The document discusses water and energy budgets. It explains that a budget represents the variation of a given quantity within a control volume over a time interval, and is the algebraic sum of inputs and outputs. It provides examples of water budgets for soil volumes and atmospheric layers, accounting for precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff and other fluxes. It also discusses the components of an energy budget, including net radiation, heat conduction, heat of vaporization and more.
1) Ocean primary production and biogeochemical controls depend on phytoplankton biochemical processes.
2) Key factors that influence ocean productivity include nutrient availability, iron limitations in high-nutrient low-chlorophyll regions, and Redfield ratios between carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in phytoplankton.
3) Primary production is highest in upwelling regions and coastal areas, while central ocean gyres have lower productivity due to nutrient limitations.
This document discusses how oceanographic and climatic processes impact fisheries and stock assessments. It provides background on key properties of ocean waters like temperature, salinity, and density that create structure and movement. Climate influences ocean currents, winds, and the warm pool/cold tongue convergence zone in the Pacific. The El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation impact this zone and thus primary production, fish distributions, and catches. Understanding these relationships is important for fisheries management and development plans to account for natural fluctuations in fish populations.
1. Satellite data can help Indonesian fishermen locate good fishing grounds by identifying areas of high primary productivity in the ocean, which attract fish.
2. Factors like temperature, nutrients, and ocean currents influence primary productivity and can be detected using satellite imagery, allowing prediction of fishing areas.
3. The Indonesian Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources Development has been producing Fishing Ground Maps since 2000 using satellite data to help fishermen.
1) Upwelling occurs when surface waters are pulled away from shore by wind stress, causing deeper, colder, nutrient-rich waters to rise to the surface.
2) These nutrient-rich upwelled waters fuel large phytoplankton blooms, supporting rich fisheries and marine life. Approximately 25% of global fish catches come from upwelling regions.
3) Satellite imagery can identify areas of upwelling by detecting cooler sea surface temperatures and higher ocean color (chlorophyll) concentrations from phytoplankton blooms.
Pecological implications of summer fog decline in the coast redwood6D45520z848622K444
This document summarizes a study on summer fog decline along the Pacific coast of California and its implications for coast redwood and other ecosystems. The key points are:
1) The study presents a novel 58-year record (1951-2008) of summer fog frequency in northern California based on hourly cloud ceiling height measurements, showing a 33% reduction in fog since the early 20th century.
2) Summer fog frequency is found to correlate strongly with the wind-driven upwelling system of the California Current and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation ocean temperature pattern.
3) Tree physiological data suggests that reduced summer fog frequency and increased evaporative demand may stress coast redwoods and other west coast ecosystems.
The document provides an overview of the physical environment of the proposed Hugh Parkey's Belize Adventure Island expansion project located off the coast of Belize City. It describes the meteorology, oceanography, geology, and water quality of the project site area. The climate is tropical with a wet and dry season. Annual rainfall averages 60-80 inches. Ocean currents and tides influence the area. The caye sits on carbonate sediments atop the continental shelf. Water sampling found low turbidity and nutrient levels indicative of an open ocean environment.
1. The document discusses various atmospheric fronts such as warm fronts, cold fronts, and occluded fronts. It describes the characteristics of each front, including cloud patterns and precipitation.
2. Atmospheric fronts are transition zones between differing air masses. They are classified based on whether the warmer or colder air mass dominates as the fronts interact.
3. Mesoscale eddies in oceans, such as rings that form off of ocean currents, are also discussed. These eddies can transport nutrients, heat, and organisms over long distances in the ocean.
1) Ocean primary production and biogeochemical controls depend on phytoplankton biochemical processes.
2) Key factors that influence ocean productivity include nutrient availability, iron limitations in high-nutrient low-chlorophyll regions, and Redfield ratios between carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in phytoplankton.
3) Primary production is highest in upwelling regions and coastal areas, while central ocean gyres have lower productivity due to nutrient limitations.
This document discusses how oceanographic and climatic processes impact fisheries and stock assessments. It provides background on key properties of ocean waters like temperature, salinity, and density that create structure and movement. Climate influences ocean currents, winds, and the warm pool/cold tongue convergence zone in the Pacific. The El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation impact this zone and thus primary production, fish distributions, and catches. Understanding these relationships is important for fisheries management and development plans to account for natural fluctuations in fish populations.
1. Satellite data can help Indonesian fishermen locate good fishing grounds by identifying areas of high primary productivity in the ocean, which attract fish.
2. Factors like temperature, nutrients, and ocean currents influence primary productivity and can be detected using satellite imagery, allowing prediction of fishing areas.
3. The Indonesian Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources Development has been producing Fishing Ground Maps since 2000 using satellite data to help fishermen.
1) Upwelling occurs when surface waters are pulled away from shore by wind stress, causing deeper, colder, nutrient-rich waters to rise to the surface.
2) These nutrient-rich upwelled waters fuel large phytoplankton blooms, supporting rich fisheries and marine life. Approximately 25% of global fish catches come from upwelling regions.
3) Satellite imagery can identify areas of upwelling by detecting cooler sea surface temperatures and higher ocean color (chlorophyll) concentrations from phytoplankton blooms.
Pecological implications of summer fog decline in the coast redwood6D45520z848622K444
This document summarizes a study on summer fog decline along the Pacific coast of California and its implications for coast redwood and other ecosystems. The key points are:
1) The study presents a novel 58-year record (1951-2008) of summer fog frequency in northern California based on hourly cloud ceiling height measurements, showing a 33% reduction in fog since the early 20th century.
2) Summer fog frequency is found to correlate strongly with the wind-driven upwelling system of the California Current and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation ocean temperature pattern.
3) Tree physiological data suggests that reduced summer fog frequency and increased evaporative demand may stress coast redwoods and other west coast ecosystems.
The document provides an overview of the physical environment of the proposed Hugh Parkey's Belize Adventure Island expansion project located off the coast of Belize City. It describes the meteorology, oceanography, geology, and water quality of the project site area. The climate is tropical with a wet and dry season. Annual rainfall averages 60-80 inches. Ocean currents and tides influence the area. The caye sits on carbonate sediments atop the continental shelf. Water sampling found low turbidity and nutrient levels indicative of an open ocean environment.
1. The document discusses various atmospheric fronts such as warm fronts, cold fronts, and occluded fronts. It describes the characteristics of each front, including cloud patterns and precipitation.
2. Atmospheric fronts are transition zones between differing air masses. They are classified based on whether the warmer or colder air mass dominates as the fronts interact.
3. Mesoscale eddies in oceans, such as rings that form off of ocean currents, are also discussed. These eddies can transport nutrients, heat, and organisms over long distances in the ocean.
This document summarizes a study on deconvoluting the flood hydrograph at the outlet of the Kolondieba watershed in Mali to understand the runoff process. Monitoring of physicochemical parameters was conducted from 2009-2011 at rainfall, surface water, and groundwater sites. Analysis using electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids as tracers showed runoff was composed of 77% rapid flow from rainfall and 23% delayed flow from shallow aquifers during 2010's wet season. In 2011, rapid flow increased 3% as shallow aquifer discharge declined 6.8% due to lower rainfall. The study found groundwater contributes little to hydrologic balance at the outlet, and surface runoff from rainfall heavily influenced by degraded land
This study examined how different rain basin designs influence soil microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in a semi-arid environment. Specifically, it compared basins covered with gravel mulch or a compost and gravel mulch. The addition of compost and gravel increased soil moisture and organic matter content before monsoon season when the soil was dry, likely due to increased water retention. Higher soil moisture led to greater microbial activity and biomass. After rainfall, nitrogen mineralization rates correlated most strongly with microbial activity levels. The basin design that added compost and gravel to the mulch layer had the greatest impact on abiotic and biotic drivers of nitrogen cycling processes in rain basins.
Biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of bog restoration through clearfelling on drainage water chemistry at Flanders Moss, a raised bog in Scotland. Preliminary results show that clearfelling led to increased levels of phosphate, dissolved organic carbon, color, and pH in drainage waters. The study is ongoing to further monitor how restoration activities may impact water quality and freshwater ecology over time. The goal is to provide guidance on best practices for peatland restoration to prevent negative effects on receiving waters and local species like freshwater pearl mussels.
This document summarizes recent advances in understanding peatland hydrology and their implications. Early research focused on water table levels and impacts of drainage ditches. Recent studies show peatlands have complex 3D hydrology with saturated areas, macropores, and multiple flow pathways producing rapid runoff. This challenges the view of peatlands as "sponges." Improved understanding is significant for predicting DOC and flood runoff, which has non-linear relationships with rainfall and varies with drainage. While drainage may increase short-term storage, it also creates fast flow paths exacerbating floods in the long-run. The spatial and temporal complexity of peatland hydrology needs to be considered at the landscape scale.
This document summarizes the flood pulse concept (FPC), an ecological model for river-floodplain systems. The FPC proposes that flooding periodically connects rivers to their floodplains, driving nutrient exchange and high primary production. Since the FPC was introduced in 1989, knowledge of floodplain ecology has increased, requiring updates and extensions to the original concept. The document reviews advances in understanding hydrology, biogeochemistry, biodiversity and other areas that have both supported predictions of the FPC and inspired new approaches to studying river-floodplain systems.
Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon caused by wind blowing parallel to coastlines. The wind generates a movement of coastal waters offshore due to the Coriolis effect. This creates a deficit of waters near the shore that is replaced by deep, nutrient-rich waters rising to the surface through Ekman transport. Upwelling results in huge productivity and makes coastal fisheries extremely important. The Coriolis effect causes objects to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
Human activity is affecting the water cycle through global warming, which intensifies the cycle and can lead to either flooding from excess water or drought from drying out of soils. Water quality and quantity are also impacted as human activities like pollution and overuse diminish the supply of clean, potable water available on Earth. Predicting and mitigating these effects on the global water cycle will help ensure a sustainable supply of freshwater for humans and ecosystems.
The wetland delineation investigated a 1.6 acre freshwater forested and shrub wetland located in Tioga County, Pennsylvania. Field work was conducted over two weeks in September 2015 and found wetland indicators including hydric vegetation, soils, and hydrology despite dry conditions. A driveway is proposed that would impact 0.6 acres of the wetland. Mitigation would involve creating a new wetland to the north near natural springs that drain into the existing wetland.
1) The document reviews proxy evidence for climate changes over the past 1000 years to determine if the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period were widespread phenomena.
2) It analyzes multiple proxy records according to specific criteria to assess evidence for regional climatic anomalies during the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period.
3) The analysis finds support for distinct climatic anomalies during both periods in some regions like western Europe and the North Atlantic, but the evidence is less clear for other areas, indicating the phenomena were not truly global in nature.
Ecology of the east african lakes for unfccc adaptationNAP Events
The document summarizes the diversity and ecology of East African lakes, focusing on Lakes Baringo, Nakuru, and Victoria-Nyanza. It discusses the sensitivity of the lakes to threats like climate change, pollution, and sedimentation. The lakes face issues related to their environments, ecosystems, economies, societies, and governance. Protecting these freshwater and saline ecosystems requires long-term monitoring of both terrestrial and aquatic systems using participatory, iterative approaches.
Engineering analytics presented information on the groundwater modeling performed for the Rosemont Copper Project to a group of well owners. The presentation was given on April 3, 2012.
The aerial photos from July 31st, 2012 show extensive red-brown algal blooms throughout many of the South Sound inlets and parts of Central Sound. High algal blooming activity was observed in most of Puget Sound, and jellyfish aggregations were growing in size and number in Budd Inlet. Several large tidal eddies and fronts were also visible between water masses with different properties in locations like Central Basin, Squaxin Passage, Budd Inlet, and Quartermaster Harbor. Suspended sediment plumes were observed extending from Budd Inlet into Quartermaster Harbor and Colvos Passage.
Randy Lehr (Northland College), presented at the Adapting Forested Watersheds to Climate Change Workshop, at The Waters, Minocqua, WI on March 15-16, 2017. The workshop was hosted by the Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science (NIACS), USDA Climate Hubs, and the Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts (WICCI).
This document provides an introduction to concepts related to delineating a hydrographic catchment from a digital elevation model. It discusses how a DEM is discretized into a grid with elevation values for each cell. Primary topographic attributes that can be derived from the DEM like altitude, slope, gradient, and curvature are described. It explains how drainage directions and hydrographic networks can be determined from the DEM and how this allows delineation of contributing areas and hydrographic catchments. The objectives are to introduce these concepts and lay the groundwork for subsequent lectures on using software like JGrass to perform catchment delineation.
The document discusses The Real Book, which refers to collections of lead sheets that contain standard jazz songs. It provides background on the original Real Book from the 1970s, which was compiled illegally by students at Berklee College of Music. The document then explains that the title "Real Book" is being used for this collection of hydrology lecture slides, which provide systematic knowledge about the topic beyond textbooks. It aims to direct students towards further resources while communicating information.
The document provides an introduction to hydrology, including:
- Defining hydrology as the science studying the water cycle and flows between the atmosphere, land, and oceans.
- Describing the key elements of the water cycle, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, and the spatial and temporal scales involved.
- Noting that the water cycle sustains life on Earth, shapes its surface, and regulates the climate.
This document describes a graphical language for representing reservoir systems using time-continuous Petri nets (TCPN).
Places in the TCPN represent water storages such as volumes of groundwater or energy/momentum contents. Transitions represent fluxes between storages. The TCPN uses colors to distinguish different types of quantities (mass, energy, etc.) and storages. Connections between places and transitions represent differential equations governing the system.
An example TCPN represents a system of three differential equations with three storages, inputs, and both linear and nonlinear fluxes. Additional information like parameter values can be provided in tables. Adjacency matrixes describe the connections between places and transitions. TCPNs provide an algebraic framework for conceptual
This document summarizes a study on deconvoluting the flood hydrograph at the outlet of the Kolondieba watershed in Mali to understand the runoff process. Monitoring of physicochemical parameters was conducted from 2009-2011 at rainfall, surface water, and groundwater sites. Analysis using electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids as tracers showed runoff was composed of 77% rapid flow from rainfall and 23% delayed flow from shallow aquifers during 2010's wet season. In 2011, rapid flow increased 3% as shallow aquifer discharge declined 6.8% due to lower rainfall. The study found groundwater contributes little to hydrologic balance at the outlet, and surface runoff from rainfall heavily influenced by degraded land
This study examined how different rain basin designs influence soil microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in a semi-arid environment. Specifically, it compared basins covered with gravel mulch or a compost and gravel mulch. The addition of compost and gravel increased soil moisture and organic matter content before monsoon season when the soil was dry, likely due to increased water retention. Higher soil moisture led to greater microbial activity and biomass. After rainfall, nitrogen mineralization rates correlated most strongly with microbial activity levels. The basin design that added compost and gravel to the mulch layer had the greatest impact on abiotic and biotic drivers of nitrogen cycling processes in rain basins.
Biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of bog restoration through clearfelling on drainage water chemistry at Flanders Moss, a raised bog in Scotland. Preliminary results show that clearfelling led to increased levels of phosphate, dissolved organic carbon, color, and pH in drainage waters. The study is ongoing to further monitor how restoration activities may impact water quality and freshwater ecology over time. The goal is to provide guidance on best practices for peatland restoration to prevent negative effects on receiving waters and local species like freshwater pearl mussels.
This document summarizes recent advances in understanding peatland hydrology and their implications. Early research focused on water table levels and impacts of drainage ditches. Recent studies show peatlands have complex 3D hydrology with saturated areas, macropores, and multiple flow pathways producing rapid runoff. This challenges the view of peatlands as "sponges." Improved understanding is significant for predicting DOC and flood runoff, which has non-linear relationships with rainfall and varies with drainage. While drainage may increase short-term storage, it also creates fast flow paths exacerbating floods in the long-run. The spatial and temporal complexity of peatland hydrology needs to be considered at the landscape scale.
This document summarizes the flood pulse concept (FPC), an ecological model for river-floodplain systems. The FPC proposes that flooding periodically connects rivers to their floodplains, driving nutrient exchange and high primary production. Since the FPC was introduced in 1989, knowledge of floodplain ecology has increased, requiring updates and extensions to the original concept. The document reviews advances in understanding hydrology, biogeochemistry, biodiversity and other areas that have both supported predictions of the FPC and inspired new approaches to studying river-floodplain systems.
Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon caused by wind blowing parallel to coastlines. The wind generates a movement of coastal waters offshore due to the Coriolis effect. This creates a deficit of waters near the shore that is replaced by deep, nutrient-rich waters rising to the surface through Ekman transport. Upwelling results in huge productivity and makes coastal fisheries extremely important. The Coriolis effect causes objects to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
Human activity is affecting the water cycle through global warming, which intensifies the cycle and can lead to either flooding from excess water or drought from drying out of soils. Water quality and quantity are also impacted as human activities like pollution and overuse diminish the supply of clean, potable water available on Earth. Predicting and mitigating these effects on the global water cycle will help ensure a sustainable supply of freshwater for humans and ecosystems.
The wetland delineation investigated a 1.6 acre freshwater forested and shrub wetland located in Tioga County, Pennsylvania. Field work was conducted over two weeks in September 2015 and found wetland indicators including hydric vegetation, soils, and hydrology despite dry conditions. A driveway is proposed that would impact 0.6 acres of the wetland. Mitigation would involve creating a new wetland to the north near natural springs that drain into the existing wetland.
1) The document reviews proxy evidence for climate changes over the past 1000 years to determine if the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period were widespread phenomena.
2) It analyzes multiple proxy records according to specific criteria to assess evidence for regional climatic anomalies during the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period.
3) The analysis finds support for distinct climatic anomalies during both periods in some regions like western Europe and the North Atlantic, but the evidence is less clear for other areas, indicating the phenomena were not truly global in nature.
Ecology of the east african lakes for unfccc adaptationNAP Events
The document summarizes the diversity and ecology of East African lakes, focusing on Lakes Baringo, Nakuru, and Victoria-Nyanza. It discusses the sensitivity of the lakes to threats like climate change, pollution, and sedimentation. The lakes face issues related to their environments, ecosystems, economies, societies, and governance. Protecting these freshwater and saline ecosystems requires long-term monitoring of both terrestrial and aquatic systems using participatory, iterative approaches.
Engineering analytics presented information on the groundwater modeling performed for the Rosemont Copper Project to a group of well owners. The presentation was given on April 3, 2012.
The aerial photos from July 31st, 2012 show extensive red-brown algal blooms throughout many of the South Sound inlets and parts of Central Sound. High algal blooming activity was observed in most of Puget Sound, and jellyfish aggregations were growing in size and number in Budd Inlet. Several large tidal eddies and fronts were also visible between water masses with different properties in locations like Central Basin, Squaxin Passage, Budd Inlet, and Quartermaster Harbor. Suspended sediment plumes were observed extending from Budd Inlet into Quartermaster Harbor and Colvos Passage.
Randy Lehr (Northland College), presented at the Adapting Forested Watersheds to Climate Change Workshop, at The Waters, Minocqua, WI on March 15-16, 2017. The workshop was hosted by the Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science (NIACS), USDA Climate Hubs, and the Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts (WICCI).
This document provides an introduction to concepts related to delineating a hydrographic catchment from a digital elevation model. It discusses how a DEM is discretized into a grid with elevation values for each cell. Primary topographic attributes that can be derived from the DEM like altitude, slope, gradient, and curvature are described. It explains how drainage directions and hydrographic networks can be determined from the DEM and how this allows delineation of contributing areas and hydrographic catchments. The objectives are to introduce these concepts and lay the groundwork for subsequent lectures on using software like JGrass to perform catchment delineation.
The document discusses The Real Book, which refers to collections of lead sheets that contain standard jazz songs. It provides background on the original Real Book from the 1970s, which was compiled illegally by students at Berklee College of Music. The document then explains that the title "Real Book" is being used for this collection of hydrology lecture slides, which provide systematic knowledge about the topic beyond textbooks. It aims to direct students towards further resources while communicating information.
The document provides an introduction to hydrology, including:
- Defining hydrology as the science studying the water cycle and flows between the atmosphere, land, and oceans.
- Describing the key elements of the water cycle, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, and the spatial and temporal scales involved.
- Noting that the water cycle sustains life on Earth, shapes its surface, and regulates the climate.
This document describes a graphical language for representing reservoir systems using time-continuous Petri nets (TCPN).
Places in the TCPN represent water storages such as volumes of groundwater or energy/momentum contents. Transitions represent fluxes between storages. The TCPN uses colors to distinguish different types of quantities (mass, energy, etc.) and storages. Connections between places and transitions represent differential equations governing the system.
An example TCPN represents a system of three differential equations with three storages, inputs, and both linear and nonlinear fluxes. Additional information like parameter values can be provided in tables. Adjacency matrixes describe the connections between places and transitions. TCPNs provide an algebraic framework for conceptual
This document discusses peak river flows and flow hydrology. It introduces the concept of a peak flow, shows a graph of discharge over time as an example, and discusses precipitation patterns and the calculation of effective precipitation. It also discusses the instantaneous unit hydrograph method for summing surface runoff over a basin to determine discharge at the basin outlet.
The document discusses various hydrological measurement quantities and instruments. It describes 8 main hydrological quantities of interest: temperature, humidity, precipitation, radiation, wind, pressure, wetting, and evapotranspiration. It then explains principles and instruments for measuring temperature, humidity, and soil moisture, including thermometers, hygrometers, psychrometers, lysimeters, tensiometers, and instruments measuring electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and dielectric constants.
The document discusses the measurement and representation of hydrological quantities. It notes that hydrological data has complex trends that are nonlinear and influenced by many factors. Statistical tools must be used to describe hydrological quantities given their spatiotemporal variability. Examples of typical problems in measuring quantities like precipitation, river flows, and soil moisture are provided.
The document summarizes the activities of the Platform Water Management in the Alps over the past two years and outlines its planned activities for the next period. It discusses workshops held on sediment management, hydropeaking, and hydropower that brought together administrators, practitioners, and stakeholders. It also describes dissemination of guidelines on small hydropower and platform meetings. Going forward, the document outlines three planned workshops on local adaptation to climate change, flood risk prevention, and river management, as well as a conference on water in the Alps. The goals are to address EU directives in an alpine context and local adaptation to climate change.
Crop Et And Implications For Irrigationcarterjfranz
Crop coefficient studies were conducted at the Tal Amara Research Station in Lebanon's Bekka Valley to determine optimal irrigation volumes for sunflowers, soybeans, wheat, and corn. Deficit irrigation experiments on sunflowers found that yield was reduced by 25% during early flowering but only 14% during mid-flowering. Seed yield actually increased with deficit irrigation during seed formation. The studies provide crop water use data and coefficients to inform sustainable irrigation planning for farmers in the water-stressed Bekka Valley region.
TIME INTEGRATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION USING A TWO SOURCE SURFACE ENERGY BALA...Ramesh Dhungel
This dissertation presents a two source surface energy balance model called BATANS that uses NARR reanalysis weather data and satellite-based METRIC data to simulate evapotranspiration. BATANS partitions surface energy fluxes at satellite overpass times and time integrates evapotranspiration between overpasses. It estimates soil moisture in the surface and root zone layers using a Jarvis-type canopy resistance model. An irrigation module simulates irrigation when soil moisture falls below a threshold. The model was applied to an area in southern Idaho and results showed good agreement between simulated and METRIC surface fluxes and temperatures for most agricultural lands, though agreement was lower for desert areas. Daily evapotranspiration estimates from BATANS compared reasonably
Daily evapotranspiration by combining remote sensing with ground observations...CIMMYT
This document discusses combining remote sensing data with ground observations to estimate daily evapotranspiration (ET) for agricultural water management. It summarizes using remote sensing to model spatial land surface temperature and vegetation cover hourly, integrating them to compute daily ET. It also describes using wireless sensors at an experimental cotton field in Maricopa, Arizona to monitor crops and irrigation as part of an integrated monitoring system for irrigation scheduling. The goal is to provide reasonably accurate and cost-effective daily ET estimates at resolutions useful to growers.
A sensitivity Analysis of Eddy Covariance Data Processing Methods for Evapotr...Troy Bernier
The document discusses sensor errors found in a microclimate station in the Florida Everglades wetlands that could lead to inaccurate water budget calculations. Errors up to 22.34% were found in rainfall and evapotranspiration sensors, which could result in water budgets being off by over 7 inches in a year. Such large errors from sensors in small watersheds can create seriously inaccurate water budgets that could cause problems like perceived drought conditions or poor infrastructure planning.
An evapotranspiration (ET) bed uses evaporation and plant transpiration to treat wastewater. It consists of storage trenches filled with crushed stone or other media, surrounded by loamy soil and planted with grass. Wastewater flows from the septic tank into the distribution pipes in the trenches. The water then evaporates or is absorbed by plant roots and transpired out of their leaves. Proper maintenance of the grass cover and diversion of rainfall runoff are needed for the system to function effectively.
Python IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning Environment) for remote sens...Ramesh Dhungel
The document discusses using Python IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning Environment) for developing complex algorithms for remote sensing, hydrological, and meteorological applications. It provides examples of how to import modules, write equations, perform conditional statements, loops, and monitor pixel values during algorithm simulation in Python IDLE. Python IDLE allows integrating algorithms with ArcGIS and performing tasks like iterative processes and complex modeling that can be difficult in other environments like ENVI or ERDAS Imagine.
Session I: Water Consumption – Evapotranspiration (ET) Case Study TunisiaNENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
This document discusses the use of satellite soil moisture data for hydrological applications. It summarizes research validating satellite soil moisture products against in situ observations across different scales. It also describes a method called SM2RAIN that estimates rainfall from satellite soil moisture observations by inverting the soil water balance equation. Initial tests of SM2RAIN show good agreement between estimated and observed rainfall.
This contains the lecture about how to read data from the console. And obviously it contains also other information: about UML, about TextIO class and other stuff. See also http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2013/07/java-for-hydrologists-101.html for more information and for the other slides
The document discusses a Java program that solves linear equations. It begins by outlining objectives and analyzing the problem of solving for one variable in an equation of the form "ax + b = 0". It then shows the initial coding of a simple program to solve a specific case. The document goes on to discuss improving the program by making it more general and introducing object-oriented programming concepts like classes, methods and information hiding. It provides annotated code and explanations for a class called LinearEquationSolver that takes parameters to solve any linear equation, unless the coefficient of x is 0.
This is the implementation with explanations of a Hello World simple program. It is useful to document keyword and Java modifiers, as well as how to execute a program.
The document provides an introduction to using the Eclipse Java IDE for beginners learning Java. It recommends first understanding basic Java concepts by reading introductory books before using an IDE. It then directs the reader to an external website that provides instructions on installing and using Eclipse's basic features. The document stresses the importance of self-practice and mentions several other tools like Git, Ant, and Maven that programmers should learn but doesn't provide details as the author is also still learning.
This document provides an introduction to solar radiation and its role in powering the water cycle. It discusses the composition and structure of the Sun, and how it produces radiation through nuclear fusion. While solar radiation is generally constant, it exhibits variations in the form of solar spots and an 11-year activity cycle. The amount of radiation emitted by any body is determined by the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which relates radiation to the body's temperature and emissivity.
This introduces the Open Source GIS JGrass. Other useful tools are the udig Walkthrough -1 and 2 from the udig site, and obviously the main resources are on www.jgrass.org. Other presentations about JGrass are available from slideshare. Serach them!
The document provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) and land information systems. It defines GIS as a set of tools for collecting, modeling, manipulating, analyzing and presenting spatially referenced data. GIS allows for the overlay of different data layers to gain a better understanding of the factors that characterize an area. The document discusses the history of GIS, its components and functions, as well as how it represents spatial data through raster files, vector files, and other methods.
This document provides information on style and notation for "Real Books". It discusses:
- What a Real Book is and the layout of the slides
- How to write and comment on formulae
- Explaining the different parts of individual slides
- Examples of commenting equations term-by-term
- Use of symbols and providing their definitions
- Including references and bibliography
The document aims to establish clear and consistent notation for presenting technical concepts through a series of example slides. It outlines stylistic choices for formatting, commenting equations, and inserting relevant citations and resources.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
16. Hillslopes
Sub-catchments
16
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Monday, March 11, 13
17. Smaller scales
Pixel Scale
17
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Monday, March 11, 13
18. Smaller scales
And even smaller
18
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Monday, March 11, 13
19. Mass and energy
Bruno Munari - Ara Pacis
Riccardo Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
20. The water and energy budget
Budgets
First you chose a control
volume
Depending on the budget type,
The budget represent
you have also to account for
the variation of the given
chemical transformations,
quantity in the control
including phase changes.
volume , for a given
time interval.
This is the algebraic sum
of what enters minus what
left the volume. 20
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
21. The water and energy budget
The water budget
Surface
Vadose zone
Water tables
21
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
22. The water and energy budget
The water budget
In the previous slides surface runoff, flow in
soils, and groundawater fluxes were still
missing.
22
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
23. The water and energy budget
The water budget
Eapotranspiration is also missing. This is the
sum of evaporation from surface waters,
evaporation from soils, and transpiration from
plants (grass, bushes, trees).
23
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
24. The water and energy budget
The water budget in a soil volume
Groundwat
er runoff
24
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
25. The water and energy budget
The water budget in a soil volume
Variation of the
volume of water
within the volume of Groundwat
soil er runoff
24
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
26. The water and energy budget
The water budget in a soil volume
Variation of the
volume of water
within the volume of Groundwat
soil Intensity of er runoff
precipitation
24
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
27. The water and energy budget
The water budget in a soil volume
Evapotranspiration
Variation of the
volume of water
within the volume of Groundwat
soil Intensity of er runoff
precipitation
24
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
28. The water and energy budget
The water budget in a soil volume
Surface runoff
Evapotranspiration
Variation of the
volume of water
within the volume of Groundwat
soil Intensity of er runoff
precipitation
24
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
29. The water and energy budget
The water budget in a soil volume
Surface runoff
EvapotranspirationRunoff in
Variation of the the soil
volume of water
within the volume of Groundwat
soil Intensity of er runoff
precipitation
24
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
30. The water and energy budget
The water budget in a soil volume
Surface runoff
EvapotranspirationRunoff in
Variation of the the soil
volume of water
within the volume of Groundwat
soil Intensity of er runoff
precipitation
Time step
24
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
31. The water and energy budget
The water budget
The control volume does not need to
be a simple form: a basins, for
instance, is a typical control volume.
25
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
32. The water and energy budget
The water budget
Examples
Control volume
26
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
33. The water and energy budget
The water budget
Examples
27
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
34. The water and energy budget
The water budget
Examples
Qg
27
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
35. The water and energy budget
The water budget
Examples
Qg
27
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
36. The water and energy budget
The water budget
Examples
Qg
27
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
37. The water and energy budget
The water budget
Examples
28
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
38. The water and energy budget
Il bilancio di massa
Altri esempi
29
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
39. The water and energy budget
Il bilancio di massa
Altri esempi
29
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
40. The water and energy budget
Il bilancio di massa
Altri esempi
29
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
41. The water and energy budget
Il bilancio di massa
Altri esempi
29
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
42. The water and energy budget
The water budget
Examples
30
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
43. The water and energy budget
The water budget
Examples
30
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
44. The water and energy budget
The water budget
Examples
30
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
45. The water and energy budget
The mass balance for a volume of
atmosphere above the soil
subsurface
runoff
Lateral
advection of
vapour and
water
S u r f a c e
runoff
31
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
46. The water and energy budget
The mass balance for a volume of
atmosphere above the soil
subsurface
runoff
Lateral
Variation of water advection of
and vapour in the vapour and
layer of atmosphere water
considered S u r f a c e
runoff
31
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
47. The water and energy budget
The mass balance for a volume of
atmosphere above the soil
Intensity of net
evaporation subsurface
runoff
Lateral
Variation of water advection of
and vapour in the vapour and
layer of atmosphere water
considered S u r f a c e
runoff
31
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
48. Il bilancio di massa ed energia
The Energy budget
The first group of term in the
energy budget is the radiation
budget.
It includes short wave radiation
from the Sun; and long wave
radiation: from atmosphere and
clouds to the atmosphere.
32
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
49. The water and energy budget
The Energy budget
Precipitation too enters in the
budget, which, for instance, can
contribute to snowmelt.
Heat flux towards the Earth center
depends on the depth of the control
volume, and can be either positive
or negative.
33
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
50. The water and energy budget
Il bilancio di energia
Finally we have also
evapotraspiration, and
heat exchanges by
convention from surface
and atmosphere.
34
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
51. The water and energy budget
Il bilancio di energia
E = (Rsw n Rlw n H e ET n G) t
35
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
52. The water and energy budget
The energy balance
E = (Rsw n Rlw n H e ET n G) t
Time
interval
36
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
53. The water and energy budget
The energy balance
E = (Rsw n Rlw n H e ET n G) t
Time
interval
Variation of energy
stored in the soil
36
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
54. The water and energy budget
The energy balance
E = (Rsw n Rlw n H e ET n G) t
Net short-wave
radiation
Time
interval
Variation of energy
stored in the soil
36
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
55. The water and energy budget
The energy balance
E = (Rsw n Rlw n H e ET n G) t
Net short-wave
radiation
Time
interval
Variation of energy Net long-wave
stored in the soil radiation
36
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
56. The water and energy budget
The energy balance
E = (Rsw n Rlw n H e ET n G) t
Net short-wave
radiation
Time
interval
Variation of energy Net long-wave
stored in the soil radiation
Release of heat
by convection /
conduction to
the atmosphere
36
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
57. The water and energy budget
The energy balance
E = (Rsw n Rlw n H e ET n G) t
Net short-wave Heat content of
radiation evapotranspiration
Time
interval
Variation of energy Net long-wave
stored in the soil radiation
Release of heat
by convection /
conduction to
the atmosphere
36
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
58. The water and energy budget
The energy balance
E = (Rsw n Rlw n H e ET n G) t
Net short-wave Heat content of
radiation evapotranspiration
Time
interval
Variation of energy Net long-wave
stored in the soil radiation
Release of heat Release of heat
by convection / by convection /
conduction to conduction to
the atmosphere ground below
36
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
59. The water and energy budget
The energy balance
E = (Rsw n Rlw n H e ET n G) t
Evapotranspiration
Enthalpy of
vaporisation (or
latent heat of
vaporisation)
37
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13