0
(m/s)
Prediction for 2006
Prediction for 2016
Annual average for 18 years
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
200
400
600
800
1000
U3
0
(m/s)3
Time (hrs)
0 1.71 2.15 2.47 2.71 2.92 3.11
U
0
(m/s)
Long range analysis and predictability
not available with any other
renewable energy resource

Resource Assessment & Forecasting:
Portland Bill
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Year 2000's
Annual Energy (MWh/year)
Fixed Design
Yawing Design
16m diameter turbine rated at 2.5 m/s
Design philosophy – balance between complexity and energy annual yields. Yawing the turbine produces ~ 10 % yield

Economic Assessment
Carbon Trust – 2006 “Future Marine Energy” assessment
Source: Carbon Trust
ROCs and Climate Change Levy Exemption (LEC); assume benefit 3.5p/kWh over CCGT prices
2006 CCGT
Future cost of CCGT

N
Portland harbour
Overfalls
Weymouth harbour

•Predictable - gravitational forces
–Not weather related unlike wave & wind
–Better power contract than terms than other renewables
• 40 TWh/y UK & Europe extractable resource (Black & Veatch 2004)
•UK total demand ~ 350TWh
• UK government financial incentives
–specific focus marine renewables
•Sub sea location may remove environmental and social impact
Why Tidal Energy?

•Single devices working well, operability, reliability is first goal
•Stage 2 is small arrays – demonstrate appreciable energy production
–Finance is challenging. Little economy of scale
•Valley of death (business speak…)
• Step change in device design to reduce costs for larger arrays
–Mass reduction, installation, O&M (device efficiency has little bearing)
Summary (evolution)

•Smart engineering design to reduce costs
–Materials, O&M installation procedures
•Device interaction effects
–Offshore wind coming back to this…
•Design tools
–Difficult to accurately forecast performance which funders usually require
•Array-environment interaction effects
–Spatial extent will expand with array size. Only a small fraction of the total energy will be extracted (120GW dissipated due to bed friction in Pentland firth!!)
Summary (challenges)

Learning?
•Vessel rental prices
•Learning-by-doing
•Purpose built vessels
Installation
•Advances in offshore wind
•Developments in high voltage DC interconnections
•Standardisation of design
•Economics of scale
Grid connection
•Raw material prices
•Standardisation
•Improved under-standing of loads
Foundations / Mooring
•Development in offshore wind
•Raw material prices
•Up-scaling
•Improved design
•Standardisation
Device
Exogenous developments
Specific developments
Part
Areas for cost changes within the ocean energy industry

http://www.energy.soton.ac.uk

Questions?
www.energy.soton.ac.uk

Dr Luke Myers - Tidal Power Isle of Wight - Cafe Scientifique - Sept 2014

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Dr Luke Myers - Tidal Power Isle of Wight - Cafe Scientifique - Sept 2014