Genotoxicity of Eleusine indica (Nkim enang: Efik) was investigated in the Wister strain albino rat (Rattus novergicus). Nine (9) male and nine (9) female rats were randomly assigned to three (3) groups, of which two were exposed to the aqueous extract of E.indica – Group A (control-no extract)), Group B (50 mg/kg BW of E. indica) and Group C (100 mg/kg BW of E. indica). This was administered to the rats by oral gavage for 14 days after which the peripheral blood from the tail tips were collected and assayed for the presence of micronuclei, following standard procedures. Proximate analysis and phytochemical screening of the herb extract was carried out. Results obtained showed that E. indica did not cause any significant (P > 0.05) increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in rat peripheral blood at any of the doses administered. The polychromatic: normochromatic erythrocyte (PCE: NCE) ratio was found to be in the range of 0.50 ± 0.11 to 0.55 ± 0.02. Also, the aqueous herb extract is rich in Carbohydrates (76.17%) and Tannins (21.76%). Mean body weights (MBW) of rats showed normal distribution throughout the duration of the investigation. The results of this study demonstrate that E. indica does not confer any genotoxicity in mammals. Further in-depth study on its efficacy is recommended.
genetic engineering, future perspectives and QC validationSana Rubab
this ppt will help you in studying genetic engineering, its introduction, history, basics, methods and procedures, QC validation, future perspectives and applications.
genetic engineering, future perspectives and QC validationSana Rubab
this ppt will help you in studying genetic engineering, its introduction, history, basics, methods and procedures, QC validation, future perspectives and applications.
Genetic Engineering and the future of EvolutiomRicha Khatiwada
Humans have been changing genetic composition of organism since civilization started. How is genetic engineering gonna change the future and what it has already done.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory
Deciphering barcode splits in morphologically cryptic species of tropical lepidopters through alternative loci and next-generation sequencing approaches.
Insecticidal and Antifeedant Effects of Neem Seed and Scent Leaves on Dermest...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal and antifeedant effect on the hide beetle (Dermestes marculatus) exposed to dried croaker (Pseudotolithus elongatus) flesh treated with 30%, 25% and 15% concentrations of scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum) and neem seed (Azadirachta indica) extracts. Insecticidal effect was determined as daily percentage mortality of hide beetle larvae in each treatment, while weight loss of preserved fish was the measure of feeding inhibitory effect of the treatment during the 10 days exposure. With a total kill (100% mortality) of the insect larvae in 10 days by 30% neem seed concentration, neem seed proved to be more potent than scent leaf of equal concentration even though statistical analysis did not find any significant difference between the two treatments. The least weight loss of 7% obtained from 30% neem seed concentration was less than half the weight lost by fish treated with equal concentration of scent leaf, indicating the superiority of neem seed. The study has shown that high concentration of scent leafs and particularly neem seed, have strong insecticidal and antifeedant effect on hide beetle larvae and can be used to control this pest and preserve dried fish. A combination of neem seed and scent leaf together may prove more effective and needs to be investigated.
Genetic Engineering and the future of EvolutiomRicha Khatiwada
Humans have been changing genetic composition of organism since civilization started. How is genetic engineering gonna change the future and what it has already done.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory
Deciphering barcode splits in morphologically cryptic species of tropical lepidopters through alternative loci and next-generation sequencing approaches.
Insecticidal and Antifeedant Effects of Neem Seed and Scent Leaves on Dermest...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal and antifeedant effect on the hide beetle (Dermestes marculatus) exposed to dried croaker (Pseudotolithus elongatus) flesh treated with 30%, 25% and 15% concentrations of scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum) and neem seed (Azadirachta indica) extracts. Insecticidal effect was determined as daily percentage mortality of hide beetle larvae in each treatment, while weight loss of preserved fish was the measure of feeding inhibitory effect of the treatment during the 10 days exposure. With a total kill (100% mortality) of the insect larvae in 10 days by 30% neem seed concentration, neem seed proved to be more potent than scent leaf of equal concentration even though statistical analysis did not find any significant difference between the two treatments. The least weight loss of 7% obtained from 30% neem seed concentration was less than half the weight lost by fish treated with equal concentration of scent leaf, indicating the superiority of neem seed. The study has shown that high concentration of scent leafs and particularly neem seed, have strong insecticidal and antifeedant effect on hide beetle larvae and can be used to control this pest and preserve dried fish. A combination of neem seed and scent leaf together may prove more effective and needs to be investigated.
Microbiological Investigations on Gryllotalpa Africana [Orthoptera: Gryllotal...iosrjce
This paper reports for the first time the bacterial distribution on Gryllotalpa africana, a mole cricket
and one of the edible hexapods of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Children hunt it during the rainy and also
at dry seasons and it is harvested as snacks in the rural settings of the region. It is eaten raw, boiled, fried or
roasted along with other condiments including onions and pepper. It is a delicacy enjoyed in many other parts
of Nigeria. Assessments were made to identify bacteria that are associated with different external structures of
the edible mole cricket.
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This study was carried out on the mycoflora associated with seeds of different citrus species. Citrus seed material was collected from districts of Punjab, i.e. Multan, Sargodha and Khanpur. Standard methods were applied for the isolation and identification of fungi. A total of 11 fungi including Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Dreschslera tetramera, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Macrophomina phaseolina, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus and Penicillium spp were isolated from the seeds of citrus. For control of isolated seed-born fungi, 3 recommended fungicides such as Ridomil Gold, Bavistin, Score and two chemical Salicylic acid and Boric acid, were used at 20, 30, 40 mg/10 mL and 5, 6, 7 μL/10 mL, respectively and chemical with 20, 30, 40 mg/10 mL. All these fungicide and chemicals significantly reuced with population of all fungi present in naturally infected seed samples. Ridomil Gold and Salicylic acid were found to be the best for the control of se d-born fungi of citrus seed at 40 mg/10 mL. The isolation and identification of different mycotoxins is essential to study health status of the citrus consumers and to safeguard the standards of WTO.
Reported some species of plant parasitic nematodes from rhizosphere of peanut...Open Access Research Paper
In order to identify of peanut fields plants parasitic nematodes, 130 samples of soil around the roots of peanut plants were collected in province of Guilan, during the summer and fall of 2011. After extraction, killing, fixation and transferring to anhydrous glycerol, the nematodes were mounted on permanent microscopic slides and nematodes species identified by using light microscope, equipped with digital camera, based on morphological and morphometric characters using valid keys. In this study 20 species belonging 17 genera were identified, that are as followes: 1- Aphelenchoides sacchari 2-Aphelenchus avenae 3- Basiria graminophila 4-Coslenchus costatus 5-Ditylenchus myceliophagus 6-Filenchus vulgaris 7-Helicotylenchus digonichus 8-Heterodera cruciferae 9-Meloidogyne incognita 10-Meloidogyne hapla 11-Merlinius bavaricus 12- Mesocriconemarusticum13- Mesocriconema curvatum 14-Paratylenchus nanus 15-Pratylenchus neglectus 16- Psilenchus hilarulus 17-Quinsulcius capitatus 18-Tylenchorhynchus annulatus 19- Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi 20- Tylenchus davainei. In thisstudy, 20 species belonging 17 genera were identified that before just 6 Species2-5-7-11-15-16were reported from rhizosphere of Peanut in Iran. Other species (14 Species) are going to report from rhizosphere of Peanut in Iran as a first.
Astrocytes are neuroprotective glial cells that protect and nourish neurons of the central nervous systems. Rauwolfia vomitoria is a common medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases such as insanity, insomnia, hypertension, malaria etc. The comparative examination of reactive astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of adult albino wistar rats following the administration of crude ethanolic root bark and leaf extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria was studied using 25 mature Wistar rats of both sexes. The animals were divided into 5 groups, labeled A, B, C, D, and E. Group A was the control, while groups B, C, D, and E were the experimental. Oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the root bark extract were administered to groups B and C animals, while groups D and E animals received 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the leaf extract respectively for seven days. On the 8th day, the rats were sacrificed; their brains were surgically extracted, and routinely processed for neurohistological study of Astrocytes using Hortegas lithium carbonate method for reactive astrocytes. Results showed hyperplasia of reactive astrocytes in the root bark groups, while there was hypertrophy of reactive astrocytes in the leaf extract groups when compared to the controls. Thus, the plant may have some adverse effects on neurons within the cerebral cortex.
Hepato Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on ...ijtsrd
Malaria is a major concern in Nigeria, and stands as the second leading cause of death from all infectious disease in Africa. Several studies have reported the damaging effect of the parasite to various body organs especially the liver. Reports over time has shown the benefits of various plants extracts in ethno medicine. However, not much have been done on the effects of some of these extracts in combined form on its hepato protective assessment in comparison with any known ACT based anti malaria. The focus of this study was to explore the hepato protective properties of ethanoic extract of Carica papaya Linn, AzadirachtaIndica, CymbopogonCitratusagainst ACT based antimalarial therapy on plasmodium berghei parasitized wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts were done according to the method described by Treaseand Evans. Hepato protective assessment were done using the liver function tests and assay of the liver histology respectively. One hundred and ten 110 rats distributed into 11 groups, each group having 10rats were used for the experiment. Negative control received just feed and water, Positive control were induced with the malaria parasite and given feed and water only. The tests groups were induced with malaria, received feed and water and treated with 500mg kg, 250mg kg and 165mg kg doses of the extracts, both individually and in combined forms, as well as the standard ACT anti malaria. Phytochemical screening showed that the plant extracts possessed high concentration of Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins and Alkaloids. Plasmodium berghei increased the activities of ALP, ASP and ALT when compared with the positive control group. This may be attributed to increase in functional capacity of the liver as a result of the presence of the infection for the tests groups. Treatment with the plant extracts decreased ALP and ALT levels significantly P 0.05 , as well as AST levels except for the Neem extract. Histological examination of the liver of test animals showed no extensive damage to the tissue by the individual extracts when compared to the negative control group. Nnyaha Anthonia E. | Igbokwe Ugochukwu V. | Okonkwo Onyeka Chukwudi | Ajeka Prisca O. | Nwaissac Ikechukwu S. | Okpa Precious N. "Hepato-Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on Plasmodium Berghei Parasitized Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46292.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/46292/hepatoprotective-assessment-of-pawpaw-leaves-neem-lemon-grass-and-acts-on-plasmodium-berghei-parasitized-wistar-rats/nnyaha-anthonia-e
The present study was examining the anti-helminthic activity of Leucas zeylanica leaves. For the present investigation, L. zeylanica leaves were collected in the month of January 2017 from Sai Nagar colony of the Karimnagar district. The leaves were dried and made into fine powder and subjected to acetone and ethanolic extraction by soxhlation, the phytochemical screening was done for extracts and the results showed that ethanolic and acetone extracts of the powdered leaves of L. zeylanica showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and glycosides. Proteins and amino acids are absent. The extracts were studied for anti-helminthic activity against Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma, acetone and ethanolic extracts showed the dose-dependent activity by paralysis followed by the death of earthworms. The observation of result shows that the anti-helmintic activity of ethanol extract is more potent compare to the acetone extract. The earthworms were more sensitive to the extracts of ethanol at 20 mg/ml concentrations as compared to the reference drug albendazole (10 mg/ml).
This study investigated the effect of protein isolate from leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in diabetic rats. Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of five (5) each based on their body weight. Diabetes was induced with administration of alloxan, 150 mg/kg body weight (i.p). Group A served as the control and received 1 mL/kg body weight of 5% ethanol being solvent used, Group B received 1 mL alloxan containing 150 mg/kg only. Group C, D, E and F were respectively alloxanized but treated with 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of protein isolate obtained from V. amygdalina leaves for 14 days. On the 15th day, the animals were humanely sacrificed and their liver homogenates were prepared. Standard biochemical procedures were adopted for determination of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose levels. Data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post-hoc test using Graph Pad, version 6 software. Results showed that CAT activity in alloxan-induced untreated rats (1.17 μmole H2O2) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than observed in control rats (2.10 mole H2O2). Treatment with the respective doses recorded comparable values to those observed in control rats. Similar observation was seen with SOD data. Rats treated with 7% protein isolate recorded the most significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum glucose level. The study suggests that the protein isolate possesses anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
In the laboratory of plant physiology of the University of Queensland (Gatton Campus), a seed germination experiment was undertaken on seeds of two Australian native plant species – Rhodanthe floribundato and Acacia aneura. Most Acacia, including A. aneura exhibit a physical dormancy due to the waxy coat covering the seed. Comparably, just a few species of Rhodanthe are studied as to their dormancy. However, they are also known to present different forms of dormancy. To understand and describe these dormancy mechanisms, a seed germination experiment was conducted on Acacia aneura and Rhodanthe floribunda. This experiment will either add to the existing knowledge regarding these species’ dormancy or corroborate them. It is expected that both species display some form(s) of dormancy.
The origin of skin color has been significantly a discussion of importance among human biology scientists, anthropologists and others interested in evolution of human skin color. Experience was done to chimpanzee and other primates shared almost the same characters with mankind, and this impressed scientists to know what makes difference in skin color among people. Different researches conducted to know the real cause of dark skin and light skin among people of the same origin. There are no other results found out of permanent variation happened to our ancestors based on geographical location. Environmental factors played a huge role in skin color determination. High UVR has been led to dark skin color and low production of UVR led to lightly skin. By natural selection genes responded to environmental conditions for a human to survive in his own environment. Melanin production came as a response to UVR to protect against consequence of UVR in low latitude regions. Depigmentation happened due migration from low latitude to high latitude regions and led lightly skinned color for our ancestors. Everyone has skin color due to ancestry antique geographical location.
Gene patenting has been facing backlash for decades now. Even Michael Crichton, science fiction novelist, as joined the bandwagon speaking against gene patent.1 Such hostility towards patents, the professional interests of academics, researchers and inventors are under the threat of losing their rights over the work they have done. The biotech industry can never be out of discoveries. With constant biological changes, new diseases are appearing and they have to dig deeper. However, not all progress is free. Rewarding the inventors is not at all unfair. This paper will demonstrate that (i) patents are a foundation of the industry. They need to innovate further progress. The reason patent law exists to protect the inventions for a limited period of time. The paper will also demonstrate that (ii) the social myths about gene patent are not really manifested in reality. It will discuss the argument against gene patenting and then will present counter arguments with empirical evidence whether the myths are really true.
Grasslands play a critical role in the global storage of atmospheric carbon (C). Precise estimation of C contents in different plant components is essential to formulate a strategy for mitigating the atmospheric C. Biomass (B) and C of different herbaceous plant components at species, functional group and site levels from tropical grassland locating on the campus of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India were estimated. For this; 117 herbaceous species just-before flowering were harvested. B and C contents for each species and component were measured and statistically analyzed. The measured C (g plant-1) across the components varied from 0.08 to 31.12. On gm-2 basis; it varied between 29 (leaf) and 49 (root). Plant components, species and functional groups in isolation caused significant differences in the measured C. In the present study; the C content of stem was greater than the leaf and root. The perennial, erect, leguminous and native traits had greater C than the others. Therefore, this observation revealed that the perennial, erect, leguminous and native plants could be a better option for reducing the atmospheric CO2 by capturing it and then converting into B through photosynthesis. Further, the fitted regression equation between the root and shoot for B and C could be used for the extrapolation of B and C of the root component based on the shoot component. The conservative field measurement methods may give precise data on B and C but are destructive to grassland, difficult, time-consuming, and costly to cover at large scale. Hence, the present work could be substantial for the estimation of root C based on shoot component.
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in theoretical physics that happens when pairs or groups of particles are generated in such a way that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance. Instead, a quantum state must be described for the system as a whole. Based on the theory of cancer as an evolutionary metabolic disease (Evolutionary Metabolic Hypothesis of Cancer or EMHC), the cancerous cells are eukaryotic cells with different metabolic rate from healthy cells due to the damaged or shut down mitochondria in them. Assuming each human eukaryotic cell as a particle and the whole body as a Quantum Entangled System (QES), is a new perspective on the description of cancer disease, and this link between theoretical physics and biological sciences in the field of cancer therapies can be a new insight into the cause, prevention and treatment of cancer. Additionally, this perspective admits the Lamarckian evolution in the understanding of the mentioned disease. We have presented each human eukaryotic cell containing mitochondria as a QES, and the whole body containing healthy and normal cells as a QES as well. The difference between the entropy of the healthy cells and cancer cells has also been mentioned in this research.
Keywords: Quantum Entanglement, Cancer, Mitochondria, Evolution, Quantum Entangled System (QES), EMHC
This study aims to compare the size of the red blood cells of different freshwater fishes to gain knowledge of their activity. In this study, 11 different freshwater fishes of four different order like Siluriformes, Cypriniformes, Perciformes, and Osteoglossiformes were selected. For analyses of cytomorphometry of blood cells, blood was collected from caudal vein, and blood smear was prepared at the site of collection. In order to obtain size of different blood cell types, 30 cells of each cell type for each fish were photographed and dimensions of cell-like length and breadth were measured using Microscope Eyepiece Digital Camera (CatCam130 – 1.3 Mega Pixel (MP), Code No. CC130, Catalyst Biotech, Maharashtra, India, attached to Hund Wetzlar Microscope GmbH, Wetzlar-Nauborn, Germany) and computer. This study confirms the cytomorphometry of red blood cells differ significantly at p< 0.001 concerning sex and species. The study will help in diagnosis which in turn will accelerate production of fishes.
Kunu-zaki is a nourishing non-alcoholic beverage widely consumed in Nigeria. There is no standardized method for its preparation thus production practices differ amongst retailers. This study was undertaken to evaluate the bacteriological quality of kunu drink retailed in major markets of Owerri metropolis, Nigeria. Triplicate samples were obtained from four markets in Owerri and a control sample prepared in the laboratory. Kunu drink was analysed using the standard pour plate procedure. The results obtained showed that total heterotrophic bacteria count, total coliform count and total Salmonella Shigella count ranged from 1.4 x 103 – 4.5 x 104 cfu/ml, 1.2 x 103 – 3.8 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.6 x 103 – 3.1 x 104 respectively. A total of 9 bacteria genera including Staphylococcus specie, E. coli, Enterobacter specie, Proteus specie, Citrobacter specie, Serratia specie, Lactobacillus specie, Salmonella specie and Streptococcus specie were isolated with the highest percentage frequency of occurrence recorded for Staphylococcus sp. (16.66%) indicating possible low hygiene of the kunu zaki producers. The bacteria genera isolated from kunu zaki sold in Owerri and their number constitute main concerns for
public health as these can cause a variety of infections or food intoxications. Thus, there is a need to establish a system of monitoring of street vended kunu zaki to make sure that it is safe for consumption.
This paper aims at a systematic approach to morphologically characterize of five types of white blood cells (WBC), and its nuclei from light microscopic image of blood samples. Hence, cellular and nuclei based geometric features are computed and analyzed statistically with t-test to show their discriminating potentiality among the species. In morphometry study, the length and breadth along with nucleus of leukocytes are compared between and within the species using oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s pairwise comparison tests. In this study, the estimated values of Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus with respect to sex were compared. A total of 20 black and white rats (05 each from males and females) were collected. Blood samples were then collected from the caudal vein of anaesthetized rats. In differential leucocyte count, the parameters namely, lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil (p < 0.001) and eosinophil and basophil (p < 0.05) reveal significant difference. In morphometrical study, the cell length, breadth along with nucleus of lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil (p < 0.01) and eosinophil, basophil (p < 0.05) deviates significantly between and within the species.
Population structure, fecundity and morphological characteristics of M. vollenhovenii were studied around Lower Volta River, Ghana subject to dirt of information on this prawn species around the study location. The most prominent morphological characteristics already documented for identification of this species was rostrum bearing 13-15 continuous teeth dorsally and 4-5 teeth on its ventral part. These morphological traits formed the principal components for identification in this study. Results showed that morphological traits on second pereiopods such as presence of spines, spinules, teeth borne within the fingers, and dense projections of setae-like features on telson and uropod were observed relevant for identification purposes. Other results revealed that maximum total length recorded in this study (150-155mm) was higher than total length ranges (≤125mm) documented for this species in earlier studies. Consequently, two adult’s classes of prawns were identified (old adult class 81-120mm; and young adults 31-80mm) and older class was observed to be more in catches than the younger prawns. Absolute fecundity revealed that oocytes estimation varied with respect to seasons, ages of prawns and body sizes of specimens examined. In conclusion, this study observed that M. vollenhovenii fishery is operating in a sustainable manner at the time of this study around the study location.
More from African Journal of Biological Sciences (10)
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
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especiallythe root is considered diaphoretic and antipiuretic. Decoction of plant isused for treating convulsion
in children. It is much used in liver complaints (Yusuf et al., 2009).
The plant is a component of the basic remedy in Vietnamese traditional medicine. It is also used in the
treatment of influenza, hypertension, oliguria and retention of urine. The plant is applied externally to open
wounds to stop bleeding. The whole plant is boiled with black sage for use in a sitting bath to treat fevers,
colds, malaria, and for post-childbirth cleansing of a
mother. The plant can be used fresh or dried, for de-
worming, coughs, lungs trouble, dysentery, heart
problems, bladder and kidneystones, spleen and liver
complaints, and high blood pressure(Christensenand
Kharazmi, 2001). The plant is also used for rituals in
the local communities by Native doctors in Akwa
Ibom, and Cross River State (Okokonet al., 2010). The
grass, when tender, is eatenby cattle, goat, dogs, rats,
chicken, etc., for abdominaldisorder(Holmetal.,1979).
Phytochemical studies of Elusine indica indicated the
presence of sterol glucoside forms and C-
glycosylflavone. It also contains cyanogenetic
glucoside, triglochinin, ochratoxin A, a-amylase
inhibitors, Albuminoids, starch and fatty oil. Other
componentsare phenolic compounds and flavonoids
(Ghani, 2003).
Apart from its medicinal properties and ethnobotany, E. indica is consumed as a vegetable. Hence the need
toinvestigate the genotoxic effect(s) if any, of theherbon amammalianmodel. The Albinorat (Rattusnorvegicus)
is used in this study.
2. Materials and Methods
The study was carried out in the Animal House of the Biological Sciences Department, Cross River University
of Technology (CRUTECH) Calabar, in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria.
Fresh leaves of Eleusineindica werecollected from the botanicalgarden in CrossRiver University of Technology
Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. The plants were identified and authenticated by Dr. Sam Udo, a Botanist
in the Department of Biological Sciences. The fresh leaves (5 kg) of the plant were air dried on laboratory table
under room temperature for three days and pulverized ina blender to powder one thousand grams (1000 g) of
power were soaked in 500 ml 95% ethanol for 72 hours, and then filtered with a 0.2 mm mesh filter cloth. The
liquid filtrate obtained was ovendried at 400
Covernight (Ettaet al., 2007). The paste was stored in a refrigerator
at 40
C until commencement of research.
A total of eighteen (18) mature (8 weeks old) albino rats of the wistar strain (nine males and nine females)
were obtained from the Cross River University of Technology Animal House for this study. The rats were
randomly housed in standard wooden cages with barbed wired tops, in groups of threes (3s). They were
maintained on standard animalpellets and water ad libitum under standard temperature and relative humidity
with a 12-h light/dark cycle and allowed to acclimatize for seven days. Permission and approval for animal
studies was obtained from the College of Health Science, Animal Ethics Committee, Calabar.
The completely randomized design (CRD) was used as the experimental design for this study. The
experimental animals were arranged into three groups viz A, B, and C with three (3) Male and three (3) female
rats in each group.
BothPhytochemical Screeningand ProximateAnalysis oftheextract werecarried out, according toSoforowa
(1993); Trease and Evans (1989), before the feeding of the rats commenced. The initial body weights of the
animals were measured on commencement of the research and after administration of the test substance. The
control animals were not treated with the plant extract while group B animals were treated orally with
50 mg/kg bw of theextract and groupC with 100 mg/kg bw ofthe extract for fourteen days. 24 hours after the
Plate 1: Eleusine indica (Field Work, 2017)
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last administration, peripheral blood samples were collected from the tail tips of both treated and untreated
rats in heparinized bottles, for further analyses according to the OECD 474 protocol, 1997.
The micronucleus test is a comprehensive, quick and sensitive method for measuring DND damage –
micronuclei (MNi). Microneuclei arechromatin-containingstructures incytoplasmsurrounded by amembrane
without any detectable link to the cell nucleus. They are formed by exclusion of whole chromosomes or
chromatin fragments during cell division. MNi are scored specifically in once-divided binucleated cells. The
micronucleiare biomarkers of chromosome breakage and/or whole chromosome loss. Scoring ofmicronuclei
damage is from 5000 MNi, per cell.
2.1. Non-fluorescent Staining forManual MicroscopicalEvaluation
The dry slides were stained with 5% Giemsa solution for 3-5 minutes, washed properly with water and dried
at room temperatureaccording to Fenech and Morley, 1985. Thenumbersofmicronucleated normo chromatic
erythrocytes(MNMCE) weredetermined byblind counting2000normo chromatic/polychromatic erythrocytes
(NCE/PCE) per animal cell, under a microscope. Photo micrographs of analyzed slides were obtained using
Canon 3050 camera.
3. Data Collection and Analyses
Data obtained from this investigation was analyzed statistically using Levenes’ T- test and T-test for equality
of means. Differences between the means were considered significant at 1% and 5% level of significance.
4. Results
Results of the proximate analysis and phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of Eleusine indica
are presented in Tables 1 and 2 respectively, with carbohydrate as the highest proximate component (76.17%)
and fiber as the lowest (2%) and tannins (21.76%) and alkaloids(1.8%) as the highest and lowest
phytochemicals.
Components Value (%) Phytochemicals Values(%)
Moisture content 48 Alkaloids 1.8
Ash content 10 Saponins 2.0
Fibre 2 Flavonoids 6.0
Fat 6 Tannins 21.76
Protein 6.8
Carbohydrate 76.17
Table 1: Proximate analysis and phytochemical screening of aqueous extract of Eleusine indica
Table 2: Mean ± SE of body weights of rats after administration of aqueous extract of E. indica
Parameter N Mean ±SE SD Sig.
Body weight: Male 9 234.89±14.269 42.794 0.003
Female 9 178.11±11.246 33.126
The results of the Mean ± SD of body weights of rats fed aqueous extracts of Eleusine indica is presented in
Table 2. The results present the mean body weight ± SE of the male rats as being higher than that of the female
rats, 234.89±14.269 and 178.11±11.246 respectively.
Photomicrographs of the bi nucleated (BN) cells with or without micronuclei are presented on Plates 2-4.
Results show maximum of two micronuclei formed in treated groups with none in the control group.
4. Hannah Edim Etta et al. / Af.J.Bio.Sc. 1(1) (2019) 33-40 Page 36 of 40
Pate 2: Control male (a) and female (b) showing bi nucleated cells with no micronuclei
Plate 3: Group B Males and Females- a – binucleated cell with one MN; b – binucleated cells with two MN;
c- bnucleated cell with one MN; d - binucleated cell with one MN and e - binucleated cell with one MN
5. Hannah Edim Etta et al. / Af.J.Bio.Sc. 1(1) (2019) 33-40 Page 37 of 40
Plate 4: Group C males and females- f – cell with one MN; g – binucleated cells with one MN and
h - binucleated cell with two MN
Comparative binomial test for categories and Kolmogorov –smirnor tests were carried out to comparethe
effect of the herb extract, if any, on the sexes and results are presented in Table 3.
Table 3: Effect of extract on sexes
Sex Test Sig. Decision
Male: Female One sample Binomial 1.000 Sex does not affect the effect of the plant on the rats.
Male: Female One sample Kolmogorov – smirnor 0.709 Sex does not affect the effect of the plant on the rats.
Figure 1: Bar chart for the distribution of male and female albino rats in the study
Male (W) 220
Female (W) 140
Control
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5. Discussion
5.1. Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Screening of aqueous extract of Eleusine indica
The proximate analysis from this study showed that E. indica is rich in carbohydrates (76.17%). This result is
higher thanthat reported byShodhganga(2012), wherethecarbohydratecontent was72.5%. TheCarbohydrate
content in this study is almost the same as the carbohydrate content in rice (78.2%) (Shodhganga, 2012). High-
fiber carbohydrates improve bowel transit time and reduce risk of colorectal cancer. Carbohydrates are not
essential in the human diet, but because foods rich in carbohydrate are abundant and cheap, compared with
fats and protein, theynaturally forma major part ofthe diet inmost of the world. The four-fifth’s of the world’s
population relies mainly on plant food. Carbohydrates provide at least 70% and often up to 90% of the total
caloric intake. They arethe most abundant biomolecules produced on earth. Regmiet al. (2004) reported crude
protein and Ash content of E. indica as 12.4%and 35.8% respectively. In this study, ash content was 10% and
proteincontent 6.8%, values quitelower than those reported byRegmi et al. (2004), but in agreement withsome
other studies where the protein content was recorded as 8.06% (Shodhganga, 2012). Proteins are an essential
component of the diet needed for survival of animals and humans. The basic function of proteins in nutrition
is to supply adequate amounts of needed amino acids. According to Umezawa (1989), the protein quality, also
knownas the nutritionalor nutritive valueofa food, dependsonitsamino acid content and on thephysiological
utilization of specific amino acids after digestion, absorption and minimal obligatory rates of oxidation.
Cereals and millets are moderate sources of protein as they contain only about 10% protein (Gopalan et al.,
1989). Hence, the protein content of E. indica in our study is acceptable. Madibela and Modiakgotla (2004)
recorded 15.1% ash and 8.29% crude protein in one accession of finger millet; these values are slightly higher
than what is reported here. Eleusine indica, in a research by Shodhganga (2012) contained moisture-12.04%;
protein-8.06%; fat-2.48%; carbohydrate-72.6 %; crudefiber-4.26%; and energy-345 kcal. Inhisstudy,themoisture
content was 48%, fat 6% and fiber 2%. The fiber content in food is important because it protects the body
against duodenal ulcers (Aldoori et al., 1997), cancer and may affect intestinal immune function (Terry
et al., 2001). Trowel (1985) submitted that dietary fiber is the skeletal remains of plant cells that are resistant to
digestion by man’s enzymes. Fats are a chemically diverse group of compounds that are insoluble in water
and have a variety of functions. Oils and fats are the principle stored forms of energy in many organisms,
(Lehninger et al., 1993). The phytochemical screening in this study showed the presence of alkaloids (1.8%),
saponins (2.0%), flavonoids (6.0%) and tannins (21.76%). Homburger (1989) reported that the ethanolic extract
of the herb was confirmed to have a negligible acute toxicity and contains all the phytochemicals reported in
this study. Tannins were recorded as the highest phytochemicals (21.76%), in this study. The presence of
flavonoids indicates the presence of polyphenolic secondary metabolites in the extract. The low value of the
alkaloids confirms the selectiveantiviral activity reported byAbdul et al. (1996). Saponnins, as reported in this
study, are known to be antifungal (Cowan, 1999).
Themeanbody weights of the experimental animalsfrom this study show that themales toleratetheextract
to a larger extent than the females. It can thus be assumed that E. indica aqueous extract did not confer any
systemic toxicity at the doses administered. The Levene’s test for equality of variances and the independent t-
test both confirmed these assumptions. The rich reserve of oily saponins may have also aided the weight
increase in the treated rats as saponins are known to suppress ammonia production in the body, hence
relieving metabolism and increasing the feed efficiency in animals (Westendarp, 2005; and Aregheore, 2005).
Further tests, binomialtest for categories refined bygroup (male and female)and Kolmogorov–Smirnor test
were carried out to confirm the non-toxicity of the extract on the body weight of the treated animals (Table 3).
Independent sample median tests, to establish the effect of the extract on the sexes of treated animals yielded
a non-significant (P>0.05) result, confirming that observed effect on the sexes was non-sex dependent. The
result of the micronucleus analysis is as presented on Plates 2, 3 and 4. A micronucleus test is a test used in
toxicological screening for potential genotoxic compounds (Wikipaedia, 2015). In this study, control animals
had nomicronuclei formed intheir erythrocytes. On theother hand, treated rats had 1,000 or 2,000micronuclei
formed in their erythrocytes. However, scoring of micronuclei damage is from 5,000 MNi/cell (OECD, 1997).
Hence, there was no genotoxicity conferred onthe treated animals by the aqueous extract ofE. indica (L) . That
notwithstanding, according to French et al. (1999), the presence of 1000 and 2000 MNis indicate the presence
of acentric chromosome fragments or extruding whole chromosomes, from the main nucleus of the cell. Daiji
et al. (1989) recorded similar results in mice fed irradiated diets. Reddy et al. (1981) also reported lack of
micronucleus formation in bone-marrow cells of mice fed onirradiated diet for 7 days. Our resultscorroborate
the reports of Amorin (1995). Vijayalaxmi and Sadasivan (1975), on the other hand, reported an increase in
7. Hannah Edim Etta et al. / Af.J.Bio.Sc. 1(1) (2019) 33-40 Page 39 of 40
chromosomal anomalies in bone-marrow cells in rats which were fed on irradiated wheat. From the bar chart
(Figure 1), it was established that the meandistribution of the sexes, by 3 replications for the control (A) B, and
C treatment groups, is considered normal. This is an indication that the effect of the herb extract on the sexes
of treated animals was not significant.
6. Conclusion
In conclusion, this investigation revealed the safety of E. indica (L) as food for both human and animal
consumption. The aqueous extract conferred no adverse effect on the body weight of treated animals and did
not induce any genotoxic effects in the blood cells of treated animals. Hence, the herb is safe as food or food
supplement. Similarly, it is all right for medicinal purposes, especially as famine food. However, its use as a
medicinal plant should be with the usual caution accorded medicinal plants to avoid overdosing and the
subsequent adverse effects.
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