Medical applications of biotech

1. Presentation onPresentation on
applications ofapplications of
Biotechnology inBiotechnology in
Medical & Industrial fieldMedical & Industrial field
Anita DeviAnita Devi
pre-PhDpre-PhD
1309801513098015

2. 1.1.
BiotechnologyBiotechnology
The use of gene science toThe use of gene science to
create new products fromcreate new products from
plants and animalsplants and animals

3. BiotechnologyBiotechnology
ProvidesProvides
• Improved foodImproved food
productsproducts
• Medical advancesMedical advances
• An enhancedAn enhanced
environmentenvironment
2.

4. • HybridizationHybridization
• FermentationFermentation
• PasteurizationPasteurization
What Has Research GivenWhat Has Research Given
Us?Us?
4.

5. ImprovedImproved
Food ProductsFood Products
7.

6. Benefits Through BiotechnologyBenefits Through Biotechnology
• Longer shelf lifeLonger shelf life
• Better tasteBetter taste
• EnhancedEnhanced
nutritional valuenutritional value
8.

7. Biotechnology BreakthroughsBiotechnology Breakthroughs
• New food enzyme used duringNew food enzyme used during
cheese making processcheese making process
– Chymosin (1990)Chymosin (1990)
– First biotechnology food productFirst biotechnology food product
approved in the United Statesapproved in the United States
9.

8. Biotechnology BreakthroughsBiotechnology Breakthroughs
• Higher protein peanutsHigher protein peanuts
• Longer shelf life for bananasLonger shelf life for bananas
and pineapplesand pineapples
• Tastier tomatoesTastier tomatoes
• Lower fat vegetable oilsLower fat vegetable oils
10.

9. MedicalMedical
AdvancesAdvances
12.

11. IntroductionIntroduction
• MedicalMedical
biotechnologybiotechnology isis
the fusion ofthe fusion of
genetics, cellgenetics, cell
biology and manybiology and many
other sciences inother sciences in
order to furtherorder to further
advances inadvances in
medicine.medicine.

12. Use recombinant cells to mass produce proteinsUse recombinant cells to mass produce proteins
– BacteriaBacteria
– YeastYeast
– MammalianMammalian

13. Approved rDNA biologicals (hormones)Approved rDNA biologicals (hormones)

14. Approved rDNA biologicals (growth factors)Approved rDNA biologicals (growth factors)

15. Approved biologicals (blood factors and interleukins) (rDNA products)Approved biologicals (blood factors and interleukins) (rDNA products)

16. Approved biologicals (interferons)Approved biologicals (interferons)

17. Approved biologicals (enzymes)Approved biologicals (enzymes)

18. Approved biologicals (vaccines and liposomes)Approved biologicals (vaccines and liposomes)

19. Approved biologicals (tissue and cell engineering)Approved biologicals (tissue and cell engineering)

20. Approved biologicals (blood derivatives and natural extracts)Approved biologicals (blood derivatives and natural extracts)

22. 1) Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb)1) Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb)
• They are so calledThey are so called
because they are clonesbecause they are clones
of an individual parentof an individual parent
cell.cell.
• Remember,Remember, antibodiesantibodies
are specific proteins thatare specific proteins that
target pathogens invadingtarget pathogens invading
our body.our body.

23. 1) Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb)1) Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb)
• Steps in making them:Steps in making them:
1.1.Human antibody genesHuman antibody genes
are put into a mouse.are put into a mouse.
2.2.Mouse is infected causingMouse is infected causing
it to make human antibodyit to make human antibody
producing cells (B-cells).producing cells (B-cells).
3.3.These cells are removedThese cells are removed
from the mouse and fusedfrom the mouse and fused
with a tumour cell.with a tumour cell.
4.4.Now we have a tumourNow we have a tumour
cell that is constantlycell that is constantly
producing antibodies andproducing antibodies and
more cells like itself.more cells like itself.

24. • This technology is usedThis technology is used
primarily to fight off cancerprimarily to fight off cancer
cells as these monoclonalcells as these monoclonal
antibodies can beantibodies can be
“trained” to target markers“trained” to target markers
that show up on cancerthat show up on cancer
cells.cells.
• The mAbs will thenThe mAbs will then
destroy the cancer celldestroy the cancer cell
and go looking for more.and go looking for more.

25. 2) Bioprocessing2) Bioprocessing
• BioprocessingBioprocessing is the massis the mass
production of humanproduction of human
proteins, vaccines, etc… byproteins, vaccines, etc… by
genetically modifyinggenetically modifying
bacteria or viruses.bacteria or viruses.
• This allows for a largeThis allows for a large
quantity of the desiredquantity of the desired
product to be created in aproduct to be created in a
short amount of time andshort amount of time and
for a relatively low cost.for a relatively low cost.

26. 2) Bioprocessing2) Bioprocessing
• The main product currentlyThe main product currently
bioprocessed is insulin, thebioprocessed is insulin, the
human protein responsiblehuman protein responsible
for lowering blood sugarfor lowering blood sugar
after eating.after eating.
• The human gene for insulinThe human gene for insulin
is placed into bacteria, theseis placed into bacteria, these
are cultured and allowed toare cultured and allowed to
produce insulin which isproduce insulin which is
collected, purified and soldcollected, purified and sold
to the millions of diabeticsto the millions of diabetics
worldwide.worldwide.

27. 3) Stem Cells3) Stem Cells
• AA stem cellstem cell is a cell thatis a cell that
has the potential tohas the potential to
become any cell type inbecome any cell type in
the human body.the human body.
• Everyone has stem cells,Everyone has stem cells,
but they are very hard tobut they are very hard to
access.access.
• The easiest place to getThe easiest place to get
stem cells is from anstem cells is from an
embryo.embryo.

28. 3) Stem Cells3) Stem Cells
• Stem cells areStem cells are
introduced the bodyintroduced the body
where, under the rightwhere, under the right
conditions, will replaceconditions, will replace
the damaged area.the damaged area.
• Often times stem cellsOften times stem cells
are grown in a lab firstare grown in a lab first
to ensure the rightto ensure the right
conditions and thenconditions and then
placed into a sickplaced into a sick
person.person.

29. 3) Stem Cells3) Stem Cells
• Stem cells are currentlyStem cells are currently
being tested to treatbeing tested to treat
everything from Crohn’severything from Crohn’s
disease to baldness!disease to baldness!
• The main areas where stemThe main areas where stem
cells have proven theircells have proven their
worth is in bone marrowworth is in bone marrow
transplants, replacingtransplants, replacing
damaged heart tissue afterdamaged heart tissue after
a heart attack and replacinga heart attack and replacing
damaged nerve tissuedamaged nerve tissue
whichwhich gives hope to anyonegives hope to anyone
who has had a spinal cordwho has had a spinal cord
injury.injury.

30. 4) Tissue Engineering4) Tissue Engineering
• A form of regenerativeA form of regenerative
medicine,medicine, tissuetissue
engineeringengineering is the creationis the creation
of human tissue outsideof human tissue outside
the body for laterthe body for later
replacement.replacement.
• Usually occurs on a tissueUsually occurs on a tissue
scaffold, but can be grownscaffold, but can be grown
on/in other organisms ason/in other organisms as
shown on the right.shown on the right.

31. 4) Tissue Engineering4) Tissue Engineering
• Tissue engineers haveTissue engineers have
created artificial skin,created artificial skin,
cartilage and bonecartilage and bone
marrow.marrow.
• Current projects beingCurrent projects being
undertaken includeundertaken include
creating an artificial liver,creating an artificial liver,
pancreas and bladder.pancreas and bladder.
• Again, we are far fromAgain, we are far from
replacing a whole organ,replacing a whole organ,
but just looking forbut just looking for
“refurbishing” our slightly“refurbishing” our slightly
used ones at the moment.used ones at the moment.

32. Biotechnology BreakthroughsBiotechnology Breakthroughs
• Insulin (1982)Insulin (1982)
– First commercial biotech productFirst commercial biotech product
– Reliable, inexpensive source of insulinReliable, inexpensive source of insulin
• RiceRice
– Enriched with beta-carotene and ironEnriched with beta-carotene and iron
• BananasBananas
– Containing edible hepatitis vaccineContaining edible hepatitis vaccine
13.

33. Biotechnology BreakthroughsBiotechnology Breakthroughs
• Potatoes with higher solid contentPotatoes with higher solid content
• Garlic that lowers cholesterolGarlic that lowers cholesterol
• Fruits and vegetables that reduceFruits and vegetables that reduce
risks of cancer and heart diseaserisks of cancer and heart disease
14.

34. Medical ApplicationsMedical Applications
• Medical applications of biotech include preventative,
diagnostic, and treatment.
• The Human Genome Project is very useful within this field.
• Gene therapy and stem cell
technologies are two up-and-
coming fields within the medical area
of biotech.
• Stem cell technologies include
immature cells that have the potential
to develop and specialize into a
variety of other cell types.

35. Biotech RegulationsBiotech Regulations
•Biotech products must be
carefully examined before use
• One of the most heavily
regulated industries
•Two important aspects of
regulatory process include:
• Quality assurance (QA)
regulates the final quality of the
product
•Quality control (QC) ensure
consistent product standards

36. Products of ModernProducts of Modern
BiotechnologyBiotechnology
•There are a wide variety of products that the biotechnology
field has produced.
•More than 65% of biotech companies in the U.S. are
involved in pharmaceutical production (relating to drugs
developed for medical use).
•1982 - Genentech developed
Humulin (human insulin) to
treat diabetes.
•It was the first biotech drug
to be FDA approved.

37. Products of ModernProducts of Modern
BiotechnologyBiotechnology
•There are several
hundred drugs,
vaccines, & diagnostics
with more than 300
biotech medicines in
development targeting
over 2oo diseases!
•Over 1/2 of drugs in
development “pipeline”
target cancer

38. Top 10 Selling Biotech DrugsTop 10 Selling Biotech Drugs
Sales over $1 BillionSales over $1 Billion
DrugDrug DeveloperDeveloper FunctionFunction
EnbrelEnbrel Amgen & WyethAmgen & Wyeth Rheumatoid ArthritisRheumatoid Arthritis
RemicadeRemicade Johnson & JohnsonJohnson & Johnson Rheumatoid ArthritisRheumatoid Arthritis
RituxanRituxan RocheRoche Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomaNon-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
AvastinAvastin RocheRoche Colon cancerColon cancer
HerceptinHerceptin RocheRoche Breast cancerBreast cancer
HumiraHumira Abbott LabsAbbott Labs Rheumatoid ArthritisRheumatoid Arthritis
LevenoxLevenox Sanofi-AventisSanofi-Aventis Blood clotsBlood clots
LantusLantus Sanofi-AventisSanofi-Aventis DiabetesDiabetes
AranespAranesp AmgenAmgen DiabetesDiabetes
GardasilGardasil Merck & Co.Merck & Co. HPV VaccineHPV Vaccine

39. ReferencesReferences
• Bio’s editors’ and reporters’ guide toBio’s editors’ and reporters’ guide to
biotechnology.http://www.bio.org/aboutbio/guidebiotechnology.http://www.bio.org/aboutbio/guide
2000/guide00_toc.html2000/guide00_toc.html
• Bruhn CM. Consumer concerns and educationalBruhn CM. Consumer concerns and educational
strategies: focus on biotechnology, Foodstrategies: focus on biotechnology, Food
Technology 1992,46(3):80-102Technology 1992,46(3):80-102
• The Council for Biotechnology Information.The Council for Biotechnology Information.
http://www.whybiotech.comhttp://www.whybiotech.com esired trait.esired trait.
Recombinant DNA techniques are usually used.Recombinant DNA techniques are usually used.

40. Continue……Continue……
• North Carolina Biotechnology Center. “About Biotech”.North Carolina Biotechnology Center. “About Biotech”.
http://www.ncbiotech.org/aboutbt/main.cfmhttp://www.ncbiotech.org/aboutbt/main.cfm
• Principles of Biotechnology.Principles of Biotechnology.
http://www.nal.usda.gov/bic/Education_res/iastate.info/bio1.htmlhttp://www.nal.usda.gov/bic/Education_res/iastate.info/bio1.html
• What The Experts Say About Food BiotechnologyWhat The Experts Say About Food Biotechnology
http://ificinfo.health.org/foodbiotech/whatexpertssay.htmhttp://ificinfo.health.org/foodbiotech/whatexpertssay.htm
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for food Safety andU.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for food Safety and
Applied Nutrtion:October-November 1997.Applied Nutrtion:October-November 1997.
http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~tdms/pubalgry.htmlhttp://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~tdms/pubalgry.html
• Food Biotechnology-Benefits for the Developing Countries.Food Biotechnology-Benefits for the Developing Countries.
http://ificinfo.health.org/insight/janfeb99/foodbiotechnology.htmhttp://ificinfo.health.org/insight/janfeb99/foodbiotechnology.htm

41. THANK YOU