2. HISTORY OF MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
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3. 1997
 First artificial human chromosome created.
Genetic cassette is created with natural and synthetic DNA.
This combination could possibly be customized and used in
gene therapy.
 FDA approves:
“the first therapeutic antibody to treat cancer in the U.S.”
“the first bloodless HIV-antibody test that use cells from patients‟
gums.”
“a recombinant follicle stimulating hormone to treat infertility.”
 At the Institute for Genomic Research, scientists sequence
the genome for the organism related to stomach ulcers and
the pathogen of Lyme disease.
http://biotechnology.amgen.com/timeline-medical-biotechnology
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4. 1998
 For the first time, human skin was created in a lab.
 Embryonic stem cells are used to create disorders and
mimic certain diseases and to regenerate tissue.
 Vaccine for Lyme disease is created.
 “A monoclonal antibody therapy used against breast cancer
has favorable results, heralding a new era of treatment
based on molecular targeting of tumor cells.”
http://biotechnology.amgen.com/timeline-medical-biotechnology
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5. 1999
 The entire genetic code of the human chromosome is
decoded.
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http://biotechnology.amgen.com/timeline-medical-biotechnology

6. 2000
 A rough draft of the human genome is completed by
scientist at the Human Genome Project and Celera
Genomics
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7. 2001
 Magazines having to do with nature and science publish the
human genome sequence. This makes the sequence
viewable to scientists all over the world. This sequence can
be used to start researching possible new treatments for
genetic diseases like heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s and
Parkinson’s disease.
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http://biotechnology.amgen.com/timeline-medical-biotechnology

8. 2002
 Major genomes of the mouse, chimpanzee, dog and
hundreds of other organisms are completed.
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http://biotechnology.amgen.com/timeline-medical-biotechnology

9. 2003
 The human genome sequencing is finished by NIH and
Celera.
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10. 2004
 “The FDA approves the first monoclonal antibody that is
an antiangiogenic, inhibiting the growth of blood
vessels—or angiogenesis—for cancer therapy.”
 A DNA microarray test system that helps in choosing
medications for different conditions is cleared by the FDA.
*This is important because is a step forward to personalized
medicine.
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http://biotechnology.amgen.com/timeline-medical-biotechnology

11. 2005
 No major changes
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12. 2006
 The FDA approves a vaccine preventing the human
papillomavirus. The human papillomavirus can cause
cervical cancer and genital warts.
 The 3-D structure of the human immunodeficiency virus
(causing AIDS) is created.
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13. 2007
 Scientists use human skin cells to create embryonic stem
cells.
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14. 2008
 In Japan, chemists design and create the first DNA molecule
made mostly by artificial parts. *Improves quality of gene
therapy.
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15. 2009
 “President Barack Obama signs executive order freeing up
federal funding for broader research on embryonic stem
cells.”
 New genes related to Alzheimer’s disease are found. *Helps
get closer to find therapies and diagnostics for it.
 First clinical trial using embryonic stems cells is initiated.
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http://biotechnology.amgen.com/timeline-medical-biotechnology

16. 2010
 J. Craig Venter creates “the first fully synthetic, self-
replicating bacterial cell, which was named Synthia.”
 A temporary block on the use of federal dollars for ESC
research is put back on.
 Anti-obesity therapies have stalled but has moved forward
as a key event.
 The attempt of legalizing medical marijuana is contemplated.
http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligenceand153/2010-in-review-
biotechnology-highlights/77899354/
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17. 2011
 Because of the economy, funding for innovations continue
to decline.
 There is more skewed funding
 FDA approves “cord blood therapy to be used in
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation procedures in
patients with disorders affecting the hematopoietic (blood
forming) system. “
http://biotechnology.amgen.com/timeline-medical-biotechnology
http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Industries/Life-Sciences/Beyond-borders-
-global-biotechnology-report-2011
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18. 2012
 There is a huge increase in drug approvals in the industry.
 FDA approved 39 new medicines. This is a 30% increase
from a year ago.
 “Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., having developed the world's
first approved stem cell drug”
http://finance.yahoo.com/news/biotech-industry-soars-2012-fda-132000071.html
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