This study aims to compare the size of the red blood cells of different freshwater fishes to gain knowledge of their activity. In this study, 11 different freshwater fishes of four different order like Siluriformes, Cypriniformes, Perciformes, and Osteoglossiformes were selected. For analyses of cytomorphometry of blood cells, blood was collected from caudal vein, and blood smear was prepared at the site of collection. In order to obtain size of different blood cell types, 30 cells of each cell type for each fish were photographed and dimensions of cell-like length and breadth were measured using Microscope Eyepiece Digital Camera (CatCam130 – 1.3 Mega Pixel (MP), Code No. CC130, Catalyst Biotech, Maharashtra, India, attached to Hund Wetzlar Microscope GmbH, Wetzlar-Nauborn, Germany) and computer. This study confirms the cytomorphometry of red blood cells differ significantly at p< 0.001 concerning sex and species. The study will help in diagnosis which in turn will accelerate production of fishes.
Hematological Parameters of three Strains of Local Cocks in Northern NigeriaIJEAB
The study was conducted to determine the hematological parameters of three strains of the Nigerian indigenous cocks. A total of 15 sexually matured (14-18 month of age) breeders cocks comprising (5 normal feathered, 5 frizzled feathered and 5 naked neck) were used for the experiment. The study was conducted from October to December 2016 at the Teaching and Research Farm University of Maiduguri. Blood samples were collected from 9 breeder’s cocks which were randomly selected 3 per genotype and used for hematological parameters examination. Hematological examination such as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red Blood Cell ( RBC) , Haemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Cell (WBC), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin concentration ( MCHC), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) and Mean Corpuscular Volume ( MCV) showed significant (P<0.05)> 0.05) different between normal feathered and frizzle feathered but there is significant difference ( P< 0.05) with naked necked cock. Neutrophil ( N) showed significant (P<0.05)>0.05) difference between normal feathered and naked neck feathered , fizzle feathered and necked neck respectively but showed significant (P<0.05) difference between fizzle feathered and normal feathered respectively for M and E. the study concluded that variation in the heamatoloical parameters between three strains of local chicken in Nigeria is due to difference in their genetic makeup.
Telomere Length as a Predictor for Longevity and Specific MortalityDavid Rehkopf
An overview of research on telomere length and mortality, including a consideration of observational data and genetic instrumental variable analysis, as well as a primer on practical technical issues of doing studies on telomere length to understand biological aging.
Phenotypic diversity of two Ethiopian village chicken ecotypesILRI
Poster by Takele Taye Desta, Tadelle Dessie, Stacey Lynch, Paul Wigley, Pete Kaiser, Rob Christley and Olivier Hanotte at the 45th Population Genetics Group meeting, University of Nottingham, 4-7 January 2012
Hematological Parameters of three Strains of Local Cocks in Northern NigeriaIJEAB
The study was conducted to determine the hematological parameters of three strains of the Nigerian indigenous cocks. A total of 15 sexually matured (14-18 month of age) breeders cocks comprising (5 normal feathered, 5 frizzled feathered and 5 naked neck) were used for the experiment. The study was conducted from October to December 2016 at the Teaching and Research Farm University of Maiduguri. Blood samples were collected from 9 breeder’s cocks which were randomly selected 3 per genotype and used for hematological parameters examination. Hematological examination such as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red Blood Cell ( RBC) , Haemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Cell (WBC), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin concentration ( MCHC), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) and Mean Corpuscular Volume ( MCV) showed significant (P<0.05)> 0.05) different between normal feathered and frizzle feathered but there is significant difference ( P< 0.05) with naked necked cock. Neutrophil ( N) showed significant (P<0.05)>0.05) difference between normal feathered and naked neck feathered , fizzle feathered and necked neck respectively but showed significant (P<0.05) difference between fizzle feathered and normal feathered respectively for M and E. the study concluded that variation in the heamatoloical parameters between three strains of local chicken in Nigeria is due to difference in their genetic makeup.
Telomere Length as a Predictor for Longevity and Specific MortalityDavid Rehkopf
An overview of research on telomere length and mortality, including a consideration of observational data and genetic instrumental variable analysis, as well as a primer on practical technical issues of doing studies on telomere length to understand biological aging.
Phenotypic diversity of two Ethiopian village chicken ecotypesILRI
Poster by Takele Taye Desta, Tadelle Dessie, Stacey Lynch, Paul Wigley, Pete Kaiser, Rob Christley and Olivier Hanotte at the 45th Population Genetics Group meeting, University of Nottingham, 4-7 January 2012
Morphology of erythrocyte and hematological parameters of red tilapia (Oreoch...Innspub Net
The study focused on investigating the morphology of erythrocyte and some hematological parameters (including Hct index, Hb value, RBC count, WBC & thrombocyte count) on red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) infected Streptococcus agalactiae before infection (control), five days post-infection and ten days post-infection. The experiment was arranged with two treatments containing control treatment and infection treatment. Each treatment has 3 replications with 3 tanks/treatment (n=10 fish). In this study, the hematological indexes both enhanced while the size of the erythrocyte reduced over five days and ten days of infection. Immature erythrocytes and abnormal erythrocytes are abundantly present in the peripheral blood of infected red tilapia, explaining the decrease in mean erythrocyte size and the RBC count increases.
Morphology of erythrocyte and hematological parameters of red tilapia (Oreoch...Open Access Research Paper
The study focused on investigating the morphology of erythrocyte and some hematological parameters (including Hct index, Hb value, RBC count, WBC & thrombocyte count) on red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) infected Streptococcus agalactiae before infection (control), five days post-infection and ten days post-infection. The experiment was arranged with two treatments containing control treatment and infection treatment. Each treatment has 3 replications with 3 tanks/treatment (n=10 fish). In this study, the hematological indexes both enhanced while the size of the erythrocyte reduced over five days and ten days of infection. Immature erythrocytes and abnormal erythrocytes are abundantly present in the peripheral blood of infected red tilapia, explaining the decrease in mean erythrocyte size and the RBC count increases.
This paper aims at a systematic approach to morphologically characterize of five types of white blood cells (WBC), and its nuclei from light microscopic image of blood samples. Hence, cellular and nuclei based geometric features are computed and analyzed statistically with t-test to show their discriminating potentiality among the species. In morphometry study, the length and breadth along with nucleus of leukocytes are compared between and within the species using oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s pairwise comparison tests. In this study, the estimated values of Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus with respect to sex were compared. A total of 20 black and white rats (05 each from males and females) were collected. Blood samples were then collected from the caudal vein of anaesthetized rats. In differential leucocyte count, the parameters namely, lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil (p < 0.001) and eosinophil and basophil (p < 0.05) reveal significant difference. In morphometrical study, the cell length, breadth along with nucleus of lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil (p < 0.01) and eosinophil, basophil (p < 0.05) deviates significantly between and within the species.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.6
ABSTRACT- The present paper deals with a new species of genus Circumoncobothrium Shinde (1968) differs from all
known species of genus in many characters, in having the scolex large oval, rostellum also oval transversely placed,
rostellar hooks are 64(60-70) in number, short neck, mature proglottids are five times broader than long and lateral
margins are concave, testes are small oval 75(70-80) in number in a single field or either lateral sides of ovary, cirrus
pouch is small in size transversely placed, cirrus is thin coild, obliquely placed, ovary bilobed slightly dumb-bell shaped,
ovarian lobes with 5 acini, vitellaria are granular 3 rows on each lateral side, gravid segments are three times broader than
longer, eggs are oval with thin shelled.
Key-words- New Cestode, Circumoncobothrium, Clarias batrachus
A Study on Phylogenetic Analysis of Fishes in the Sone River of Sidhi Distric...ijtsrd
The Sone River is a significant river in India, located primarily in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. It is one of the major tributaries of the Ganges River and plays a crucial role in the regions ecology, economy, and cultural heritage. In the present study 1000 individuals of fish specimens were collected from four different geographical locations of Sone River of Sidhi district region. Morphologically 19 species were identified and Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on CO1 gene of mitochondrial DNA using Maximum Parimony approaches using MEGA 11 software. The Phylogenetic tree revealed that species clustered differently under diverse nodes. It revealed that fish species clustered together because they were in the same order and family. These results showed that fish species share identical genera but with diverse genetic variations due to diverse habitats involving a common ancestor. Rakesh Kumar Sahu | Ambrish Kumar Tiwari "A Study on Phylogenetic Analysis of Fishes in the Sone River of Sidhi District, Madhya Pradesh (India)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59766.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/59766/a-study-on-phylogenetic-analysis-of-fishes-in-the-sone-river-of-sidhi-district-madhya-pradesh-india/rakesh-kumar-sahu
In order to assess the Myxosporeans fauna of Cameroon fresh water fishes so
as to find the fight strategies, 655 specimens (350 Oreochromis niloticus and 305
Barbus callipterus) were sampled in Mapé river (Sanaga basin) and examined.
Standard methods were used for the sampling of fishes, conservation and microscopy.
Morphometric characteristics of the spores were used for species identification. Two
new species belonging to the genus Myxobolus Büstchli, 1882 were described namely
Myxobolus tchoumbouei n. sp in Barbus callipterus which formed cysts within various
organs (fins, skin and operculum); Myxobolus mapei n. sp parasite of kidneys and liver
in Oreochromis niloticus and Barbus callipterus. Myxobolus tchoumbouei exhibited
very long spores (19.19 x 8.89 μm), pear-shaped with rounded anterior end
sometimes flattened. Polar capsules were dissymmetrical. They measured 7.60 x 3.00
μm for the bigger and 7.06 x 2.62 μm for the smaller. Myxobolus mapei n. sp had
ellipsoidal spores (13.50 x 6.83 μm) with unequal polar capsules. The larger polar
capsule (6.44 X 2.88 μm) was about 1.5 times longer than the smaller one (4.13 X 1.61
μm) and filled half of the spiral cavity. The awareness about these parasites is useful
to find fighting strategies.
The length frequency distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) was investigated using 496 specimens between June, 2012 to January, 2013 and these specimens were obtained from the artisanal catches landed at Itu Head Brigde, Cross River System. The highest frequency distribution occurrence 38 (Number) throughout the study period was recorded in the month of September, 2012. The length-frequency distribution throughout the study period shows a prominent peak with a preponderance total length range of 40-49cm over others except for January, 2013 which the prominent peak with a prepondence total length range of 50-59cm over others. During the study period, it was observed that the length distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) could have management implication for resource sustainability. However, further research is needed in this area using selective gears to determine and establish the true picture of the length frequency distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) in Itu Head Bridge, Cross River system.
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cadmium chloride on Histoarchiteceture of head kidney of fresh water fish Heteropneustes fossilis. The fishes were exposed to 0.5 ppm of cadmium chloride for 21 days. The most remarkable changes in head kidney, due to cadmium chloride were lysed condition of interrenal and chromaffin cells. The traces of cytoplasm had dark brown to black coloured cytoplasm. Most of cells are deformed and necrotic condition. Their size was significant at (P< 0.01 and 0.001) increased after cadmium chloride. All these changes will be recovered by herbal compound i.e. Ashwagandha. The damaged tissues were recovered in already treated group.
Key-words- Ashwagandha, Cadmium chloride, Chromaffin cells, Heteropneustes fossilis, Histopathology, Interrenal cells
Radiation Response of Bacteria Associated with Human Cancellous BoneIOSR Journals
Cancellous bones from twenty five live tissue donors were tested for bacterial contamination and initial bioburden ranged from 4.1×101 to 3.1×103 cfu/g (average 9.0×102 cfu/g). Forty six representative bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Staphylococcus spp. was found to be predominant contaminant in tissue samples (41.30%). To assess the radiation resistance all the bacterial isolates were exposed to 1 to 10 kGy gamma radiation from 60Co gamma source. The radiation decimal reduction dose values (D10) and twelve log reduction values (12 D value) of the isolates were calculated. D10 values of the isolates were ranged from 0.59 to 1.20 kGy. Among the studied bacterial isolates, Streptococcus spp. was the most radioresistant isolates (D10 value 0.93-1.20 kGy) and three of the Streptococcus spp. survived up to 8 kGy. All the bacterial isolates were killed at 9 kGy. Twelve log reduction value (12D value) of the most resistant isolate was 14.4 kGy. These results indicate that standard radiation sterilization dose (25 kGy) is satisfactory for the sterilization of the cancellous bone allografts
Occurrence of cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus in the Al-Diwaniya River, ...Innspub Net
During a fish survey from 2016 to 2017, we captured 83 specimens of the cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus from the Al-Diwaniya River, Middle Euphrates, Iraq. This is the first report of the occurrence of this species in this locality. Fish were captured by gill nets and electro-fishing equipment. Twenty two morphometric and eleven meristic measurements were applied to describe the species. The range of total length in the present specimens (130.4-250.1mm) is larger than the range quoted for C. sublimus. The indices characters to standard length (SL) varied from 7.4 % to 121.0 %, and the head characters to head length (HL) from 27.4% to 93.2%. The growth rate between body characters and SL varied from 0.085 to 1.118 and between head characters and HL from 0.210 to 1.091.The numbers of scales in lateral line and around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle are 27-29 and 12, respectively. The biometric data were successful in identifying of C. sublimus and confirm the presence of the species in the Al-Diwaniya River. This is the second record of the species in the Iraqi freshwaters. Based on this finding, the case would be interesting and open to discussion about the distributions of C. sublime in the Tigris-Euphrates basin.
Effects of stocking density on the growth rate of gold fish fry reared in hapaAbdullaAlAsif1
p>The present study was conducted to investigate effects of stocking density on growth performances of gold fish ( Carassius auratus ) in hapas. Experiment was conducted for a month with three treatments where three stocking densities were T<sub>1</sub> (10 fry/hapa), T<sub>2</sub> (15 fry/hapa) andT<sub>3</sub> (20 fry/hapa) each having three replications which were selected randomly. In the present experiment hapa (3ft × 2ft × 2ft) with 1 mm mesh net was used. Gold fish fry having a mean body weight of 0.007 g were used in all treatments. Fishes were fed at the rate of 10% of their body weight containing 34.11% protein. Water quality parameters were monitored at 10 days interval and the ranges were –temperature 24.75 to 27.75 <sup>o</sup>C, dissolved oxygen 3.68 to 4.09 mg/L, pH 7.3 to 8.16, ammonia 0.3 to 1 mg/L, nitrite 0.01 to 0.03 mg/L, phosphate 0.6 to 1 mg/L and alkalinity 119 to 187 mg/L. At the growth performances were evaluated by comparing mean final body weight, specific growth rate and food conversion ratio. The present study showed that the gold fish fry in T<sub>1</sub> resulted the best mean final weight gain (1.188 g) followed by T<sub>2</sub> (0.834 g) and T<sub>3</sub> (0.686 g). The SGR ranged between 6.64 and 7.43% per day and FCR ranged between 3.56 and 4.12 with T<sub>1</sub> showing the lowest FCR. The survival rate (%) ranged between 76.67% to 85.67%. From the present experiment it was found that individual fish growth rate was decreased with the increase of stocking density.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study investigated the effect of protein isolate from leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in diabetic rats. Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of five (5) each based on their body weight. Diabetes was induced with administration of alloxan, 150 mg/kg body weight (i.p). Group A served as the control and received 1 mL/kg body weight of 5% ethanol being solvent used, Group B received 1 mL alloxan containing 150 mg/kg only. Group C, D, E and F were respectively alloxanized but treated with 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of protein isolate obtained from V. amygdalina leaves for 14 days. On the 15th day, the animals were humanely sacrificed and their liver homogenates were prepared. Standard biochemical procedures were adopted for determination of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose levels. Data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post-hoc test using Graph Pad, version 6 software. Results showed that CAT activity in alloxan-induced untreated rats (1.17 μmole H2O2) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than observed in control rats (2.10 mole H2O2). Treatment with the respective doses recorded comparable values to those observed in control rats. Similar observation was seen with SOD data. Rats treated with 7% protein isolate recorded the most significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum glucose level. The study suggests that the protein isolate possesses anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
In the laboratory of plant physiology of the University of Queensland (Gatton Campus), a seed germination experiment was undertaken on seeds of two Australian native plant species – Rhodanthe floribundato and Acacia aneura. Most Acacia, including A. aneura exhibit a physical dormancy due to the waxy coat covering the seed. Comparably, just a few species of Rhodanthe are studied as to their dormancy. However, they are also known to present different forms of dormancy. To understand and describe these dormancy mechanisms, a seed germination experiment was conducted on Acacia aneura and Rhodanthe floribunda. This experiment will either add to the existing knowledge regarding these species’ dormancy or corroborate them. It is expected that both species display some form(s) of dormancy.
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Morphology of erythrocyte and hematological parameters of red tilapia (Oreoch...Innspub Net
The study focused on investigating the morphology of erythrocyte and some hematological parameters (including Hct index, Hb value, RBC count, WBC & thrombocyte count) on red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) infected Streptococcus agalactiae before infection (control), five days post-infection and ten days post-infection. The experiment was arranged with two treatments containing control treatment and infection treatment. Each treatment has 3 replications with 3 tanks/treatment (n=10 fish). In this study, the hematological indexes both enhanced while the size of the erythrocyte reduced over five days and ten days of infection. Immature erythrocytes and abnormal erythrocytes are abundantly present in the peripheral blood of infected red tilapia, explaining the decrease in mean erythrocyte size and the RBC count increases.
Morphology of erythrocyte and hematological parameters of red tilapia (Oreoch...Open Access Research Paper
The study focused on investigating the morphology of erythrocyte and some hematological parameters (including Hct index, Hb value, RBC count, WBC & thrombocyte count) on red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) infected Streptococcus agalactiae before infection (control), five days post-infection and ten days post-infection. The experiment was arranged with two treatments containing control treatment and infection treatment. Each treatment has 3 replications with 3 tanks/treatment (n=10 fish). In this study, the hematological indexes both enhanced while the size of the erythrocyte reduced over five days and ten days of infection. Immature erythrocytes and abnormal erythrocytes are abundantly present in the peripheral blood of infected red tilapia, explaining the decrease in mean erythrocyte size and the RBC count increases.
This paper aims at a systematic approach to morphologically characterize of five types of white blood cells (WBC), and its nuclei from light microscopic image of blood samples. Hence, cellular and nuclei based geometric features are computed and analyzed statistically with t-test to show their discriminating potentiality among the species. In morphometry study, the length and breadth along with nucleus of leukocytes are compared between and within the species using oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s pairwise comparison tests. In this study, the estimated values of Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus with respect to sex were compared. A total of 20 black and white rats (05 each from males and females) were collected. Blood samples were then collected from the caudal vein of anaesthetized rats. In differential leucocyte count, the parameters namely, lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil (p < 0.001) and eosinophil and basophil (p < 0.05) reveal significant difference. In morphometrical study, the cell length, breadth along with nucleus of lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil (p < 0.01) and eosinophil, basophil (p < 0.05) deviates significantly between and within the species.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.6
ABSTRACT- The present paper deals with a new species of genus Circumoncobothrium Shinde (1968) differs from all
known species of genus in many characters, in having the scolex large oval, rostellum also oval transversely placed,
rostellar hooks are 64(60-70) in number, short neck, mature proglottids are five times broader than long and lateral
margins are concave, testes are small oval 75(70-80) in number in a single field or either lateral sides of ovary, cirrus
pouch is small in size transversely placed, cirrus is thin coild, obliquely placed, ovary bilobed slightly dumb-bell shaped,
ovarian lobes with 5 acini, vitellaria are granular 3 rows on each lateral side, gravid segments are three times broader than
longer, eggs are oval with thin shelled.
Key-words- New Cestode, Circumoncobothrium, Clarias batrachus
A Study on Phylogenetic Analysis of Fishes in the Sone River of Sidhi Distric...ijtsrd
The Sone River is a significant river in India, located primarily in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. It is one of the major tributaries of the Ganges River and plays a crucial role in the regions ecology, economy, and cultural heritage. In the present study 1000 individuals of fish specimens were collected from four different geographical locations of Sone River of Sidhi district region. Morphologically 19 species were identified and Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on CO1 gene of mitochondrial DNA using Maximum Parimony approaches using MEGA 11 software. The Phylogenetic tree revealed that species clustered differently under diverse nodes. It revealed that fish species clustered together because they were in the same order and family. These results showed that fish species share identical genera but with diverse genetic variations due to diverse habitats involving a common ancestor. Rakesh Kumar Sahu | Ambrish Kumar Tiwari "A Study on Phylogenetic Analysis of Fishes in the Sone River of Sidhi District, Madhya Pradesh (India)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59766.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/59766/a-study-on-phylogenetic-analysis-of-fishes-in-the-sone-river-of-sidhi-district-madhya-pradesh-india/rakesh-kumar-sahu
In order to assess the Myxosporeans fauna of Cameroon fresh water fishes so
as to find the fight strategies, 655 specimens (350 Oreochromis niloticus and 305
Barbus callipterus) were sampled in Mapé river (Sanaga basin) and examined.
Standard methods were used for the sampling of fishes, conservation and microscopy.
Morphometric characteristics of the spores were used for species identification. Two
new species belonging to the genus Myxobolus Büstchli, 1882 were described namely
Myxobolus tchoumbouei n. sp in Barbus callipterus which formed cysts within various
organs (fins, skin and operculum); Myxobolus mapei n. sp parasite of kidneys and liver
in Oreochromis niloticus and Barbus callipterus. Myxobolus tchoumbouei exhibited
very long spores (19.19 x 8.89 μm), pear-shaped with rounded anterior end
sometimes flattened. Polar capsules were dissymmetrical. They measured 7.60 x 3.00
μm for the bigger and 7.06 x 2.62 μm for the smaller. Myxobolus mapei n. sp had
ellipsoidal spores (13.50 x 6.83 μm) with unequal polar capsules. The larger polar
capsule (6.44 X 2.88 μm) was about 1.5 times longer than the smaller one (4.13 X 1.61
μm) and filled half of the spiral cavity. The awareness about these parasites is useful
to find fighting strategies.
The length frequency distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) was investigated using 496 specimens between June, 2012 to January, 2013 and these specimens were obtained from the artisanal catches landed at Itu Head Brigde, Cross River System. The highest frequency distribution occurrence 38 (Number) throughout the study period was recorded in the month of September, 2012. The length-frequency distribution throughout the study period shows a prominent peak with a preponderance total length range of 40-49cm over others except for January, 2013 which the prominent peak with a prepondence total length range of 50-59cm over others. During the study period, it was observed that the length distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) could have management implication for resource sustainability. However, further research is needed in this area using selective gears to determine and establish the true picture of the length frequency distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) in Itu Head Bridge, Cross River system.
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cadmium chloride on Histoarchiteceture of head kidney of fresh water fish Heteropneustes fossilis. The fishes were exposed to 0.5 ppm of cadmium chloride for 21 days. The most remarkable changes in head kidney, due to cadmium chloride were lysed condition of interrenal and chromaffin cells. The traces of cytoplasm had dark brown to black coloured cytoplasm. Most of cells are deformed and necrotic condition. Their size was significant at (P< 0.01 and 0.001) increased after cadmium chloride. All these changes will be recovered by herbal compound i.e. Ashwagandha. The damaged tissues were recovered in already treated group.
Key-words- Ashwagandha, Cadmium chloride, Chromaffin cells, Heteropneustes fossilis, Histopathology, Interrenal cells
Radiation Response of Bacteria Associated with Human Cancellous BoneIOSR Journals
Cancellous bones from twenty five live tissue donors were tested for bacterial contamination and initial bioburden ranged from 4.1×101 to 3.1×103 cfu/g (average 9.0×102 cfu/g). Forty six representative bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Staphylococcus spp. was found to be predominant contaminant in tissue samples (41.30%). To assess the radiation resistance all the bacterial isolates were exposed to 1 to 10 kGy gamma radiation from 60Co gamma source. The radiation decimal reduction dose values (D10) and twelve log reduction values (12 D value) of the isolates were calculated. D10 values of the isolates were ranged from 0.59 to 1.20 kGy. Among the studied bacterial isolates, Streptococcus spp. was the most radioresistant isolates (D10 value 0.93-1.20 kGy) and three of the Streptococcus spp. survived up to 8 kGy. All the bacterial isolates were killed at 9 kGy. Twelve log reduction value (12D value) of the most resistant isolate was 14.4 kGy. These results indicate that standard radiation sterilization dose (25 kGy) is satisfactory for the sterilization of the cancellous bone allografts
Occurrence of cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus in the Al-Diwaniya River, ...Innspub Net
During a fish survey from 2016 to 2017, we captured 83 specimens of the cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus from the Al-Diwaniya River, Middle Euphrates, Iraq. This is the first report of the occurrence of this species in this locality. Fish were captured by gill nets and electro-fishing equipment. Twenty two morphometric and eleven meristic measurements were applied to describe the species. The range of total length in the present specimens (130.4-250.1mm) is larger than the range quoted for C. sublimus. The indices characters to standard length (SL) varied from 7.4 % to 121.0 %, and the head characters to head length (HL) from 27.4% to 93.2%. The growth rate between body characters and SL varied from 0.085 to 1.118 and between head characters and HL from 0.210 to 1.091.The numbers of scales in lateral line and around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle are 27-29 and 12, respectively. The biometric data were successful in identifying of C. sublimus and confirm the presence of the species in the Al-Diwaniya River. This is the second record of the species in the Iraqi freshwaters. Based on this finding, the case would be interesting and open to discussion about the distributions of C. sublime in the Tigris-Euphrates basin.
Effects of stocking density on the growth rate of gold fish fry reared in hapaAbdullaAlAsif1
p>The present study was conducted to investigate effects of stocking density on growth performances of gold fish ( Carassius auratus ) in hapas. Experiment was conducted for a month with three treatments where three stocking densities were T<sub>1</sub> (10 fry/hapa), T<sub>2</sub> (15 fry/hapa) andT<sub>3</sub> (20 fry/hapa) each having three replications which were selected randomly. In the present experiment hapa (3ft × 2ft × 2ft) with 1 mm mesh net was used. Gold fish fry having a mean body weight of 0.007 g were used in all treatments. Fishes were fed at the rate of 10% of their body weight containing 34.11% protein. Water quality parameters were monitored at 10 days interval and the ranges were –temperature 24.75 to 27.75 <sup>o</sup>C, dissolved oxygen 3.68 to 4.09 mg/L, pH 7.3 to 8.16, ammonia 0.3 to 1 mg/L, nitrite 0.01 to 0.03 mg/L, phosphate 0.6 to 1 mg/L and alkalinity 119 to 187 mg/L. At the growth performances were evaluated by comparing mean final body weight, specific growth rate and food conversion ratio. The present study showed that the gold fish fry in T<sub>1</sub> resulted the best mean final weight gain (1.188 g) followed by T<sub>2</sub> (0.834 g) and T<sub>3</sub> (0.686 g). The SGR ranged between 6.64 and 7.43% per day and FCR ranged between 3.56 and 4.12 with T<sub>1</sub> showing the lowest FCR. The survival rate (%) ranged between 76.67% to 85.67%. From the present experiment it was found that individual fish growth rate was decreased with the increase of stocking density.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study investigated the effect of protein isolate from leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in diabetic rats. Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of five (5) each based on their body weight. Diabetes was induced with administration of alloxan, 150 mg/kg body weight (i.p). Group A served as the control and received 1 mL/kg body weight of 5% ethanol being solvent used, Group B received 1 mL alloxan containing 150 mg/kg only. Group C, D, E and F were respectively alloxanized but treated with 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of protein isolate obtained from V. amygdalina leaves for 14 days. On the 15th day, the animals were humanely sacrificed and their liver homogenates were prepared. Standard biochemical procedures were adopted for determination of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose levels. Data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post-hoc test using Graph Pad, version 6 software. Results showed that CAT activity in alloxan-induced untreated rats (1.17 μmole H2O2) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than observed in control rats (2.10 mole H2O2). Treatment with the respective doses recorded comparable values to those observed in control rats. Similar observation was seen with SOD data. Rats treated with 7% protein isolate recorded the most significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum glucose level. The study suggests that the protein isolate possesses anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
In the laboratory of plant physiology of the University of Queensland (Gatton Campus), a seed germination experiment was undertaken on seeds of two Australian native plant species – Rhodanthe floribundato and Acacia aneura. Most Acacia, including A. aneura exhibit a physical dormancy due to the waxy coat covering the seed. Comparably, just a few species of Rhodanthe are studied as to their dormancy. However, they are also known to present different forms of dormancy. To understand and describe these dormancy mechanisms, a seed germination experiment was conducted on Acacia aneura and Rhodanthe floribunda. This experiment will either add to the existing knowledge regarding these species’ dormancy or corroborate them. It is expected that both species display some form(s) of dormancy.
The origin of skin color has been significantly a discussion of importance among human biology scientists, anthropologists and others interested in evolution of human skin color. Experience was done to chimpanzee and other primates shared almost the same characters with mankind, and this impressed scientists to know what makes difference in skin color among people. Different researches conducted to know the real cause of dark skin and light skin among people of the same origin. There are no other results found out of permanent variation happened to our ancestors based on geographical location. Environmental factors played a huge role in skin color determination. High UVR has been led to dark skin color and low production of UVR led to lightly skin. By natural selection genes responded to environmental conditions for a human to survive in his own environment. Melanin production came as a response to UVR to protect against consequence of UVR in low latitude regions. Depigmentation happened due migration from low latitude to high latitude regions and led lightly skinned color for our ancestors. Everyone has skin color due to ancestry antique geographical location.
Gene patenting has been facing backlash for decades now. Even Michael Crichton, science fiction novelist, as joined the bandwagon speaking against gene patent.1 Such hostility towards patents, the professional interests of academics, researchers and inventors are under the threat of losing their rights over the work they have done. The biotech industry can never be out of discoveries. With constant biological changes, new diseases are appearing and they have to dig deeper. However, not all progress is free. Rewarding the inventors is not at all unfair. This paper will demonstrate that (i) patents are a foundation of the industry. They need to innovate further progress. The reason patent law exists to protect the inventions for a limited period of time. The paper will also demonstrate that (ii) the social myths about gene patent are not really manifested in reality. It will discuss the argument against gene patenting and then will present counter arguments with empirical evidence whether the myths are really true.
Grasslands play a critical role in the global storage of atmospheric carbon (C). Precise estimation of C contents in different plant components is essential to formulate a strategy for mitigating the atmospheric C. Biomass (B) and C of different herbaceous plant components at species, functional group and site levels from tropical grassland locating on the campus of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India were estimated. For this; 117 herbaceous species just-before flowering were harvested. B and C contents for each species and component were measured and statistically analyzed. The measured C (g plant-1) across the components varied from 0.08 to 31.12. On gm-2 basis; it varied between 29 (leaf) and 49 (root). Plant components, species and functional groups in isolation caused significant differences in the measured C. In the present study; the C content of stem was greater than the leaf and root. The perennial, erect, leguminous and native traits had greater C than the others. Therefore, this observation revealed that the perennial, erect, leguminous and native plants could be a better option for reducing the atmospheric CO2 by capturing it and then converting into B through photosynthesis. Further, the fitted regression equation between the root and shoot for B and C could be used for the extrapolation of B and C of the root component based on the shoot component. The conservative field measurement methods may give precise data on B and C but are destructive to grassland, difficult, time-consuming, and costly to cover at large scale. Hence, the present work could be substantial for the estimation of root C based on shoot component.
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in theoretical physics that happens when pairs or groups of particles are generated in such a way that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance. Instead, a quantum state must be described for the system as a whole. Based on the theory of cancer as an evolutionary metabolic disease (Evolutionary Metabolic Hypothesis of Cancer or EMHC), the cancerous cells are eukaryotic cells with different metabolic rate from healthy cells due to the damaged or shut down mitochondria in them. Assuming each human eukaryotic cell as a particle and the whole body as a Quantum Entangled System (QES), is a new perspective on the description of cancer disease, and this link between theoretical physics and biological sciences in the field of cancer therapies can be a new insight into the cause, prevention and treatment of cancer. Additionally, this perspective admits the Lamarckian evolution in the understanding of the mentioned disease. We have presented each human eukaryotic cell containing mitochondria as a QES, and the whole body containing healthy and normal cells as a QES as well. The difference between the entropy of the healthy cells and cancer cells has also been mentioned in this research.
Keywords: Quantum Entanglement, Cancer, Mitochondria, Evolution, Quantum Entangled System (QES), EMHC
Genotoxicity of Eleusine indica (Nkim enang: Efik) was investigated in the Wister strain albino rat (Rattus novergicus). Nine (9) male and nine (9) female rats were randomly assigned to three (3) groups, of which two were exposed to the aqueous extract of E.indica – Group A (control-no extract)), Group B (50 mg/kg BW of E. indica) and Group C (100 mg/kg BW of E. indica). This was administered to the rats by oral gavage for 14 days after which the peripheral blood from the tail tips were collected and assayed for the presence of micronuclei, following standard procedures. Proximate analysis and phytochemical screening of the herb extract was carried out. Results obtained showed that E. indica did not cause any significant (P > 0.05) increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in rat peripheral blood at any of the doses administered. The polychromatic: normochromatic erythrocyte (PCE: NCE) ratio was found to be in the range of 0.50 ± 0.11 to 0.55 ± 0.02. Also, the aqueous herb extract is rich in Carbohydrates (76.17%) and Tannins (21.76%). Mean body weights (MBW) of rats showed normal distribution throughout the duration of the investigation. The results of this study demonstrate that E. indica does not confer any genotoxicity in mammals. Further in-depth study on its efficacy is recommended.
Kunu-zaki is a nourishing non-alcoholic beverage widely consumed in Nigeria. There is no standardized method for its preparation thus production practices differ amongst retailers. This study was undertaken to evaluate the bacteriological quality of kunu drink retailed in major markets of Owerri metropolis, Nigeria. Triplicate samples were obtained from four markets in Owerri and a control sample prepared in the laboratory. Kunu drink was analysed using the standard pour plate procedure. The results obtained showed that total heterotrophic bacteria count, total coliform count and total Salmonella Shigella count ranged from 1.4 x 103 – 4.5 x 104 cfu/ml, 1.2 x 103 – 3.8 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.6 x 103 – 3.1 x 104 respectively. A total of 9 bacteria genera including Staphylococcus specie, E. coli, Enterobacter specie, Proteus specie, Citrobacter specie, Serratia specie, Lactobacillus specie, Salmonella specie and Streptococcus specie were isolated with the highest percentage frequency of occurrence recorded for Staphylococcus sp. (16.66%) indicating possible low hygiene of the kunu zaki producers. The bacteria genera isolated from kunu zaki sold in Owerri and their number constitute main concerns for
public health as these can cause a variety of infections or food intoxications. Thus, there is a need to establish a system of monitoring of street vended kunu zaki to make sure that it is safe for consumption.
Population structure, fecundity and morphological characteristics of M. vollenhovenii were studied around Lower Volta River, Ghana subject to dirt of information on this prawn species around the study location. The most prominent morphological characteristics already documented for identification of this species was rostrum bearing 13-15 continuous teeth dorsally and 4-5 teeth on its ventral part. These morphological traits formed the principal components for identification in this study. Results showed that morphological traits on second pereiopods such as presence of spines, spinules, teeth borne within the fingers, and dense projections of setae-like features on telson and uropod were observed relevant for identification purposes. Other results revealed that maximum total length recorded in this study (150-155mm) was higher than total length ranges (≤125mm) documented for this species in earlier studies. Consequently, two adult’s classes of prawns were identified (old adult class 81-120mm; and young adults 31-80mm) and older class was observed to be more in catches than the younger prawns. Absolute fecundity revealed that oocytes estimation varied with respect to seasons, ages of prawns and body sizes of specimens examined. In conclusion, this study observed that M. vollenhovenii fishery is operating in a sustainable manner at the time of this study around the study location.
More from African Journal of Biological Sciences (9)
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Gayatri Acharya and Prafulla Kumar Mohanty / Af.J.Bio.Sc. 1(1) (2019) 23-32 Page 24 of 31
required not only to know the activity of fishes but also to classify different types of anemia. Therefore, in this
investigation, comparative morphometry of different types of blood cells of some freshwater water fishes is
taken for consideration in respect to sex, species, and habitat.
2. Materials and Methods
All procedures used for this investigation followed approved guidelines for the ethical treatment of animals.
The fishes collected for this investigation from freshwater aquatic bodies are Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus,
1758), Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) , Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792), Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793) ,
Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) , Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822), Catla
catla (Hamilton, 1822), Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) , Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton, 1822) , Notopterus
notopterus (Pallas, 1769) .
For analyses of cytomorphometrical of blood cells, blood was collected from caudal vein and blood smear
wasprepared at the siteofcollection. For smearing of blood, one dropofblood was taken on a clean grease free
slide at one end immediately after collection. Another slide having a uniform edge was placed just on the drop
of blood at an angle of 45o
to the first and moved to touch the blood. The slides used for this study were of Blue
Star Company, micro slides, Pic-2 manufactured by Polar Industrial Corporation, Mumbai India, ground
edges and lint free packing, measuring 75 mm long, 25 mm wide and 1.45 mm thickness.
After this, the spreader slide was moved gently over the first slide without interruption until the end
to have a uniform and smooth blood smear on the slide. Then the slide was air dried for 10 minutes. The dried
blood smeared slide was kept over the staining rack over a well-leveled plane. The slide was then stained
by Leishman’s stain. From each specimen, ten slides were prepared and kept ready for observation of blood
cells.
In order to obtain the size of different blood cell types, 30 cells of each cell type for each fish were
photographed and dimensions of cell-like length and breadth were measured using Microscope Eyepiece
Digital Camera (CatCam130 – 1.3 Mega Pixel (MP), Code No. CC130, Catalyst Biotech, Maharashtra, India,
attached toHund Wetzlar MicroscopeGmbH,Wetzlar-Nauborn, Germany)and computer.For thisinvestigation,
30cells, randomlyselected from different smearsfrom different fisheswere measured except nucleardimension
of granuloytes because of indented of the nucleus.
From the measured data, the following parameters were calculated as stated below.
Area of elliptical blood cells (Erythrocyte) = x LD /2 x SD/2
Where LD = Longer diameter of the cell, SD = Shorter diameter of the cell
Area of rounded blood cells (Leucocytes) =r2
Where r is the radius of the circular cell, r = Diameter/2
N/ C ratio =Nucleus area/Cell area
3. Statistical Analysis
Cytomorphometrical parameters were expressed as mean ± SE. The entire data obtained were subjected to
Paleontological Statistics (PAST) Version 2.17 [Natural History Museum, University of Oslo] for One-Way
Analysisof Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s pair wise comparison tests. Differences were classified as
significant at p < 0.001.
4. Results
This study records the morphometry (Table 1 and Figure 1) and morphology (Figure 2 to 12) of erythrocytes
of different freshwater fishes. The morphometry of erythrocytes like cell length is found to be higher in
males of Cirrhinus mrigala(11.31±0.21) oftheorder Cypriniformes whereaslower infemales ofAnabastestudineus
(8.30 ±0.10) of Perciformes. The cell length varies significantly between the species of different orders and
also between the different species of same order at the level P<0.001. Significant difference with respect to
sex is observed in cell length of Clarias batrachus (males = 8.72±0.14 and females = 9.57±0.15), Cirrhinus
mrigala (males = 11.31±0.21 and females = 9.75±0.31) and Anabas testudineus (males = 9.83±1.5 and females =
8.30±0.10).
4. Gayatri Acharya and Prafulla Kumar Mohanty / Af.J.Bio.Sc. 1(1) (2019) 23-32 Page 26 of 31
Figure 1: Comparative Morphometrical Analyses of Erythrocytes Among Freshwater Fishes
a. Cell Length, b. Cell Breadth, c. Cell Area, d. Nucleus Length, e. Nucleus Breadth, f. Nucleus Area, g. N/C Ratio
5. Gayatri Acharya and Prafulla Kumar Mohanty / Af.J.Bio.Sc. 1(1) (2019) 23-32 Page 27 of 31
Figure 1 (Cont.)
6. Gayatri Acharya and Prafulla Kumar Mohanty / Af.J.Bio.Sc. 1(1) (2019) 23-32 Page 28 of 31
Figure 2: Erythrocyte of freshwater H. fossilis Figure 3: Erythrocyte of freshwater C. batrachus
Figure 4: Erythrocyte of freshwater L.rohita Figure 5: Erythrocyte of freshwater C. catla
Figure 6: Erythrocyte of freshwater C. mrigala Figure 7: Erythrocyte of freshwater C.reba
Figure 8: Erythrocyte of freshwater C. striatus Figure 9: Erythrocyte of freshwater C. punctatus
40x10micron
40x10micron
40x10micron
40x10micron
40x10micron
40x10micron
40x10micron
40x10micron
7. Gayatri Acharya and Prafulla Kumar Mohanty / Af.J.Bio.Sc. 1(1) (2019) 23-32 Page 29 of 31
Figure 10: Erythrocyte of freshwater O. niloticus Figure 11: Erythrocyte of freshwater A.testudineus
Figure 12: Erythrocyte of freshwater N. notopterus
The cell breadthof erythrocyte showshigher value
in Labeo rohita (8.68±0.18) and lower in Anabas
testudineus (6.82±0.24). Sex wise significant difference
in cell breadth is recorded in Clarias batrachus (males
=7.09±0.19 and females = 8.19±0.14),Channa punctatus
(males = 7.09±0.19 and females = 8.19±0.14) and
Anabas testudineus (males = 8.03±0.20 and females =
6.82±0.24) at P < 0.001. It is noted that area of
erythrocytes reflects higher value inCirrhinus mrigala
(8.30 ±0.10) and lower in Anabas testudineus (8.30
±0.10), but sex wise significant difference of
erythrocyte area is found only in Clarias batrachus
(males = 49.27±2. 07 and females = 62.04±1.72), Cirrhinus mrigala (males = 8.03±0.20 and females = 6.82±0.24),
Channa punctatus (males = 8.03±0.20 and females = 6.82±0.24) and Anabas testudineus (males = 62.75±2.38 and
females = 44.88±1.85).
Morphometrical parameters of nucleus deviate significantly species-wise at p < 0.001. The length of the
nucleus showed higher value in Cirrhinus mrigala (6.91 ±0.24) and decreased in Anabas testudineus
(4.92 ±0.16). Sex-wise significant difference in nuclear length is noted inClarias batrachus (males 3.70±0. 11 and
females = 5.06±0.13) and Cirrhinus mrigala (males 6.91±0. 24 and females =5.80±0.26). The nuclear breadth
(5.44±0.22) and area (29.17±1.94) havemore value inOreochromis niloticusof Perciformeswhile a lower value of
nuclear breadth is noted in Clarias batrachus (2.45±0.12) of Siluriformes and the nuclear area is recorded in
Channa punctatus (14.96±0.81) of Perciformes.
Sex wise significant variations in nuclear breadth is measured in Clarias batrachus (males = 2.45±0.12 and
females 4.09±0.12), Channa punctatus (males = 3.45±0.12 and females = 4.84±0.24) and Oreochromis niloticus
(males = 4.24±0.18 and females = 5.44±0.22) whereas, nuclear area shows sex wise significant variation in
Heteropneustes fossilis (males = 24.69±2.62 and females =17.49±1.70), Cirrhinus mrigala (males = 27.03±2.57 and
females = 21.93±2.39), Channa punctatus(males= 14.96±0.81 and females= 25.11±1.99) and Oreochromis niloticus
(males = 18.33±1.33 and females = 29.17±1.94).
The N/C ratio shows more value in Notopterus notopterus (0.52±0.14) and less value in Clarias batrachus
(0.15±0.01). The N/C ratio deviates significantly only with respect to species but not sex wise.
5. Discussion
The mean values for the size of the erythrocytes deviate significantly between species of fishes selected for this
work, this result getting supported by the findings reported byBarron et al. (1956) and McKnight (1966). It is
observed that erythrocytes of fishes in this investigation are usually elliptical in their shape and nucleated.
This corroborates with the findings of Srivastava (1968) and Pandey et al. (1976) who observe similar shape in
Heteropneustes fossilis. The comparative study of morphometry of erythrocytes reflects the highest length in
slow moving fishes as compared to the active fishes.
40x10micron
40x10micron
8. Gayatri Acharya and Prafulla Kumar Mohanty / Af.J.Bio.Sc. 1(1) (2019) 23-32 Page 30 of 31
In freshwater fishes, the highest length of erythrocytes is observed in the order Cypriniformes ascompared
to fishes of the order Siluriformes. Similarly, in brackishwater, fishes coming under theorder Perciformeshave
higher value in comparison to the Siluriformes. According to Witeska (2013), the activity of the animals and
thesize oftheblood cells are closely related, i.e., themore active species havesmaller erythrocytes and sluggish
ones have larger corpuscles. According to Wintrobe(1933) the erythrocyte size reflects theposition of a species
on the evolutionary scale, i.e., in lower vertebrates and those with not successful evolutionary past, such as
cyclostomes, elasmobranchesand urodeles, thesize oferythrocytesis large, but inhigher vertebrates(mammals)
the same cells are smaller and do not contain nuclei. Erythrocytes are the dominant blood cell typein the vast
majority of fish species (Lisicic et al., 2013). Morphometric studies on the blood cells in Cyprinus carpio,
Ctenopharyngodan idella and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix by Kumar (2016) reports that the number of
erythrocytesis the most abundant blood cells followed bythrombocytes. One of the most important function of
erythrocyte is carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide and the ratio of size to surface area is also a determining
factor in the tissues. Thus, a small erythrocyte offers the possibility of a higher rate of exchange than a larger
one (Hartman and Lessler, 1964; Sevinch et al., 2000).
Smith (1925) states that RBC size varies inversely with the metabolic activity and the red blood size has an
adaptive value therefore, any adaptive reduction in metabolic rate leads to increase in cell size. There is a
correlation between the dimension of erythrocytes and its oxygen carrying capacity. The concentration of
haemoglobin(Hb) intheblood depends onthenumber of erythrocytesper unit volumeofblood or byincreasing
the volume of red blood cells, or both. As a rule, the concentration of red blood cell (RBC) in the blood of
homoeothermic vertebrates is always higher than poikilotherms and on the contrary, the mean diameter of
RBC of homoeothermic animals are lower than that of poikilotherms. The size of erythrocytes of fishes found
in this study is larger than mammal (Radhakrishnan et al., 1976). Moreover, erythrocytes of fishes have low
N/C ratio. In this study, the normal N/C ratio ranges from 0.15 to 0.52 in freshwater fishes whereas 0.28 to
0.68 in brackish water fishes. This morphological peculiarity of the cell enables the erythrocytes to concentrate
maximum amount of haemoglobin.
Totter (1956) observes cellular haematology of Salamander and reports banding pattern of erythrocytes
which may be considered as shape change corresponding to disc sphere transformation in mammalian red
blood cells. Fish RBCs, are integral in several biologic processes relevant to immunity, such as pathogen
recognition, pathogen binding and clearance, and productionof effector moleculesand cytokines (Marin et al.,
2018). The present observation on the morphometry of erythrocytes with eccentric nucleus of fishes is an
evidence to support the phylogenetic transformation, of mammalian erythrocytes assuming a new shapeand
losesits nucleus. Therefore, erythrocyte of fishesmay be a transitionalstage towards evolution oferythrocytes
of higher vertebrates.
6. Conclusion
This studyrecords the activity ofthefishes and thesizeofthe blood cellsareclosely related, i.e., themoreactive
species have smaller erythrocytes and sluggish ones have larger erythrocytes. The data obtained for
cytomorphometryof blood cells ofsome freshwater fishes inthis study mayenhancethe current understanding
of the cytological values, which is expected to help ichthyologists and fish farmers for diagnosis, prognosis
and treatment of different anaemia in fishes. This will accelerate in the production of healthy and disease-free
fishes.
Compliance with Ethical Starndards
This investigation followed all the guidelines for the care and use of animals.
Funding
This study was funded by Department of science and technology, New Delhi, India (grant number IF130457).
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their thanks to the Postgraduate Department of Zoology, Utkal University,
Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha for providing facilities for carrying of current research program. The first
author owes her thankstothe Department of Scienceand Technology (DST), Government of India, NewDelhi,
towardsInnovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (DST INSPIRE)Programme as the funding agency
vide the letter number DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/ 2012, [146-2012].
9. Gayatri Acharya and Prafulla Kumar Mohanty / Af.J.Bio.Sc. 1(1) (2019) 23-32 Page 31 of 31
Conflicts of Interest
First author declares that she has no conflict of interest.
Second author declare that he has also no conflict of interest.
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Citethis article as:GayatriAcharya and PrafullaKumar Mohanty (2019).Comparativecytomorphometry
of red blood cells of some fishes. African Journal of Biological Sciences 1 (1), 23-32.