1) Ocean primary production and biogeochemical controls depend on phytoplankton biochemical processes.
2) Key factors that influence ocean productivity include nutrient availability, iron limitations in high-nutrient low-chlorophyll regions, and Redfield ratios between carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in phytoplankton.
3) Primary production is highest in upwelling regions and coastal areas, while central ocean gyres have lower productivity due to nutrient limitations.
This document discusses how oceanographic and climatic processes impact fisheries and stock assessments. It provides background on key properties of ocean waters like temperature, salinity, and density that create structure and movement. Climate influences ocean currents, winds, and the warm pool/cold tongue convergence zone in the Pacific. The El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation impact this zone and thus primary production, fish distributions, and catches. Understanding these relationships is important for fisheries management and development plans to account for natural fluctuations in fish populations.
The document summarizes the history of water purification efforts in Lake Suwa, Japan. It describes:
1) Lake Suwa's origins, characteristics, and surrounding human development that led to pollution.
2) The stages of increasing pollution from the 1900s to 1970s and initial remediation efforts starting in the 1970s through sewer systems and regulations.
3) Recent progress including shore restoration, monitoring, research, and cooperation between local communities and experts to improve water quality and ecosystems in Lake Suwa.
1) Eddies can supply nutrients to the euphotic zone through vertical pumping and lateral stirring, but the impact of vertical pumping alone has likely been overestimated due to inconsistent time scale assumptions.
2) Vertical pumping by eddies is not sufficient to resolve observational discrepancies in nutrient supply estimates within oligotrophic subtropical gyres.
3) Lateral stirring of nutrients by eddies may be at least as important as vertical pumping in supplying nutrients over large areas.
4) Other processes like interactions between eddies and wind that induce vertical circulation at eddy margins have been overlooked and may also contribute significantly to nutrient supply.
1. Satellite data can help Indonesian fishermen locate good fishing grounds by identifying areas of high primary productivity in the ocean, which attract fish.
2. Factors like temperature, nutrients, and ocean currents influence primary productivity and can be detected using satellite imagery, allowing prediction of fishing areas.
3. The Indonesian Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources Development has been producing Fishing Ground Maps since 2000 using satellite data to help fishermen.
1) Upwelling occurs when surface waters are pulled away from shore by wind stress, causing deeper, colder, nutrient-rich waters to rise to the surface.
2) These nutrient-rich upwelled waters fuel large phytoplankton blooms, supporting rich fisheries and marine life. Approximately 25% of global fish catches come from upwelling regions.
3) Satellite imagery can identify areas of upwelling by detecting cooler sea surface temperatures and higher ocean color (chlorophyll) concentrations from phytoplankton blooms.
Pecological implications of summer fog decline in the coast redwood6D45520z848622K444
This document summarizes a study on summer fog decline along the Pacific coast of California and its implications for coast redwood and other ecosystems. The key points are:
1) The study presents a novel 58-year record (1951-2008) of summer fog frequency in northern California based on hourly cloud ceiling height measurements, showing a 33% reduction in fog since the early 20th century.
2) Summer fog frequency is found to correlate strongly with the wind-driven upwelling system of the California Current and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation ocean temperature pattern.
3) Tree physiological data suggests that reduced summer fog frequency and increased evaporative demand may stress coast redwoods and other west coast ecosystems.
1) Ocean primary production and biogeochemical controls depend on phytoplankton biochemical processes.
2) Key factors that influence ocean productivity include nutrient availability, iron limitations in high-nutrient low-chlorophyll regions, and Redfield ratios between carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in phytoplankton.
3) Primary production is highest in upwelling regions and coastal areas, while central ocean gyres have lower productivity due to nutrient limitations.
This document discusses how oceanographic and climatic processes impact fisheries and stock assessments. It provides background on key properties of ocean waters like temperature, salinity, and density that create structure and movement. Climate influences ocean currents, winds, and the warm pool/cold tongue convergence zone in the Pacific. The El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation impact this zone and thus primary production, fish distributions, and catches. Understanding these relationships is important for fisheries management and development plans to account for natural fluctuations in fish populations.
The document summarizes the history of water purification efforts in Lake Suwa, Japan. It describes:
1) Lake Suwa's origins, characteristics, and surrounding human development that led to pollution.
2) The stages of increasing pollution from the 1900s to 1970s and initial remediation efforts starting in the 1970s through sewer systems and regulations.
3) Recent progress including shore restoration, monitoring, research, and cooperation between local communities and experts to improve water quality and ecosystems in Lake Suwa.
1) Eddies can supply nutrients to the euphotic zone through vertical pumping and lateral stirring, but the impact of vertical pumping alone has likely been overestimated due to inconsistent time scale assumptions.
2) Vertical pumping by eddies is not sufficient to resolve observational discrepancies in nutrient supply estimates within oligotrophic subtropical gyres.
3) Lateral stirring of nutrients by eddies may be at least as important as vertical pumping in supplying nutrients over large areas.
4) Other processes like interactions between eddies and wind that induce vertical circulation at eddy margins have been overlooked and may also contribute significantly to nutrient supply.
1. Satellite data can help Indonesian fishermen locate good fishing grounds by identifying areas of high primary productivity in the ocean, which attract fish.
2. Factors like temperature, nutrients, and ocean currents influence primary productivity and can be detected using satellite imagery, allowing prediction of fishing areas.
3. The Indonesian Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources Development has been producing Fishing Ground Maps since 2000 using satellite data to help fishermen.
1) Upwelling occurs when surface waters are pulled away from shore by wind stress, causing deeper, colder, nutrient-rich waters to rise to the surface.
2) These nutrient-rich upwelled waters fuel large phytoplankton blooms, supporting rich fisheries and marine life. Approximately 25% of global fish catches come from upwelling regions.
3) Satellite imagery can identify areas of upwelling by detecting cooler sea surface temperatures and higher ocean color (chlorophyll) concentrations from phytoplankton blooms.
Pecological implications of summer fog decline in the coast redwood6D45520z848622K444
This document summarizes a study on summer fog decline along the Pacific coast of California and its implications for coast redwood and other ecosystems. The key points are:
1) The study presents a novel 58-year record (1951-2008) of summer fog frequency in northern California based on hourly cloud ceiling height measurements, showing a 33% reduction in fog since the early 20th century.
2) Summer fog frequency is found to correlate strongly with the wind-driven upwelling system of the California Current and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation ocean temperature pattern.
3) Tree physiological data suggests that reduced summer fog frequency and increased evaporative demand may stress coast redwoods and other west coast ecosystems.
The document provides an overview of the physical environment of the proposed Hugh Parkey's Belize Adventure Island expansion project located off the coast of Belize City. It describes the meteorology, oceanography, geology, and water quality of the project site area. The climate is tropical with a wet and dry season. Annual rainfall averages 60-80 inches. Ocean currents and tides influence the area. The caye sits on carbonate sediments atop the continental shelf. Water sampling found low turbidity and nutrient levels indicative of an open ocean environment.
1. The document discusses various atmospheric fronts such as warm fronts, cold fronts, and occluded fronts. It describes the characteristics of each front, including cloud patterns and precipitation.
2. Atmospheric fronts are transition zones between differing air masses. They are classified based on whether the warmer or colder air mass dominates as the fronts interact.
3. Mesoscale eddies in oceans, such as rings that form off of ocean currents, are also discussed. These eddies can transport nutrients, heat, and organisms over long distances in the ocean.
This document summarizes a study on deconvoluting the flood hydrograph at the outlet of the Kolondieba watershed in Mali to understand the runoff process. Monitoring of physicochemical parameters was conducted from 2009-2011 at rainfall, surface water, and groundwater sites. Analysis using electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids as tracers showed runoff was composed of 77% rapid flow from rainfall and 23% delayed flow from shallow aquifers during 2010's wet season. In 2011, rapid flow increased 3% as shallow aquifer discharge declined 6.8% due to lower rainfall. The study found groundwater contributes little to hydrologic balance at the outlet, and surface runoff from rainfall heavily influenced by degraded land
This study examined how different rain basin designs influence soil microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in a semi-arid environment. Specifically, it compared basins covered with gravel mulch or a compost and gravel mulch. The addition of compost and gravel increased soil moisture and organic matter content before monsoon season when the soil was dry, likely due to increased water retention. Higher soil moisture led to greater microbial activity and biomass. After rainfall, nitrogen mineralization rates correlated most strongly with microbial activity levels. The basin design that added compost and gravel to the mulch layer had the greatest impact on abiotic and biotic drivers of nitrogen cycling processes in rain basins.
Biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of bog restoration through clearfelling on drainage water chemistry at Flanders Moss, a raised bog in Scotland. Preliminary results show that clearfelling led to increased levels of phosphate, dissolved organic carbon, color, and pH in drainage waters. The study is ongoing to further monitor how restoration activities may impact water quality and freshwater ecology over time. The goal is to provide guidance on best practices for peatland restoration to prevent negative effects on receiving waters and local species like freshwater pearl mussels.
This document summarizes research on the impact of climate change on primary production in the Arctic Ocean. It finds that Arctic primary production has increased in recent decades due to sea ice loss and longer growing seasons for phytoplankton. Under-ice phytoplankton blooms have also been observed that are much larger than open-water blooms and account for most Arctic primary production. These under-ice blooms are supported by enhanced light transmission through thinner first-year sea ice and melt ponds.
This document summarizes recent advances in understanding peatland hydrology and their implications. Early research focused on water table levels and impacts of drainage ditches. Recent studies show peatlands have complex 3D hydrology with saturated areas, macropores, and multiple flow pathways producing rapid runoff. This challenges the view of peatlands as "sponges." Improved understanding is significant for predicting DOC and flood runoff, which has non-linear relationships with rainfall and varies with drainage. While drainage may increase short-term storage, it also creates fast flow paths exacerbating floods in the long-run. The spatial and temporal complexity of peatland hydrology needs to be considered at the landscape scale.
This document summarizes the flood pulse concept (FPC), an ecological model for river-floodplain systems. The FPC proposes that flooding periodically connects rivers to their floodplains, driving nutrient exchange and high primary production. Since the FPC was introduced in 1989, knowledge of floodplain ecology has increased, requiring updates and extensions to the original concept. The document reviews advances in understanding hydrology, biogeochemistry, biodiversity and other areas that have both supported predictions of the FPC and inspired new approaches to studying river-floodplain systems.
Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon caused by wind blowing parallel to coastlines. The wind generates a movement of coastal waters offshore due to the Coriolis effect. This creates a deficit of waters near the shore that is replaced by deep, nutrient-rich waters rising to the surface through Ekman transport. Upwelling results in huge productivity and makes coastal fisheries extremely important. The Coriolis effect causes objects to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
The wetland delineation investigated a 1.6 acre freshwater forested and shrub wetland located in Tioga County, Pennsylvania. Field work was conducted over two weeks in September 2015 and found wetland indicators including hydric vegetation, soils, and hydrology despite dry conditions. A driveway is proposed that would impact 0.6 acres of the wetland. Mitigation would involve creating a new wetland to the north near natural springs that drain into the existing wetland.
Ecology of the east african lakes for unfccc adaptationNAP Events
The document summarizes the diversity and ecology of East African lakes, focusing on Lakes Baringo, Nakuru, and Victoria-Nyanza. It discusses the sensitivity of the lakes to threats like climate change, pollution, and sedimentation. The lakes face issues related to their environments, ecosystems, economies, societies, and governance. Protecting these freshwater and saline ecosystems requires long-term monitoring of both terrestrial and aquatic systems using participatory, iterative approaches.
1) The document reviews proxy evidence for climate changes over the past 1000 years to determine if the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period were widespread phenomena.
2) It analyzes multiple proxy records according to specific criteria to assess evidence for regional climatic anomalies during the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period.
3) The analysis finds support for distinct climatic anomalies during both periods in some regions like western Europe and the North Atlantic, but the evidence is less clear for other areas, indicating the phenomena were not truly global in nature.
Global Warming Effect Groundwater Proposalmahfoodhshuely
1. The study aims to evaluate the amount of groundwater available in Oman's Al Batinah coast region under different climate change scenarios over the next 10-20 years.
2. Global warming is affecting water resources through changes in precipitation and temperature, which can impact groundwater recharge, levels, and quality.
3. The study will use data on climate, geology, and hydrogeology to model how climate change may impact groundwater recharge and discharge in the region, and influence the freshwater-seawater interface.
The document discusses water and energy budgets. It explains that a budget represents the variation of a given quantity within a control volume over a time interval, and is the algebraic sum of inputs and outputs. It provides examples of water budgets for soil volumes and atmospheric layers, accounting for precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff and other fluxes. It also discusses the components of an energy budget, including net radiation, heat conduction, heat of vaporization and more.
This document provides an introduction to concepts related to delineating a hydrographic catchment from a digital elevation model. It discusses how a DEM is discretized into a grid with elevation values for each cell. Primary topographic attributes that can be derived from the DEM like altitude, slope, gradient, and curvature are described. It explains how drainage directions and hydrographic networks can be determined from the DEM and how this allows delineation of contributing areas and hydrographic catchments. The objectives are to introduce these concepts and lay the groundwork for subsequent lectures on using software like JGrass to perform catchment delineation.
The document discusses The Real Book, which refers to collections of lead sheets that contain standard jazz songs. It provides background on the original Real Book from the 1970s, which was compiled illegally by students at Berklee College of Music. The document then explains that the title "Real Book" is being used for this collection of hydrology lecture slides, which provide systematic knowledge about the topic beyond textbooks. It aims to direct students towards further resources while communicating information.
The document provides an introduction to hydrology, including:
- Defining hydrology as the science studying the water cycle and flows between the atmosphere, land, and oceans.
- Describing the key elements of the water cycle, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, and the spatial and temporal scales involved.
- Noting that the water cycle sustains life on Earth, shapes its surface, and regulates the climate.
This document describes a graphical language for representing reservoir systems using time-continuous Petri nets (TCPN).
Places in the TCPN represent water storages such as volumes of groundwater or energy/momentum contents. Transitions represent fluxes between storages. The TCPN uses colors to distinguish different types of quantities (mass, energy, etc.) and storages. Connections between places and transitions represent differential equations governing the system.
An example TCPN represents a system of three differential equations with three storages, inputs, and both linear and nonlinear fluxes. Additional information like parameter values can be provided in tables. Adjacency matrixes describe the connections between places and transitions. TCPNs provide an algebraic framework for conceptual
Crop Et And Implications For Irrigationcarterjfranz
Crop coefficient studies were conducted at the Tal Amara Research Station in Lebanon's Bekka Valley to determine optimal irrigation volumes for sunflowers, soybeans, wheat, and corn. Deficit irrigation experiments on sunflowers found that yield was reduced by 25% during early flowering but only 14% during mid-flowering. Seed yield actually increased with deficit irrigation during seed formation. The studies provide crop water use data and coefficients to inform sustainable irrigation planning for farmers in the water-stressed Bekka Valley region.
The document provides an overview of the physical environment of the proposed Hugh Parkey's Belize Adventure Island expansion project located off the coast of Belize City. It describes the meteorology, oceanography, geology, and water quality of the project site area. The climate is tropical with a wet and dry season. Annual rainfall averages 60-80 inches. Ocean currents and tides influence the area. The caye sits on carbonate sediments atop the continental shelf. Water sampling found low turbidity and nutrient levels indicative of an open ocean environment.
1. The document discusses various atmospheric fronts such as warm fronts, cold fronts, and occluded fronts. It describes the characteristics of each front, including cloud patterns and precipitation.
2. Atmospheric fronts are transition zones between differing air masses. They are classified based on whether the warmer or colder air mass dominates as the fronts interact.
3. Mesoscale eddies in oceans, such as rings that form off of ocean currents, are also discussed. These eddies can transport nutrients, heat, and organisms over long distances in the ocean.
This document summarizes a study on deconvoluting the flood hydrograph at the outlet of the Kolondieba watershed in Mali to understand the runoff process. Monitoring of physicochemical parameters was conducted from 2009-2011 at rainfall, surface water, and groundwater sites. Analysis using electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids as tracers showed runoff was composed of 77% rapid flow from rainfall and 23% delayed flow from shallow aquifers during 2010's wet season. In 2011, rapid flow increased 3% as shallow aquifer discharge declined 6.8% due to lower rainfall. The study found groundwater contributes little to hydrologic balance at the outlet, and surface runoff from rainfall heavily influenced by degraded land
This study examined how different rain basin designs influence soil microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in a semi-arid environment. Specifically, it compared basins covered with gravel mulch or a compost and gravel mulch. The addition of compost and gravel increased soil moisture and organic matter content before monsoon season when the soil was dry, likely due to increased water retention. Higher soil moisture led to greater microbial activity and biomass. After rainfall, nitrogen mineralization rates correlated most strongly with microbial activity levels. The basin design that added compost and gravel to the mulch layer had the greatest impact on abiotic and biotic drivers of nitrogen cycling processes in rain basins.
Biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of bog restoration through clearfelling on drainage water chemistry at Flanders Moss, a raised bog in Scotland. Preliminary results show that clearfelling led to increased levels of phosphate, dissolved organic carbon, color, and pH in drainage waters. The study is ongoing to further monitor how restoration activities may impact water quality and freshwater ecology over time. The goal is to provide guidance on best practices for peatland restoration to prevent negative effects on receiving waters and local species like freshwater pearl mussels.
This document summarizes research on the impact of climate change on primary production in the Arctic Ocean. It finds that Arctic primary production has increased in recent decades due to sea ice loss and longer growing seasons for phytoplankton. Under-ice phytoplankton blooms have also been observed that are much larger than open-water blooms and account for most Arctic primary production. These under-ice blooms are supported by enhanced light transmission through thinner first-year sea ice and melt ponds.
This document summarizes recent advances in understanding peatland hydrology and their implications. Early research focused on water table levels and impacts of drainage ditches. Recent studies show peatlands have complex 3D hydrology with saturated areas, macropores, and multiple flow pathways producing rapid runoff. This challenges the view of peatlands as "sponges." Improved understanding is significant for predicting DOC and flood runoff, which has non-linear relationships with rainfall and varies with drainage. While drainage may increase short-term storage, it also creates fast flow paths exacerbating floods in the long-run. The spatial and temporal complexity of peatland hydrology needs to be considered at the landscape scale.
This document summarizes the flood pulse concept (FPC), an ecological model for river-floodplain systems. The FPC proposes that flooding periodically connects rivers to their floodplains, driving nutrient exchange and high primary production. Since the FPC was introduced in 1989, knowledge of floodplain ecology has increased, requiring updates and extensions to the original concept. The document reviews advances in understanding hydrology, biogeochemistry, biodiversity and other areas that have both supported predictions of the FPC and inspired new approaches to studying river-floodplain systems.
Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon caused by wind blowing parallel to coastlines. The wind generates a movement of coastal waters offshore due to the Coriolis effect. This creates a deficit of waters near the shore that is replaced by deep, nutrient-rich waters rising to the surface through Ekman transport. Upwelling results in huge productivity and makes coastal fisheries extremely important. The Coriolis effect causes objects to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
The wetland delineation investigated a 1.6 acre freshwater forested and shrub wetland located in Tioga County, Pennsylvania. Field work was conducted over two weeks in September 2015 and found wetland indicators including hydric vegetation, soils, and hydrology despite dry conditions. A driveway is proposed that would impact 0.6 acres of the wetland. Mitigation would involve creating a new wetland to the north near natural springs that drain into the existing wetland.
Ecology of the east african lakes for unfccc adaptationNAP Events
The document summarizes the diversity and ecology of East African lakes, focusing on Lakes Baringo, Nakuru, and Victoria-Nyanza. It discusses the sensitivity of the lakes to threats like climate change, pollution, and sedimentation. The lakes face issues related to their environments, ecosystems, economies, societies, and governance. Protecting these freshwater and saline ecosystems requires long-term monitoring of both terrestrial and aquatic systems using participatory, iterative approaches.
1) The document reviews proxy evidence for climate changes over the past 1000 years to determine if the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period were widespread phenomena.
2) It analyzes multiple proxy records according to specific criteria to assess evidence for regional climatic anomalies during the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period.
3) The analysis finds support for distinct climatic anomalies during both periods in some regions like western Europe and the North Atlantic, but the evidence is less clear for other areas, indicating the phenomena were not truly global in nature.
Global Warming Effect Groundwater Proposalmahfoodhshuely
1. The study aims to evaluate the amount of groundwater available in Oman's Al Batinah coast region under different climate change scenarios over the next 10-20 years.
2. Global warming is affecting water resources through changes in precipitation and temperature, which can impact groundwater recharge, levels, and quality.
3. The study will use data on climate, geology, and hydrogeology to model how climate change may impact groundwater recharge and discharge in the region, and influence the freshwater-seawater interface.
The document discusses water and energy budgets. It explains that a budget represents the variation of a given quantity within a control volume over a time interval, and is the algebraic sum of inputs and outputs. It provides examples of water budgets for soil volumes and atmospheric layers, accounting for precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff and other fluxes. It also discusses the components of an energy budget, including net radiation, heat conduction, heat of vaporization and more.
This document provides an introduction to concepts related to delineating a hydrographic catchment from a digital elevation model. It discusses how a DEM is discretized into a grid with elevation values for each cell. Primary topographic attributes that can be derived from the DEM like altitude, slope, gradient, and curvature are described. It explains how drainage directions and hydrographic networks can be determined from the DEM and how this allows delineation of contributing areas and hydrographic catchments. The objectives are to introduce these concepts and lay the groundwork for subsequent lectures on using software like JGrass to perform catchment delineation.
The document discusses The Real Book, which refers to collections of lead sheets that contain standard jazz songs. It provides background on the original Real Book from the 1970s, which was compiled illegally by students at Berklee College of Music. The document then explains that the title "Real Book" is being used for this collection of hydrology lecture slides, which provide systematic knowledge about the topic beyond textbooks. It aims to direct students towards further resources while communicating information.
The document provides an introduction to hydrology, including:
- Defining hydrology as the science studying the water cycle and flows between the atmosphere, land, and oceans.
- Describing the key elements of the water cycle, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, and the spatial and temporal scales involved.
- Noting that the water cycle sustains life on Earth, shapes its surface, and regulates the climate.
This document describes a graphical language for representing reservoir systems using time-continuous Petri nets (TCPN).
Places in the TCPN represent water storages such as volumes of groundwater or energy/momentum contents. Transitions represent fluxes between storages. The TCPN uses colors to distinguish different types of quantities (mass, energy, etc.) and storages. Connections between places and transitions represent differential equations governing the system.
An example TCPN represents a system of three differential equations with three storages, inputs, and both linear and nonlinear fluxes. Additional information like parameter values can be provided in tables. Adjacency matrixes describe the connections between places and transitions. TCPNs provide an algebraic framework for conceptual
Crop Et And Implications For Irrigationcarterjfranz
Crop coefficient studies were conducted at the Tal Amara Research Station in Lebanon's Bekka Valley to determine optimal irrigation volumes for sunflowers, soybeans, wheat, and corn. Deficit irrigation experiments on sunflowers found that yield was reduced by 25% during early flowering but only 14% during mid-flowering. Seed yield actually increased with deficit irrigation during seed formation. The studies provide crop water use data and coefficients to inform sustainable irrigation planning for farmers in the water-stressed Bekka Valley region.
The document summarizes the activities of the Platform Water Management in the Alps over the past two years and outlines its planned activities for the next period. It discusses workshops held on sediment management, hydropeaking, and hydropower that brought together administrators, practitioners, and stakeholders. It also describes dissemination of guidelines on small hydropower and platform meetings. Going forward, the document outlines three planned workshops on local adaptation to climate change, flood risk prevention, and river management, as well as a conference on water in the Alps. The goals are to address EU directives in an alpine context and local adaptation to climate change.
The document discusses various hydrological measurement quantities and instruments. It describes 8 main hydrological quantities of interest: temperature, humidity, precipitation, radiation, wind, pressure, wetting, and evapotranspiration. It then explains principles and instruments for measuring temperature, humidity, and soil moisture, including thermometers, hygrometers, psychrometers, lysimeters, tensiometers, and instruments measuring electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and dielectric constants.
This document discusses peak river flows and flow hydrology. It introduces the concept of a peak flow, shows a graph of discharge over time as an example, and discusses precipitation patterns and the calculation of effective precipitation. It also discusses the instantaneous unit hydrograph method for summing surface runoff over a basin to determine discharge at the basin outlet.
Daily evapotranspiration by combining remote sensing with ground observations...CIMMYT
This document discusses combining remote sensing data with ground observations to estimate daily evapotranspiration (ET) for agricultural water management. It summarizes using remote sensing to model spatial land surface temperature and vegetation cover hourly, integrating them to compute daily ET. It also describes using wireless sensors at an experimental cotton field in Maricopa, Arizona to monitor crops and irrigation as part of an integrated monitoring system for irrigation scheduling. The goal is to provide reasonably accurate and cost-effective daily ET estimates at resolutions useful to growers.
An evapotranspiration (ET) bed uses evaporation and plant transpiration to treat wastewater. It consists of storage trenches filled with crushed stone or other media, surrounded by loamy soil and planted with grass. Wastewater flows from the septic tank into the distribution pipes in the trenches. The water then evaporates or is absorbed by plant roots and transpired out of their leaves. Proper maintenance of the grass cover and diversion of rainfall runoff are needed for the system to function effectively.
The document discusses the measurement and representation of hydrological quantities. It notes that hydrological data has complex trends that are nonlinear and influenced by many factors. Statistical tools must be used to describe hydrological quantities given their spatiotemporal variability. Examples of typical problems in measuring quantities like precipitation, river flows, and soil moisture are provided.
A sensitivity Analysis of Eddy Covariance Data Processing Methods for Evapotr...Troy Bernier
The document discusses sensor errors found in a microclimate station in the Florida Everglades wetlands that could lead to inaccurate water budget calculations. Errors up to 22.34% were found in rainfall and evapotranspiration sensors, which could result in water budgets being off by over 7 inches in a year. Such large errors from sensors in small watersheds can create seriously inaccurate water budgets that could cause problems like perceived drought conditions or poor infrastructure planning.
TIME INTEGRATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION USING A TWO SOURCE SURFACE ENERGY BALA...Ramesh Dhungel
This dissertation presents a two source surface energy balance model called BATANS that uses NARR reanalysis weather data and satellite-based METRIC data to simulate evapotranspiration. BATANS partitions surface energy fluxes at satellite overpass times and time integrates evapotranspiration between overpasses. It estimates soil moisture in the surface and root zone layers using a Jarvis-type canopy resistance model. An irrigation module simulates irrigation when soil moisture falls below a threshold. The model was applied to an area in southern Idaho and results showed good agreement between simulated and METRIC surface fluxes and temperatures for most agricultural lands, though agreement was lower for desert areas. Daily evapotranspiration estimates from BATANS compared reasonably
Python IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning Environment) for remote sens...Ramesh Dhungel
The document discusses using Python IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning Environment) for developing complex algorithms for remote sensing, hydrological, and meteorological applications. It provides examples of how to import modules, write equations, perform conditional statements, loops, and monitor pixel values during algorithm simulation in Python IDLE. Python IDLE allows integrating algorithms with ArcGIS and performing tasks like iterative processes and complex modeling that can be difficult in other environments like ENVI or ERDAS Imagine.
Session I: Water Consumption – Evapotranspiration (ET) Case Study TunisiaNENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
The document discusses Mikhail Budyko's water balance curve and its use in classifying climate and ecosystems based on a simple mass and energy balance equation. It examines Budyko's analysis of water balance for river basins over annual time scales, where water storage changes and subsurface flows can be neglected. Budyko's curve relates long-term average evapotranspiration to precipitation and available energy, distinguishing between energy-limited and water-limited environments. Several analytical models have since been proposed to represent Budyko's curve.
This document summarizes a presentation on using natural flood management as a climate change adaptation option. It introduces ecosystem services and discusses how climate change is increasing flood risk in the UK. It then defines natural flood management as using land cover and channel features to store, infiltrate and slow water flow. The presentation describes a case study applying these techniques and hydrological modeling to the Tarland catchment in Scotland under different land use and climate change scenarios to explore natural flood management performance. It concludes that natural flood management has potential to help manage increased flood risk from climate change but time lags must be considered for vulnerable communities.
1. The study examined the effect of different light qualities (red, blue, green, white) on the carbon metabolism and extracellular release of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2. Growth rates, photosynthetic rates, and carbon incorporation varied depending on light quality. Higher photosynthetic rates occurred under white, blue, or red light compared to green light of the same intensity.
3. The composition of intracellular and extracellular products differed according to the light quality used to culture the cells. Extracellular release of dissolved organic carbon was highest under white light and lowest under blue or red light.
Presentation - 9th Roundtable on financing water - Johan RockstromOECD Environment
- Johan Rockström is the director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and a professor of Earth System Science.
- Humanity depends on balancing nine planetary boundaries related to climate change, biosphere integrity, land use change, and more. However, many of these boundaries are now being exceeded due to human activity.
- Global environmental change is fundamentally altering water distribution and availability through changes in precipitation patterns. Some regions are experiencing increasing precipitation while others face drying.
- The hydrological cycle operates as a global common good by connecting water flows between countries and dependence on stable, large-scale atmospheric rivers. Proper management is needed given this global interdependence of water systems.
This document describes the ARMETT technique, which stands for Arid Region Mapping of Evapo-Transpiration. The technique uses color infrared aerial photographs to differentiate between areas of actively transpiring vegetation and other land cover types in arid environments where water availability is the main limiting factor for plant growth. It does this through a filtering process called RERD (Red Edge Response Differentiation) which identifies pixels showing the red edge spectral response that indicates healthy, evaporating vegetation. When combined with knowledge of local plant rooting depths, this technique can be used to map the lateral extent of shallow groundwater resources. The document outlines the theory, methodology, testing and potential applications of the ARMETT technique.
India; Rainwater Harvesting as an Adaptation to Global WarmingD5Z
This document reviews evidence that rainwater harvesting was used as an adaptation strategy to climate change, such as periods of aridity and drought, throughout history. It summarizes palaeoclimatological research showing climate variability and extreme events during the Holocene period, including a reconstruction of monsoon winds in India over the past 4500 years. The document then examines historical records of rainwater harvesting systems worldwide and compares periods of known climate fluctuations to efforts to construct rainwater harvesting structures, finding a correlation between heightened rainwater harvesting activities and abrupt climate changes.
Temperature, moisture, length of photosynthetic period, and nutrient availability affect net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Primary productivity is typically higher in coastal oceans due to nutrient inputs from land. Primary production fuels secondary production by consumers. There are two main food chains: grazing and detrital, with detrital dominating terrestrial ecosystems. Decomposition returns nutrients to the soil and is influenced by temperature, humidity, and oxygen levels. Biogeochemical cycles circulate essential elements through abiotic and biotic components, and nutrients can be lost through export, harvesting, and fire.
Vegetation refers to plant life and is the most abundant biotic element on Earth. It serves critical functions by regulating biogeochemical cycles, affecting soil characteristics, and providing habitat and energy for wildlife. Vegetation is also important for the global economy through production of resources and as a primary source of oxygen in the atmosphere, enabling aerobic life.
Cation Concentrations of Anaocha, Ekwusigo And Ogbaru Local Government Areas ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil samples collected from Anaocha, Ekwusigo and Ogbaru Local Government Areas of Anambra State were analyzed for their elemental compositions using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Physiochemical characteristics such as PH, particle size porosity, index/water holding capacity, moisture content and organic carbon were also analyzed. Results obtained from cation concentrations in mg/kg of the soils in Anaocha(A), Ekwusigo(E), and Ogbaru(O) were: K + (O>A>E); Na+ (O>A>E); Cr3+(A>E>O); Mg2+(O>A>E); Ni2+(E>A>O); Cu2+(O>E>A); Zn2+(E>A>O); Cd2+(O>A>E); Pb2+(O>A>E); Fe3+(E>O>A) and Al3+ (E>O>A). Other physiochemical characteristics showed that Anaocha soils were acidic, pH (5.13); Ekwusigo, pH (5.79) moderately acidic and Ogbaru pH (6.99),almost neutral. Anaocha area had less clay particles of (8.69c), Ogbaru (13.67c) and Ekwusigo (22.65c). Statictical studies revealed that Cd, Cu, Pb and iron oxides were significant factors in the incidence of erosion in Anaocha area.
Wetlands play an important role as carbon sinks by storing carbon through plant biomass and accumulation of organic matter in soils. Wetlands globally store about 35% of the world's terrestrial carbon. Coastal wetlands like mangroves and seagrass meadows also store a significant amount of carbon. However, degradation of wetlands through drainage, burning or climate change can release large amounts of stored carbon and switch wetlands from carbon sinks to sources of carbon emissions. Maintaining natural wetlands is critical to mitigating climate change.
This document summarizes research on rainwater harvesting as an adaptation to climate change. It reviews evidence that the Holocene period experienced significant climate variability, including periods of aridity and drought. It hypothesizes that during periods of climate fluctuations, rather than migrating, people may have adapted by modifying their dwelling environments through rainwater harvesting to optimize water availability. The document examines archaeological, historical and paleoclimate records to test this hypothesis and find a correlation between heightened efforts to construct rainwater harvesting structures during abrupt climate fluctuations in response to aridity and drought.
Abstract. This talk is about the GEOtop and JGrass-NewAge model, their physical bases, their informatics based on older (the first) and new (the latter) programming paradigms, the lessons I learned in building them with my group of people in an academic environment, their future, and the understanding that there is no the best model, but certainly a better way to do models.
Hydrological modelling was for long time, and still is, almost a synonym of simulating rainfall-runoff. Recently, however, the scope of hydrology became wider, even among engineers. Modelling in hydrology now certainly still means modelling discharges, but also modelling snow, evapotranspiration and turbulent exchanges, and surface/subsurface interactions. With the goal of reproducing the whole picture of the terrestrial hydrological fluxes, my coworkers and I worked together in the last decade to build new models and new types of models. We started from the lesson by P. Eagleson, and we built first the process-based (grid based) GEOtop model. GEOtop is “terrain-based” (it is based on the use of digital terrain models and uses the knowledge of interaction between morphology and process) “distributed” (all the simulated variables are calculated for each pixel of the basin) model of “the water cycle” (it simulates all the components of the water cycle, accounting for both the mass budget and the energy budget, the two budget equations being coupled through the temperature of the soil, which controls evaporation, hydraulic conductivity, and accumulation of the snowpack). However, this GEOtop was intimidating many, either for the complexity of the process and its internals, and possibly not adapted to large scale modelling where faster solutions are required.
Therefore we also worked on a different, more parsimonious model, called JGrass-NewAGE. From the lesson learned by implementing and maintaining GEOtop, we also found necessary to build the new model on new informatics. This system sacrifices process details in favour of efficient calculations. It is made of components apt at returning statistical hydrological quantities, opportunely averaged in time and space. One of the goals of this implementation effort was to create the basis for a physico-statistical hydrology in which the hydrological spatially distributed dynamics are reduced into low dimensional components, when necessary surrogating the internal heterogeneities with "suitable noise" and a probabilistic description. Unlike other efforts of synthesis, JGrass-NewAge keeps the spatial description explicit, at various degrees of simplicity. This has been made possible by opportune processing of distributed information which, in this way, has become part of the model itself.
A rank reduced analysis of runoff components and their response patterns to ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the response patterns of different runoff components (surface flow, interflow, groundwater flow, dry season flow, wet season flow, and total runoff) to basin parameters in northern Nigeria. The study used data from 30 sub-basins in the Upper Kaduna catchment area over an 11-year period. Factor regression analysis identified the most significant factors influencing each runoff component. The results showed the runoff components respond slightly differently to basin variables. Lumping different flow types together could amount to overgeneralization. More studies are needed on runoff response in northern Nigerian basins.
This document discusses how weather has impacted historical events and shaped the course of history. It provides several examples of how weather altered the outcomes of important events, such as allowing George Washington's troops to escape defeat during the American Revolution due to heavy fog. The document also notes how climate data can help predict future weather patterns and prepare for extreme weather. It highlights IEDRO's efforts to collect historic weather data to help mankind address climate change impacts. The second part profiles a new IEDRO volunteer, Andrea Kobeszko, who helps manage PR projects and the organization's newsletter.
Land use-cover-trends-climate-variability-nexus-in-the-njoro-river-catchmentoircjournals
Anthropogenic activities have consequences on the land use/cover trends in the watershed and subsequently on the hydrological characteristics of rivers through intertwine of climate variability. The interplay between land use changes and climate variability are seen as contributory causes of catchment degradation in Kenya. The land use/cover changes increase impervious ground surfaces, decrease infiltration rate and increase runoff rate thereby affecting the hydrological characteristics of rivers. This study considers the interactions between climate variability and land use/cover changes in the river Njoro catchment in Kenya. The River Njoro drains into the lake Nakuru basin one of the Great Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya. The objectives of the study were: To evaluate the land-use and land cover patterns and changes in Njoro River catchment between 1996 and 2016, analyze the temperature and rainfall variations between 1996 and 2016 and compare the land use/cover changes with the variation in the rainfall and temperature. Landsat images and secondary data on water quality parameters were used in this study. The study showed that there was significant variation in rainfall and temperature trends in the Njoro river catchment and therefore the dynamics of land use/land cover in the river Njoro would be more attributed to anthropogenic activities than climate variability.
- Marine phytoplankton play a key role in regulating Earth's climate by absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and oceans through photosynthesis.
- Using satellite data and improved models, scientists have learned that phytoplankton absorb nearly as much carbon globally as all land plants, and about 15% of the carbon absorbed by phytoplankton each year is transported deep into the ocean via the "biological pump."
- Some scientists have proposed artificially enhancing phytoplankton growth through ocean iron fertilization as a means to mitigate climate change, but the environmental impacts of such large-scale manipulation are still uncertain and debated.
The document analyzes soil samples taken from Milford, Nova Scotia. It finds the soil is a Humo-ferric podzol based on characteristics of the Ah and B horizons. Key findings include:
- The Ah horizon has higher organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, field capacity and porosity than the B horizon.
- Water movement is faster through the Ah horizon compared to the B horizon due to higher clay content plugging pores in the B horizon.
- Particle density is higher in the B horizon while bulk density is higher in the Ah horizon, reflecting higher organic matter content.
This document discusses the use of satellite soil moisture data for hydrological applications. It summarizes research validating satellite soil moisture products against in situ observations across different scales. It also describes a method called SM2RAIN that estimates rainfall from satellite soil moisture observations by inverting the soil water balance equation. Initial tests of SM2RAIN show good agreement between estimated and observed rainfall.
This contains the lecture about how to read data from the console. And obviously it contains also other information: about UML, about TextIO class and other stuff. See also http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2013/07/java-for-hydrologists-101.html for more information and for the other slides
The document discusses a Java program that solves linear equations. It begins by outlining objectives and analyzing the problem of solving for one variable in an equation of the form "ax + b = 0". It then shows the initial coding of a simple program to solve a specific case. The document goes on to discuss improving the program by making it more general and introducing object-oriented programming concepts like classes, methods and information hiding. It provides annotated code and explanations for a class called LinearEquationSolver that takes parameters to solve any linear equation, unless the coefficient of x is 0.
This is the implementation with explanations of a Hello World simple program. It is useful to document keyword and Java modifiers, as well as how to execute a program.
The document provides an introduction to using the Eclipse Java IDE for beginners learning Java. It recommends first understanding basic Java concepts by reading introductory books before using an IDE. It then directs the reader to an external website that provides instructions on installing and using Eclipse's basic features. The document stresses the importance of self-practice and mentions several other tools like Git, Ant, and Maven that programmers should learn but doesn't provide details as the author is also still learning.
This document provides an introduction to solar radiation and its role in powering the water cycle. It discusses the composition and structure of the Sun, and how it produces radiation through nuclear fusion. While solar radiation is generally constant, it exhibits variations in the form of solar spots and an 11-year activity cycle. The amount of radiation emitted by any body is determined by the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which relates radiation to the body's temperature and emissivity.
This introduces the Open Source GIS JGrass. Other useful tools are the udig Walkthrough -1 and 2 from the udig site, and obviously the main resources are on www.jgrass.org. Other presentations about JGrass are available from slideshare. Serach them!
The document provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) and land information systems. It defines GIS as a set of tools for collecting, modeling, manipulating, analyzing and presenting spatially referenced data. GIS allows for the overlay of different data layers to gain a better understanding of the factors that characterize an area. The document discusses the history of GIS, its components and functions, as well as how it represents spatial data through raster files, vector files, and other methods.
This document provides information on style and notation for "Real Books". It discusses:
- What a Real Book is and the layout of the slides
- How to write and comment on formulae
- Explaining the different parts of individual slides
- Examples of commenting equations term-by-term
- Use of symbols and providing their definitions
- Including references and bibliography
The document aims to establish clear and consistent notation for presenting technical concepts through a series of example slides. It outlines stylistic choices for formatting, commenting equations, and inserting relevant citations and resources.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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2. Budyko
After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974
The equation for the conservation of mass of water can be written:
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3. Budyko
The equation for the conservation of mass of water can be written:
After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974
soil moisture storage Time interval
evapotranspiration
Precipitation
Runoff
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4. Budyko
After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974
The equation for the conservation of mass of water can be written:
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5. Budyko
The equation for the conservation of mass of water can be written:
After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974
Subsurface
Runoff
Surface Runoff Groundwater recharge
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6. Budyko
Budyko considered basins with area
Besides, he choses a time scale to be able to neglect the storage in
the equation. Observed that the fluxes are very variable on the annual
scale he also chose:
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7. Budyko
Budyko considered basins with area
to minimize the effects of groundwater fluxes, that he assumed to be
negligible, and the local effects on ET
Besides, he choses a time scale to be able to neglect the storage in
the equation. Observed that the fluxes are very variable on the annual
scale he also chose:
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8. Budyko
From the water budget, after this averaging, he got
From which, it can be deduces that the maximum of evapotranspiration
is obtained when Q =0 and the storage term is negligible, and therefore:
ET max =P
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9. Budyko
Considering
when the energy is the limiting factor, the maximum ET is obtained
when H= 0, and, as in the water budget, the storage is negligible. In these
condition evapotranspiration energy equals the net radiation, and:
where the subscript “max” indicates the maximum possible evapotranspiration
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10. Budyko
Or:
and:
which can be
written:
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11. Budyko
Introducing therefore the (Budyko’s) aridity index:
When
<1 o
we have energy-limited environmente, and vice-versa we have water-
limited situations.
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12. Budyko
Simple analytical curves where proposed during the year for interpolating
the vegetation behavior in the Budyko plane
Zhang et al. (2001)
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13. Budyko
Which allow for some quick conclusions about
Mean annual evapotranspiration:
Zhang et al. (2001)
Mean annual runoff:
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14. Budyko
Ecology and Hydrology
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15. Thank you, Thank you
Thank you for your attention.
G.Ulrici - Man after having worked at slides , 2000 ?
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16. List of Symbols
List of Symbols
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18. References
•ALCAMO, J., Döll, P., HENRICHS, T., KASPAR, F., Lehner, B., RÖSCH, T., and SIEBERT, S. (2003).
Global estimates of water withdrawals and availability under current and future “business-as-
usual” conditions. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 48(3), 339–348. doi:10.1623/hysj.48.3.339.45278
•Aeschbach-Hertig, W., & Gleeson, T. (2012). Regional strategies for the accelerating global
problem of groundwater depletion. Nature Geoscience, 5(12), 853–861. doi:10.1038/ngeo1617
•Amante C. & Eakins B.W., ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources
and Analysis. National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, United States Department of
Commerce, Boulder, CO, August 2008. Available www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/
etopo1sources.html
• Ball, P. - H2O, a biography of water, Phoenix ed., 1999
•Batjes N.H., ISRIC-WISE Harmonized Global Soil Profile Dataset (Ver. 3.1), Wageningen: ISRIC -
World Soil Information, 2008 (ISRIC Report 2008/02)
•Baumgartner A. & Reichel E., The World Water Balance. Elsevier, New York, 179 p., 1975
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19. References
References
•Bertoldi, G., R. Rigon & T. M. Over, Impact of watershed geomorphic characteristics on the energy and
water budgets, Jour. of Hydromet., vol. 7, n. 3, p. 389–403, 2006.
•Budyko M.I., Evaporation under natural conditions, Gidrometeorizdat, Leningrad (1948) English translation
by IPST, Jerusalem .
•Budyko M.I., Climate and life, transl. and edit. by Miller, D. H., Academic Press, London, 1974
•Dingman S., Physical Hydrology, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1994.
•Donohue RJ, Roderick M, McVicar TR. 2007. On the importance of including vegetation dynamics in
Budyko’s hydrological model. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11: 983–995.
•F. Serafin, Sull’analisi climatica del tirolo mediante modellazione geostatistica e ricerca dei parametri per la
descrizione di funzioni climatiche stagionali, tesi di laurea triennale, realtori R. Rigon e Matteo Dall’Amico,
2011
•Gentine, P., Troy, T. J., Lintner, B. J., & Findell, K. L. (2012). Scaling in Surface Hydrology: Progress and
Challenges. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, 147, 28–40.
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20. References
•Global Change in the Geosphere-Biosphere, NRC, 1986,
•Hijmans R.J., Condori B., Carillo R., Kropff M.J., A quantitative and constraint-specific method to assess the
potential impact of new agricultural technology: the case of frost resistant potato for the Altiplano (Peru and
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•Horton, R.E., The field, scope and status of the science of hydrology, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 12,
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Challenges. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, 147, 28–40.
•"i mille fiumi" di Arrigo Boetti e Anna-marie Sauzeau-Boetti
•Lehner B. & Doll P., Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands.
Journal of Hydrology Volume, vol. 296, p. 1-22, 2004
•Lin, B., Stackhouse P.V. Jr., Minnis P., Wielicki B.A., Hu Y., Sun W., Fan T.-F. &, Hinkelman L.M., Assessment of
global annual atmospheric energy balance from satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 113, D16114, doi:
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21. References
•Lenton, T. (1998). Gaia and natural selection. Nature, 394, 439-447.
• Mitchell, J.M., an overview of climate variability and its causal mechanisms, Quaternary Res., 6,
481-493
•Oki, T. (2006). Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources. Science, 313(5790), 1068–1072.
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•Oldekop E., About evapotranspiration in riverine basins (in Russian). Jurjev (Tartu), 1911
•Peixoto, J.P., and A. H., Oort, The Physics of Climate, AIP, 1992
•Peixoto J.P. & Kettani M.A., The control of the water cycle, Sci. American, vol. 228, p. 46-61, 1973
•Rabus B., Eineder M., Roth A. & Bamler R., The shuttle radar topography mission - a new class of digital
elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing,
vol. 57, p. 241-262, 2003
•Rigon R., Bertoldi G. & T. M. Over, GEOtop: A distributed hydrological model with coupled water and
energy budgets, Jour. of Hydromet., vol. 7, n. 3, p. 371- 388, 2006.
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•Shiklomanov, I. A. (2000). World water resources: a new appraisal and assessment for the 21st century;
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•Simoni S., F. Zanotti, G. Bertoldi & R. Rigon, Modelling the probability of occurrence of shallow
landslides and channelized debris flows using GEOtop-FS, Hydrol. Proc., vol. 22, n. 4, p. 532-545, 2007.
•Voisin, N., Wood, A. W., & LETTENMAIER, D. P. (2008). Evaluation of Precipitation Products for Global
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467pp., 1997
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