3. Biotechnology: The development and
utilization of biological processes for
obtaining maximum benefits to man
and other forms of life.
Biotechnology: The use of living
organisms for the manufacture of
useful products: It may involve algae,
bacteria, fungi, yeast cells of higher
animal and plants.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
4. Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering:: The formation of newThe formation of new
combinations of heritable material by thecombinations of heritable material by the
insertion of nucleic acid molecules into anyinsertion of nucleic acid molecules into any
virus, bacterial plasmids or other vectorvirus, bacterial plasmids or other vector
system so as to allow their incorporation into asystem so as to allow their incorporation into a
host organism in which they do not naturallyhost organism in which they do not naturally
occur but in which they are capable ofoccur but in which they are capable of
continued propagation (Smith, 1996).continued propagation (Smith, 1996).
Genetic EngineeriGenetic Engineeringng is the production of newis the production of new
genes and alteration of genomes bygenes and alteration of genomes by
substituting or adding new genetic material.substituting or adding new genetic material.
GENETIC ENGINEERING
5. Traditional Biotechnology (Old)Traditional Biotechnology (Old)
New Biotechnology (Modern)New Biotechnology (Modern)
Traditional BiotechnologyTraditional Biotechnology:: The TraditionalThe Traditional
biotechnology refers to the conventionalbiotechnology refers to the conventional
technology which have been used for manytechnology which have been used for many
centuries. Beer, Wine, Cheese and many foodscenturies. Beer, Wine, Cheese and many foods
have been produced using traditionalhave been produced using traditional
biotechnology.biotechnology.
HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
6. The Traditional biotechnology is an art ratherThe Traditional biotechnology is an art rather
than a science.than a science.
Modern BiotechnologyModern Biotechnology:: Capability of scienceCapability of science
to change the genetic material for genetic newto change the genetic material for genetic new
products for specific requirement throughproducts for specific requirement through
recombinant DNA technology.recombinant DNA technology.
HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (contd.)
7. SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGYSCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
1.1. Health care:Health care:
(a) In 1982, human insulin (humulin) has been(a) In 1982, human insulin (humulin) has been
produced by microorganisms in fermenters.produced by microorganisms in fermenters.
(b) Hepatitis B vaccines (Recombivax HB),(b) Hepatitis B vaccines (Recombivax HB),
genetically engineered vaccines producedgenetically engineered vaccines produced
biotechnologically.biotechnologically.
8. 2.2. Gene TherapyGene Therapy:: This is in a way, geneticThis is in a way, genetic
engineering of humans, which would allow aengineering of humans, which would allow a
person suffering from a disabling geneticperson suffering from a disabling genetic
disorder to lead a normal life.disorder to lead a normal life.
3.3. ImmunotechnologiesImmunotechnologies:: Monoclonal antibodiesMonoclonal antibodies
(MABs) for diagnosis and therapy. Antibodies,(MABs) for diagnosis and therapy. Antibodies,
special sets of proteins present in humans thatspecial sets of proteins present in humans that
enable them to fight incursion of their bodies byenable them to fight incursion of their bodies by
harmful chemicals or microorganisms.harmful chemicals or microorganisms.
SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (contd.)
12. 4. Tissue culture: Tissue culture of both plant
and animal cells. These are used for
Micropropagation of elite or exotic materials
(such as orchids), production of useful
compounds such as taxol (the widely used anti-
cancer drug) and vanillin, and preparation in the
laboratory of “natural” tissues such as arteries
for arterial graft or skin for burn victims.
SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (contd.)
13. 5.5. Stem cell techniquesStem cell techniques:: Which would involveWhich would involve
purification and isolation of stem cells frompurification and isolation of stem cells from
various tissues and develop into the desiredvarious tissues and develop into the desired
tissue which could then be used, for example,tissue which could then be used, for example,
for transplantation.for transplantation.
6.6. New DNA technologiesNew DNA technologies:: These include DNAThese include DNA
fingerprinting, sequencing of genomes,fingerprinting, sequencing of genomes,
development and use of new molecular markersdevelopment and use of new molecular markers
for plant identification and characterization.for plant identification and characterization.
SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (contd.)
16. 7. Organotransplantation: Xenotransplantation
that is transplantation into humans of organs from
other animals. It appears that pig may be the most
suitable for this biochemically, anatomically and
immunologically.
8. Bioremediation: Bioremediation is the use of
microorganisms to detoxify pollutants, present in
the environment usually as soil or water
sediments.
SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (contd.)
18. 9. Human Genome Project (HGP): Human
genome has been sequenced and chromosome
map has been developed in various laboratories
world-wide through coordinated efforts.
10. Bioinformatics: Application of information
sciences to increase the understanding of biology,
biochemistry and biological data.
SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (contd.)
