Presentation prepared by BBA sem2 student on Investment Demand Curve with help from Macroeconomics book by Mr. H.L. Ahuja. Hope this helps you in understanding the concept.
Liquidity Preference Theory suggests that investors demand higher interest rates or additional premiums for medium or long-term maturities and investments. Simply put, interest rates directly indicate the price of the money.
https://efinancemanagement.com/investment-decisions/liquidity-preference-theory
This presentation covers the concept of capital budgeting. It covers the concept of capital budgeting, purpose of capital budgeting, nature and steps involved in capital budgeting. It makes a mention of the various components of a capital structure.
Liquidity Preference Theory suggests that investors demand higher interest rates or additional premiums for medium or long-term maturities and investments. Simply put, interest rates directly indicate the price of the money.
https://efinancemanagement.com/investment-decisions/liquidity-preference-theory
This presentation covers the concept of capital budgeting. It covers the concept of capital budgeting, purpose of capital budgeting, nature and steps involved in capital budgeting. It makes a mention of the various components of a capital structure.
Capital budgeting decisions are much vital than the decisions on management of working capital as these decisions requires careful analysis of the expected costs and benefits to be derived from each capital expenditure on acquisition of land, building, equipments and for permanent additions to working capital associated with the plant expansion.
The level of investments that maximizes the present value of the firm is simultaneously determined by the interaction of supply and demand forces under conditions of uncertainty
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
Yes of course, you can easily start mining pi network coin today and sell to legit pi vendors in the United States.
Here the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network #pi coins #legit #passive income
#US
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYC
Investment Demand Curve
1. Investment
Demand
Curve
Topics –
• Meaning of Investment
• Types of Investment
• Keynes’s theory of Investment
•Factors causing shift in ID curve Shreyansh Singh
IU1981810053
BBA Semester 2
2. Meaning of INVESTMENT
• When a person buys shares, bonds or debentures of
a public limited company from the market .
Buying of existing shares and bonds by an individual
is merely a financial investment.
Purchase and sale of the shares merely represents the
change in the ownership of assets which already exists
rather the creation of new capital assets.
3. • It is the new addition to the stock of
physical capital such as plant, machines,
trucks, new factories and so on that creates
income and employment.
• Therefore, by real investment we mean the
addition to the stock of physical capital.
4. In ECONOMICS
Investment means the new
expenditure incurred on addition
of capital goods such as machines,
buildings, equipment, tools, etc.
The addition to the stock of physical
capital i.e., net investment raises the
level of aggregate demand which brings
about addition to the level of income
and employment in the economy.
5. Types of INVESTMENT
• (1) Business Fixed Investment (i.e. investment in fixed
capital, such as machines, tools)
• (2) Residential Investment (i.e. investment in
building of houses)
• (3) Inventory Investment (i.e. investment in building
stocks of goods and raw materials).
7. According to him...
ID (Investment Demand) depends upon 2 factors –
1. Marginal Efficiency of Capital (expected rate of profit)
2. Rate of Interest
Example—
If investment undertaken in machines or factories is
expected to fetch 25% rate of profit, while the current rate
of interest is only 15%, then it is obvious that the person
would invest his savings in machinery or factory.
8. • If investment is to be made –
MEC ≥ ROI
• If investment is to be profitable –
MEC > ROI
• Equilibrium of Entrepreneur –
MEC = ROI
9. MEC in General
• At a particular time in an economy the marginal
efficiency of that particular capital asset which
yields the greatest rate of profit, is called the
marginal efficiency of capital in general.
In other words,
• Marginal efficiency of capital in general is the
greatest of all the marginal efficiencies of various
types of capital assets which could be produced
but have not yet been produced.
10. Rate of Interest
• Typically, higher interest rates reduce investment,
because higher rates increase the cost of borrowing
and require investment to have a higher rate of return
to be profitable.
• If the MEC curve is less elastic, Investment demand
will not increase much with the fall in the ROI.
• If the MEC curve is very much elastic, then the
changes in the ROI will bring about large change in
investment demand.
11.
12.
13. MEC when INVESTMENT
• Reason 1 :-
The prospective yields from capital asset fall as
more units are installed and used for production
of a good. Prospective yields decline because
when more quantity of a good is produced with
the greater amount of capital asset, prices of
goods decline.
• Reason 2 :-
The supply price of the capital asset may rise
because the increase in demand for it will bring
about increase in its cost of production.
14. Factors causing shift in Investment
Demand Curve
1. Changes in MEC due to Changes in Expectation
2. Expected Demand for Product
3. Technology and Innovations
4. User Cost of Capital
5. Availability of Credit
6. Fiscal Policy
15. Changes in MEC due to Changes in
Expectation
• Rational calculation about future profitability of
investment – Not possible
• Keynes – Swings of optimism and pessimism of
business class is more important.
• “Animal Spirit” determines investment by
business firms.
16. Expected Demand for Product
• Expected net return on investment depends on
expected demand
• Marginal Efficiency of Investment (net
return on investment) depends on
Consumption Expenditure of households on
products.
17. Technology and Innovations
• Introduction of new improved technology and
new products make it necessary to build new
plants or install new capital equipment
• Advances in technology and new inventions
makes investment more productive.
• Increase in productivity of capital causes the
firms to invest more at a given ROI.
18. User Cost of Capital
• Influences the rate of return on capital
• Depends on real ROI, rate of depreciation,
corporate income tax, investment tax credit
• The lower the ROI, lower corporate income tax,
higher investment tax credit,
the lower will be the user cost of capital which
will increase the rate of return on capital and
stimulate investment.
And vice versa
19. Availability of Credit
• Investment is financed in 3 ways :
1) Borrowing from banks and other financial institutions
2) Raising resources through issue of equity capital
3) Internal savings of the company
• If Central Bank follow tight monetary policy,
credit availability for investment will be less
which will discourage private investment.
• If Central Bank allows expansionary or easy
monetary policy, credit availability from banks
increase which will encourage investment
20. Fiscal Policy
• If Government increases investment and finance
it by borrowing from the open market, this will
raise the ROI which will crowd out private
investment.
• However , if expansionary monetary policy is
adopted simultaneously rate of interest will not
rise and therefore crowding out effect will not
occur.
21. • But there are beneficial effects of expansionary
fiscal policy of the Government as well
• Increase in Government expenditure, say on
infrastructure such as power, communication,
highways, roads will raise the incomes of people
which will through the multiplier effect cause a
significant increase in aggregate demand for
goods produced by the private sector and raise
the profit expectation of business firms. This will
encourage private investment .