TH2.L10.5: OVERVIEW ON CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION ACTIVITIES FOR ESA’S SOIL M...grssieee
The document provides an overview of calibration and validation activities for the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. It discusses the commissioning phase, data availability, calibration and validation plans involving expert support laboratories and national expert centers. Validation sites and field campaigns are also summarized.
This document discusses the potential for using airships as science platforms for Earth and space science. It proposes the 20-20-20 Airships Challenge through NASA's Centennial Challenges program to encourage development of stratospheric airships. The challenge would award prizes for airships that can carry payloads of 20kg to 20km altitude for 20 hours (Tier 1) or 200kg to 20km altitude for 200 hours (Tier 2). Airships could enable new types of long duration observations for Earth science, atmospheric science, and astrophysics at lower costs than current space missions. The document reviews some example science instruments and investigations that could be performed from airship platforms.
DEM-based Methods for Flood Risk Mapping at Large ScaleSalvatore Manfreda
This document summarizes a presentation on DEM-based methods for flood risk mapping at large scales. It discusses using simplified geomorphic procedures that rely on digital elevation models and flood hazard maps to delineate flood-prone areas when detailed hydraulic models are not feasible due to lack of data or resources. A geomorphic flood index is presented that uses drainage area, river depth, and elevation differences to classify flood risk. The method has been tested in various locations worldwide and can be implemented through a QGIS plugin to map flood hazard over large ungauged areas in a cost-effective manner. Limitations include not accounting for hydrologic processes or man-made structures but advantages are the low data needs to provide initial flood risk information.
From Global satellite water cycle products to field scale satellite water statesSalvatore Manfreda
The document proposes downscaling global satellite soil moisture and evapotranspiration products to field scale using various methods. It involves (1) downscaling satellite data using in-situ observations, Sentinel data, and UAS data, (2) deriving root zone soil moisture from surface measurements using models, and (3) characterizing spatial distribution of soil moisture and evapotranspiration at multiple sites. Current progress includes field data collection, UAS surveys, and generating 1km soil moisture data using random forest regression.
An integrative information aqueduct to close the gaps between global satellit...Salvatore Manfreda
This document describes the iAqueduct project which aims to close gaps between global satellite observation of the water cycle and local sustainable water resource management. It involves 6 work packages: 1) downscaling global water cycle products to field scale; 2) retrieving soil properties; 3) developing scaling functions between soil moisture and evapotranspiration; 4) developing a generic iAqueduct toolbox; 5) demonstrating benefits of closing water cycle gaps; and 6) disseminating knowledge and tools for water management. The project will integrate various data sources, models, and methods to provide high-resolution water cycle information for improving hydrological modeling and water resource management.
The CNR (National Research Council of Italy) supports Italy's space sector in several areas:
- Earth observation for studying natural phenomena and risks using satellites and new platforms like stratospheric balloons and nanosatellites.
- Developing new observational payloads and data management systems.
- Launching small satellites from an airborne "AirLaunch" platform.
- Materials, communications, and technologies for energy storage and efficiency with applications for aerospace.
The CNR collaborates closely with the government and industry to provide scientific and technological support and strengthen Italy's role in space.
Geomorphic Approaches for the Delineation of Flood Prone AreasSalvatore Manfreda
This document discusses geomorphic approaches for delineating flood prone areas. It presents three methods - modified topographic index (GM1), linear binary classifier of geomorphic features (GM2), and a hydro-geomorphic inundation model (GM3). The methods are tested on the Upper Tiber River basin in Italy. GM1 uses a topographic wetness index threshold to identify flood areas. GM2 uses linear classifiers on geomorphic features like slope and distance to streams. GM3 simulates flood inundation depths along river valleys. The results are compared to detailed flood maps for the study area to evaluate the accuracy of the simplified geomorphic approaches.
TH2.L10.5: OVERVIEW ON CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION ACTIVITIES FOR ESA’S SOIL M...grssieee
The document provides an overview of calibration and validation activities for the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. It discusses the commissioning phase, data availability, calibration and validation plans involving expert support laboratories and national expert centers. Validation sites and field campaigns are also summarized.
This document discusses the potential for using airships as science platforms for Earth and space science. It proposes the 20-20-20 Airships Challenge through NASA's Centennial Challenges program to encourage development of stratospheric airships. The challenge would award prizes for airships that can carry payloads of 20kg to 20km altitude for 20 hours (Tier 1) or 200kg to 20km altitude for 200 hours (Tier 2). Airships could enable new types of long duration observations for Earth science, atmospheric science, and astrophysics at lower costs than current space missions. The document reviews some example science instruments and investigations that could be performed from airship platforms.
DEM-based Methods for Flood Risk Mapping at Large ScaleSalvatore Manfreda
This document summarizes a presentation on DEM-based methods for flood risk mapping at large scales. It discusses using simplified geomorphic procedures that rely on digital elevation models and flood hazard maps to delineate flood-prone areas when detailed hydraulic models are not feasible due to lack of data or resources. A geomorphic flood index is presented that uses drainage area, river depth, and elevation differences to classify flood risk. The method has been tested in various locations worldwide and can be implemented through a QGIS plugin to map flood hazard over large ungauged areas in a cost-effective manner. Limitations include not accounting for hydrologic processes or man-made structures but advantages are the low data needs to provide initial flood risk information.
From Global satellite water cycle products to field scale satellite water statesSalvatore Manfreda
The document proposes downscaling global satellite soil moisture and evapotranspiration products to field scale using various methods. It involves (1) downscaling satellite data using in-situ observations, Sentinel data, and UAS data, (2) deriving root zone soil moisture from surface measurements using models, and (3) characterizing spatial distribution of soil moisture and evapotranspiration at multiple sites. Current progress includes field data collection, UAS surveys, and generating 1km soil moisture data using random forest regression.
An integrative information aqueduct to close the gaps between global satellit...Salvatore Manfreda
This document describes the iAqueduct project which aims to close gaps between global satellite observation of the water cycle and local sustainable water resource management. It involves 6 work packages: 1) downscaling global water cycle products to field scale; 2) retrieving soil properties; 3) developing scaling functions between soil moisture and evapotranspiration; 4) developing a generic iAqueduct toolbox; 5) demonstrating benefits of closing water cycle gaps; and 6) disseminating knowledge and tools for water management. The project will integrate various data sources, models, and methods to provide high-resolution water cycle information for improving hydrological modeling and water resource management.
The CNR (National Research Council of Italy) supports Italy's space sector in several areas:
- Earth observation for studying natural phenomena and risks using satellites and new platforms like stratospheric balloons and nanosatellites.
- Developing new observational payloads and data management systems.
- Launching small satellites from an airborne "AirLaunch" platform.
- Materials, communications, and technologies for energy storage and efficiency with applications for aerospace.
The CNR collaborates closely with the government and industry to provide scientific and technological support and strengthen Italy's role in space.
Geomorphic Approaches for the Delineation of Flood Prone AreasSalvatore Manfreda
This document discusses geomorphic approaches for delineating flood prone areas. It presents three methods - modified topographic index (GM1), linear binary classifier of geomorphic features (GM2), and a hydro-geomorphic inundation model (GM3). The methods are tested on the Upper Tiber River basin in Italy. GM1 uses a topographic wetness index threshold to identify flood areas. GM2 uses linear classifiers on geomorphic features like slope and distance to streams. GM3 simulates flood inundation depths along river valleys. The results are compared to detailed flood maps for the study area to evaluate the accuracy of the simplified geomorphic approaches.
Detection of Flood Prone Areas using Digital Elevation ModelsSalvatore Manfreda
This document discusses a methodology for delineating flood prone areas using digital elevation models. It examines using geomorphological characteristics derived from DEMs, like topographic wetness index, slope, and curvature, to identify areas likely to flood. It tests this approach on river basins in Italy. The results show it can accurately delineate flood inundation areas with some overestimation. The methodology works best with higher resolution DEMs and the optimal scale and parameters may vary between sites.
Water level monitoring using the interference pattern GNSS-R.pptgrssieee
The document describes using GNSS reflectometry to monitor water levels in a reservoir with centimeter accuracy. It details using the interference pattern technique with the SMIGOL reflectometer to measure the interference between direct and reflected GPS signals. By analyzing how the interference pattern changes with satellite elevation angle and water level, the technique can estimate water level to within centimeters compared to ground measurements. Field tests at a reservoir achieved this level of accuracy.
The document summarizes a study analyzing resource growth and cost/schedule overruns for 20 NASA missions from the past decade. It finds that on average, costs grew 76% and schedules grew 26% beyond initial estimates at the beginning of the preliminary design phase. This level of growth is consistent with the findings of an earlier 10-mission study. The document outlines the study's methodology of comparing estimated and actual values for mass, power, cost and schedule at key milestones. It also provides a table describing the 20 missions analyzed, which represent a variety of science objectives, acquisition methods and planetary vs. earth science.
Importance of SSPS in SDG and ESG, and importance of antennas in SSPSAdvanced-Concepts-Team
SSPS has benefits for achieving SDGs and ESG goals by providing low emission, sustainable power. Key technologies include large antennas that can precisely direct microwave beams for power transmission. Antennas face challenges like developing arrays of thousands of precisely controlled elements. The presentation outlines a roadmap including technology verification experiments and test satellites to demonstrate SSPS technologies like deployable antennas in space before developing commercial-scale systems in geosynchronous orbit capable of generating several GW of power.
Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Hydrological MonitoringSalvatore Manfreda
Invited presentation given during the EGU General Assembly at the session entitled "Advances in river monitoring and modelling: data-scarce environments, real-time approaches, Inter-comparison of innovative and classical frameworks, uncertainties, Harmonisation of methods and good practices"
This document discusses improving hydrological model calibration and validation through the use of new data sources like satellite imagery. It presents several case studies that calibrate hydrological models using streamflow data alongside satellite-derived snow cover, vegetation indices, and other remote sensing variables. The studies achieve better model performance than calibration with streamflow alone. They also allow calibration and validation in data-scarce basins. However, the document notes hydrological models and calibration methods still need development to fully leverage the potential of spatial and temporal remote sensing data.
This study analyzed cost growth for 20 NASA Science Mission Directorate missions launched between 2000-2009. It found that on average, total life cycle costs grew 56% from the beginning of Phase B to launch. Major cost growth occurred in Project Management, Payloads, and Ground Data Systems. The majority of cost growth for most categories occurred after the Critical Design Review phase of development.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is experiencing steadily growing interest over the recent years. For good reason, since these innovative algorithms and methods, such as machine learning and deep neural networks, in which knowledge is acquired and applied based on data, enable the automation of a wide range of processes and quickly deliver precise results. AI is also getting more and more popular in the space sector. The Institute of Space Technology & Space Applications (ISTA) at the Universität der Bundeswehr in Munich is conducting research around AI for space operations, science, and technology. An overview of activities and current developments towards fault management, autonomous collision avoidance, autonomous landing, as well as radio science at ISTA will be presented.
TU2.L10 - ACCURATE MONITORING OF TERRESTRIAL AEROSOLS AND TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIA...grssieee
The Glory mission aims to better understand the role of aerosols and solar irradiance in climate change through two instruments: the Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor (APS) and the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM). APS will make more accurate measurements of aerosols using polarization to reduce uncertainties in aerosol properties. TIM will extend the 30-year record of total solar irradiance measurements with improved accuracy and stability. The NASA Glory spacecraft carrying these instruments is scheduled to launch in November 2010.
La teledetección desde satélite cuenta con numerosas ventajas frente a otros medios de observación más convencionales, como la fotografía aérea y los trabajos de campo, aunque más que sustituirlos los complementa adecuadamente. Se pueden destacar:
Cobertura global y periódica de la superficie terrestre:
Debido a las características orbitales de los satélites se pueden obtener imágenes repetitivas de la mayor parte de la tierra, incluso de áreas inaccesibles por otros medios.
Visión panorámica;.La altura orbital del satélite permite detectar grandes espacios, proporcionando una visión amplia de los hechos geográficos.
Información sobre regiones no visibles del espectro.
Los sensores óptico-electrónicos facilitan imágenes sobre áreas no accesibles al ojo humano o la fotografía convencional, como es el caso del infrarrojo medio y térmico o las microondas. Esto se aplica, por ejemplo, en la diferenciación de comunidades vegetales dominadas por especies distintas y a la localización de minerales.
The document provides an introduction to a course on the Global Positioning System (GPS). It discusses the history and development of GPS technology, how GPS works, its various applications, and the structure of the GPS certificate program which covers topics like the space, control, and user segments of GPS; how GPS is used in fields like military, transportation, and location-based services; and emerging technologies.
The Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument was selected to fly on India's first lunar mission, Chandrayaan-1. Working with the Indian Space Research Organization presented challenges ranging from ITAR issues to cultural differences. The M3 team had to navigate technical requirements, interfaces, and testing in a flexible manner to achieve success for both NASA and India. The experience of international collaboration was ultimately very positive.
The document describes a concept for a global constellation of stratospheric scientific platforms using balloons and stratospheric satellites (StratoSats) to provide continuous, low-cost Earth observations from the stratosphere. Key aspects of the concept include using tens to hundreds of small, long-duration balloons and StratoSats maintained in uniform global and regional constellations through trajectory control systems. The concept aims to support expansion of NASA's Earth science objectives through new observation opportunities and applications at a fraction of the cost of satellites.
Science Coffee - Algorithms to Monitor Telemetry for Subtle Indications of De...Advanced-Concepts-Team
The document proposes using algorithms to detect subtle indications of debris impacts in spacecraft telemetry data in order to better understand the hazardous non-trackable orbital debris environment. By analyzing changes in parameters like angular momentum, impacts too small to otherwise detect could be identified from individual spacecraft. This approach aims to gather more data on the untrackable debris population to improve modeling and risk assessments of the orbital environment.
This document discusses the development of unmanned vehicles for geo-environmental hazard assessment. Specifically, it details the development of a prototype unmanned ground vehicle called GeoBot and unmanned aerial vehicle called GeoCopter by undergraduate interns in 2014-2015. The goal was to create interchangeable sensor platforms that could be mounted on various unmanned vehicles to help evaluate geohazards. Case studies are provided on how GeoBot was used to investigate sinkholes and GeoCopter was used for photogrammetry and remote sensing to map landslides and rockfalls. The document advocates for unmanned vehicles as low-cost, high-resolution tools to access hazardous sites and collect temporal data for monitoring geohazards and failures.
NASA's technology landscape involves developing technologies to enable human space exploration and scientific discovery. Key areas include technologies for extreme environments like radiation resistance and temperature extremes. NASA also focuses on developing technologies to increase safety, productivity, and reduce costs for human spaceflight. Examples include closed-loop life support, surface mobility, and communication systems. The International Space Station is a complex of research laboratories that supports scientific research in microgravity. NASA's science, aeronautics, and space operations directorates each work to advance priority technologies through cutting-edge research partnerships.
FR2.L09 - PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR IMAGER...grssieee
This document summarizes research using airborne synthetic aperture radar (AIRSAR) to image and analyze archaeological sites of the ancient Maya in Central America. Key findings include:
1) AIRSAR acquired radar imagery and digital elevation models over 25,000 hectares across Mexico, Guatemala and Belize in 2004, revealing previously undocumented landscape features and archaeological structures beneath the dense forest canopy.
2) Analysis of AIRSAR data provided high-resolution digital elevation models and identification of man-made structures at major sites like Tikal and El Mirador, as well as indications of agricultural changes between 2000-2004.
3) Subsequent UAVSAR deployments in 2010 acquired additional
This document summarizes a presentation about lessons learned from NASA's Stardust comet sample return mission. The Stardust mission returned the first solid samples from a comet in 2006. Key lessons included the value of detailed pre-flight measurements and instrumentation that were not included due to budget and schedule constraints. Future missions could benefit from more proactive "planning for learning" approaches rather than just reactive "lessons learned." Careful recovery operations are also important for preserving samples and data about the heatshield's condition upon reentry.
Yield and Yield Components of Wheat as Influenced by Water Stress and Sowing ...CIMMYT
Presentation by Dr. Ibrahim Abubakar (Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria) at Wheat for Food Security in Africa conference, Oct 9, 2012, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Detection of Flood Prone Areas using Digital Elevation ModelsSalvatore Manfreda
This document discusses a methodology for delineating flood prone areas using digital elevation models. It examines using geomorphological characteristics derived from DEMs, like topographic wetness index, slope, and curvature, to identify areas likely to flood. It tests this approach on river basins in Italy. The results show it can accurately delineate flood inundation areas with some overestimation. The methodology works best with higher resolution DEMs and the optimal scale and parameters may vary between sites.
Water level monitoring using the interference pattern GNSS-R.pptgrssieee
The document describes using GNSS reflectometry to monitor water levels in a reservoir with centimeter accuracy. It details using the interference pattern technique with the SMIGOL reflectometer to measure the interference between direct and reflected GPS signals. By analyzing how the interference pattern changes with satellite elevation angle and water level, the technique can estimate water level to within centimeters compared to ground measurements. Field tests at a reservoir achieved this level of accuracy.
The document summarizes a study analyzing resource growth and cost/schedule overruns for 20 NASA missions from the past decade. It finds that on average, costs grew 76% and schedules grew 26% beyond initial estimates at the beginning of the preliminary design phase. This level of growth is consistent with the findings of an earlier 10-mission study. The document outlines the study's methodology of comparing estimated and actual values for mass, power, cost and schedule at key milestones. It also provides a table describing the 20 missions analyzed, which represent a variety of science objectives, acquisition methods and planetary vs. earth science.
Importance of SSPS in SDG and ESG, and importance of antennas in SSPSAdvanced-Concepts-Team
SSPS has benefits for achieving SDGs and ESG goals by providing low emission, sustainable power. Key technologies include large antennas that can precisely direct microwave beams for power transmission. Antennas face challenges like developing arrays of thousands of precisely controlled elements. The presentation outlines a roadmap including technology verification experiments and test satellites to demonstrate SSPS technologies like deployable antennas in space before developing commercial-scale systems in geosynchronous orbit capable of generating several GW of power.
Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Hydrological MonitoringSalvatore Manfreda
Invited presentation given during the EGU General Assembly at the session entitled "Advances in river monitoring and modelling: data-scarce environments, real-time approaches, Inter-comparison of innovative and classical frameworks, uncertainties, Harmonisation of methods and good practices"
This document discusses improving hydrological model calibration and validation through the use of new data sources like satellite imagery. It presents several case studies that calibrate hydrological models using streamflow data alongside satellite-derived snow cover, vegetation indices, and other remote sensing variables. The studies achieve better model performance than calibration with streamflow alone. They also allow calibration and validation in data-scarce basins. However, the document notes hydrological models and calibration methods still need development to fully leverage the potential of spatial and temporal remote sensing data.
This study analyzed cost growth for 20 NASA Science Mission Directorate missions launched between 2000-2009. It found that on average, total life cycle costs grew 56% from the beginning of Phase B to launch. Major cost growth occurred in Project Management, Payloads, and Ground Data Systems. The majority of cost growth for most categories occurred after the Critical Design Review phase of development.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is experiencing steadily growing interest over the recent years. For good reason, since these innovative algorithms and methods, such as machine learning and deep neural networks, in which knowledge is acquired and applied based on data, enable the automation of a wide range of processes and quickly deliver precise results. AI is also getting more and more popular in the space sector. The Institute of Space Technology & Space Applications (ISTA) at the Universität der Bundeswehr in Munich is conducting research around AI for space operations, science, and technology. An overview of activities and current developments towards fault management, autonomous collision avoidance, autonomous landing, as well as radio science at ISTA will be presented.
TU2.L10 - ACCURATE MONITORING OF TERRESTRIAL AEROSOLS AND TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIA...grssieee
The Glory mission aims to better understand the role of aerosols and solar irradiance in climate change through two instruments: the Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor (APS) and the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM). APS will make more accurate measurements of aerosols using polarization to reduce uncertainties in aerosol properties. TIM will extend the 30-year record of total solar irradiance measurements with improved accuracy and stability. The NASA Glory spacecraft carrying these instruments is scheduled to launch in November 2010.
La teledetección desde satélite cuenta con numerosas ventajas frente a otros medios de observación más convencionales, como la fotografía aérea y los trabajos de campo, aunque más que sustituirlos los complementa adecuadamente. Se pueden destacar:
Cobertura global y periódica de la superficie terrestre:
Debido a las características orbitales de los satélites se pueden obtener imágenes repetitivas de la mayor parte de la tierra, incluso de áreas inaccesibles por otros medios.
Visión panorámica;.La altura orbital del satélite permite detectar grandes espacios, proporcionando una visión amplia de los hechos geográficos.
Información sobre regiones no visibles del espectro.
Los sensores óptico-electrónicos facilitan imágenes sobre áreas no accesibles al ojo humano o la fotografía convencional, como es el caso del infrarrojo medio y térmico o las microondas. Esto se aplica, por ejemplo, en la diferenciación de comunidades vegetales dominadas por especies distintas y a la localización de minerales.
The document provides an introduction to a course on the Global Positioning System (GPS). It discusses the history and development of GPS technology, how GPS works, its various applications, and the structure of the GPS certificate program which covers topics like the space, control, and user segments of GPS; how GPS is used in fields like military, transportation, and location-based services; and emerging technologies.
The Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument was selected to fly on India's first lunar mission, Chandrayaan-1. Working with the Indian Space Research Organization presented challenges ranging from ITAR issues to cultural differences. The M3 team had to navigate technical requirements, interfaces, and testing in a flexible manner to achieve success for both NASA and India. The experience of international collaboration was ultimately very positive.
The document describes a concept for a global constellation of stratospheric scientific platforms using balloons and stratospheric satellites (StratoSats) to provide continuous, low-cost Earth observations from the stratosphere. Key aspects of the concept include using tens to hundreds of small, long-duration balloons and StratoSats maintained in uniform global and regional constellations through trajectory control systems. The concept aims to support expansion of NASA's Earth science objectives through new observation opportunities and applications at a fraction of the cost of satellites.
Science Coffee - Algorithms to Monitor Telemetry for Subtle Indications of De...Advanced-Concepts-Team
The document proposes using algorithms to detect subtle indications of debris impacts in spacecraft telemetry data in order to better understand the hazardous non-trackable orbital debris environment. By analyzing changes in parameters like angular momentum, impacts too small to otherwise detect could be identified from individual spacecraft. This approach aims to gather more data on the untrackable debris population to improve modeling and risk assessments of the orbital environment.
This document discusses the development of unmanned vehicles for geo-environmental hazard assessment. Specifically, it details the development of a prototype unmanned ground vehicle called GeoBot and unmanned aerial vehicle called GeoCopter by undergraduate interns in 2014-2015. The goal was to create interchangeable sensor platforms that could be mounted on various unmanned vehicles to help evaluate geohazards. Case studies are provided on how GeoBot was used to investigate sinkholes and GeoCopter was used for photogrammetry and remote sensing to map landslides and rockfalls. The document advocates for unmanned vehicles as low-cost, high-resolution tools to access hazardous sites and collect temporal data for monitoring geohazards and failures.
NASA's technology landscape involves developing technologies to enable human space exploration and scientific discovery. Key areas include technologies for extreme environments like radiation resistance and temperature extremes. NASA also focuses on developing technologies to increase safety, productivity, and reduce costs for human spaceflight. Examples include closed-loop life support, surface mobility, and communication systems. The International Space Station is a complex of research laboratories that supports scientific research in microgravity. NASA's science, aeronautics, and space operations directorates each work to advance priority technologies through cutting-edge research partnerships.
FR2.L09 - PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR IMAGER...grssieee
This document summarizes research using airborne synthetic aperture radar (AIRSAR) to image and analyze archaeological sites of the ancient Maya in Central America. Key findings include:
1) AIRSAR acquired radar imagery and digital elevation models over 25,000 hectares across Mexico, Guatemala and Belize in 2004, revealing previously undocumented landscape features and archaeological structures beneath the dense forest canopy.
2) Analysis of AIRSAR data provided high-resolution digital elevation models and identification of man-made structures at major sites like Tikal and El Mirador, as well as indications of agricultural changes between 2000-2004.
3) Subsequent UAVSAR deployments in 2010 acquired additional
This document summarizes a presentation about lessons learned from NASA's Stardust comet sample return mission. The Stardust mission returned the first solid samples from a comet in 2006. Key lessons included the value of detailed pre-flight measurements and instrumentation that were not included due to budget and schedule constraints. Future missions could benefit from more proactive "planning for learning" approaches rather than just reactive "lessons learned." Careful recovery operations are also important for preserving samples and data about the heatshield's condition upon reentry.
Yield and Yield Components of Wheat as Influenced by Water Stress and Sowing ...CIMMYT
Presentation by Dr. Ibrahim Abubakar (Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria) at Wheat for Food Security in Africa conference, Oct 9, 2012, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
FR1.L10.5: SMOS SOIL MOISTURE VALIDATION: STATUS AT THE UPPER DANUBE CAL/VAL ...grssieee
This document summarizes the status of soil moisture validation for the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission at an Upper Danube calibration and validation site in Germany eight months after launch. It describes the calibration and validation approach using in situ soil moisture measurements, land surface modeling, and airborne campaigns to compare SMOS soil moisture and brightness temperature products to ground truth data over the large Upper Danube catchment area and smaller, well-instrumented Vils test site. Preliminary analysis of SMOS data from two airborne campaigns is presented along with plans for continued validation.
This document describes a study that used polarimetric RADARSAT-2 SAR imagery to map soil moisture content spatially and temporally in an alpine area. An estimation system was developed using support vector regression trained on field measurements to relate SAR image features to soil moisture. Experimental results showed that HH, HV/VV polarimetric features produced the most accurate soil moisture maps. The estimated soil moisture maps from June to October 2010 agreed well with measurements and captured spatial and temporal patterns, demonstrating potential for soil moisture mapping in alpine environments.
Remote sensing based water management from the watershed to the field levelCIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
1) UAVSAR collected repeat-pass SAR data over agricultural fields in Canada during a soil moisture campaign to analyze the effect of soil moisture on polarimetric and interferometric measurements.
2) Both backscatter and interferometric phase correlations decreased as soil moisture changed more between passes, indicating soil moisture impacts the SAR measurements.
3) Models captured general backscatter and polarimetric phase trends with soil moisture but underestimated the observed variation in interferometric phase with changes in moisture.
This document discusses using a remote sensing-based handheld NDVI sensor to quantify stripe rust reaction in wheat. NDVI values decrease as stripe rust infection increases due to breakdown of foliar pigments and decreased physiological activity. A field experiment was conducted on 120 wheat genotypes under stripe rust pressure. NDVI readings were recorded and correlated with disease severity measurements (AUDPC values). A strong negative correlation was found between NDVI and AUDPC, though the correlation improved after accounting for the effects of co-occurring spot blotch disease. Plant height was also found to correlate with susceptibility, with taller wheat types being more susceptible.
Remote Sensing of Wheat Rusts - A dream or reality?CIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
Disease monitoring in wheat through remotely sensed dataCIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
Guide to Estimating Irrigation Water Needs of Landscape Plantings in Los Ange...D4Z
This chapter introduces two key formulas for estimating irrigation water needs for landscape plantings:
1) The landscape evapotranspiration (ETL) formula, which is similar to the ETc formula used for crops but substitutes a landscape coefficient (KL) in place of the crop coefficient (Kc).
2) The landscape coefficient formula, which is the focus of this chapter. It allows estimation of ETL by multiplying the landscape coefficient (KL) by the reference evapotranspiration (ETo).
An example calculation is provided to demonstrate use of the landscape coefficient in the ETL formula to estimate monthly water loss from a landscape area.
Remote sensing and its applications in environmentMuhammad Sajjad
This document provides an overview of remote sensing including its history, sensors, platforms, applications, software, and use in Pakistan. Remote sensing allows obtaining information about objects through analysis of data collected by instruments without physical contact. It uses electromagnetic radiation as an information carrier. Common sensors are active like LIDAR and RADAR, or passive. Platforms include ground, airborne, and spaceborne. Applications span meteorology, oceanography, geology, agriculture, and more. Popular software for analysis includes ERDAS, ENVI, and ESRI. Pakistan is developing its own remote sensing satellite called PRSS and using the technology to improve flood management.
Approaches and needs of remote sensing in phenotyping for plant breedingCIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
Estimation of Soil Water Content Using Short Wave Infrared Remote SensingMorteza Sadeghi
1) The document proposes a linear model to estimate soil water content using short wave infrared (SWIR) remote sensing.
2) It finds that there exists a linear relationship between transformed reflectance and soil water content in SWIR bands, due to strong water absorption in these wavelengths.
3) Evaluation of the model using data from multiple field studies shows it can accurately estimate soil water content, with root mean square errors generally below 0.08.
This document summarizes a presentation on agricultural remote sensing. It discusses how satellite and aircraft imagery can provide spatially complete information on large or inaccessible regions. Such imagery can support activities like land management, biomass estimation and monitoring. The document highlights several current remote sensing activities by AAFC, including near-real-time soil moisture and crop condition mapping using satellite data. It also discusses how remote sensing combined with ground data can help assess crop rotations and nitrogen needs. Overall, the document promotes the use of remote sensing to make better agricultural management decisions.
Remote sensing can be used to study soils by analyzing parameters like surface color, temperature, moisture, vegetation indices, mineralogy, organic carbon, iron content, and salinity. High resolution DEM and imagery from sensors like LIDAR and SAR can be used to map landforms and classify soils. Traditional soil mapping is done at scales of 1:1 million to 1:50,000. Remote sensing allows soil mapping across large areas by analyzing the spectral response patterns influenced by soil properties.
This document summarizes a remote sensing project for water resource management in agriculture in Jordan. The project aims to utilize satellite data and remote sensing to produce crop maps, calculate net crop water requirements, and assess water productivity. Key steps include analyzing satellite images using software to identify cloud cover and extract vegetation indices, validating results with field trips, and cooperating with various partners in Jordan on data processing and analysis to support water management goals. The expected outcomes are increased regional knowledge sharing, capacity building, and research on remote sensing applications for agriculture and water resources.
This document determines the optimal gamma radiation dose for inducing mutations in maize. Five maize genotypes were irradiated at doses of 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 Gy. Parameters like germination, plant height, leaf length and area, and chlorophyll content were measured. Results showed stimulation of growth at 150 Gy due to production of growth hormones. Higher doses above 450 Gy caused over 20% reduction in parameters, with 450 Gy found to be optimal for inducing maximum mutations with minimal damage. It is recommended to study yields of plants irradiated at 450 Gy to maturity.
This document discusses the use of satellite soil moisture data for hydrological applications. It summarizes research validating satellite soil moisture products against in situ observations across different scales. It also describes a method called SM2RAIN that estimates rainfall from satellite soil moisture observations by inverting the soil water balance equation. Initial tests of SM2RAIN show good agreement between estimated and observed rainfall.
TH3.L10.1: THE NASA SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE PASSIVE (SMAP) MISSION: OVERVIEWgrssieee
The document provides an overview of the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, which is scheduled to launch in November 2014. SMAP's objectives are to map global soil moisture and freeze/thaw state to further understanding of water, energy and carbon cycles. It will carry radiometer and radar instruments to make high-resolution soil moisture measurements. SMAP data products will support applications in weather forecasting, climate modeling, agriculture, drought monitoring and other areas. The mission involves extensive calibration, validation and community engagement efforts.
Utilizando la información espectral y visión panorámica mediante la interpretación de imágenes satelitales se puede conocer la superficie, forma y distribución de la cobertura de agua y vomo la arcatan las alteraciones en las componentes vegetal y uso de la tierra de grandes áreas. En el trabajo específico con vegetación son empleadas para describir grandes tipos de comunidades (incluso determinar presencia de especies invasoras), estimar su estado hídrico, fenología, niveles de degradación y tasas de productividad. Basado en imágenes de satélites, en el año 2002 se presentó en Argentina el Primer Inventario de Bosques Nativos, que tuvo como objetivo obtener mapas temáticos de cobertura de uso de la tierra, del estado de los bosques (niveles de aprovechamiento y degradación), indicadores de factores ambientales responsables de la alteración de los recursos hidricos
The document outlines Canada's science and applications plan for the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission. Key points include:
1) The plan involves using SMAP soil moisture data for calibration/validation, improving environmental modeling in Canada, and developing applications related to agriculture, drought monitoring, climate, and weather forecasting.
2) Validation sites for soil moisture and freeze/thaw across Canada are described. Field campaigns have been conducted to collect synergistic radar and radiometer data.
3) Research includes developing soil moisture retrieval algorithms, assimilating SMAP data into land surface models, and producing outputs for ecosystem modeling, hydrology and atmospheric modeling.
4) The
WE4.L10.1: OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DATA IN 2010: CONNECTING GLOBAL AND LOCA...grssieee
This document provides a historical overview of remote sensing and the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) from the 1960s to 2010. It discusses the early development of remote sensing technologies and societies, experimental missions like Nimbus and Seasat in the 1970s, and the growth of IGARSS in the 1980s with the launch of new operational sensors. It describes how remote sensing took on new roles in the 1990s related to policy and global change. Finally, it outlines new directions for 2010 and beyond with increased citizen involvement through smartphones, web tools, and crowdsourcing of data.
The document discusses validation of SMOS L1c and L2 soil moisture products using airborne and ground-based observations across Australia. It describes environmental conditions and essential climate variables in Australia. It outlines the MoistureMap project which uses data assimilation to provide high-resolution soil moisture information. Field campaigns were conducted in the Murrumbidgee catchment and Arid Zone to collect validation data on soil moisture, vegetation properties, and more to compare to SMOS retrievals from overflying aircraft and satellites. Results showed SMOS L1c brightness temperatures were biased high compared to aircraft measurements but bias was reduced after further processing to L2 soil moisture products.
The document discusses validation of SMOS L1c and L2 soil moisture products using airborne and ground-based observations across Australia. It describes environmental conditions and essential climate variables in Australia. It outlines the MoistureMap project which uses data assimilation to provide high-resolution soil moisture information. Field campaigns were conducted in the Murrumbidgee catchment and Arid Zone to collect validation data on soil moisture, vegetation properties, and other variables. Results show that SMOS L1c brightness temperatures are validated within error thresholds, while L2 soil moisture products show biases around -8% that need to be corrected.
1) Multiple micro-pulse lidar (MPL) systems were deployed around the Baltimore-Washington region as part of NASA's 2011 DISCOVER-AQ field campaign to study air quality and atmospheric conditions.
2) In addition to existing MPL sites, four portable Sigma Space MPLs were loaned for additional locations to provide a regional-scale assessment of aerosol profiles.
3) The MPL data provides continuous vertical profiles of aerosols and clouds to help understand satellite measurements of column properties and relate surface, airborne, and space-based observations over the study period in July 2011.
The document outlines the structure and materials for NASA's three-session training program on hyperspectral data for land and coastal systems. The training will take place over three 1.5 hour sessions on January 19, January 26 and February 2. Participants can access recordings, presentations and homework through the provided website. To receive a certificate of completion, participants must attend all live sessions and complete the assigned homework by February 16. The training will cover an overview of hyperspectral data, applications for land management, and uses for coastal and ocean systems.
The document proposes a mission to survey lunar lava tubes using an orbiter/lander combination delivered by a SHERPA 2200 tug. The mission objectives are to map the depth, volume and extent of subsurface empty lava tubes using ground penetrating radar on the orbiter and lander. Tensegrity landing technology allows precise landing of the payload-carrying lander. Characterizing lava tubes could identify potential sites for future human habitation under lunar surface. The proposal outlines the mission design, spacecraft and payloads, and organizational roles to conduct the low-cost survey.
WaPOR version 3 - H Pelgrum - eLeaf - 05 May 2023.pdfWaPOR
This document provides an overview of the WaPOR process for producing biophysical models and satellite-derived data products. It describes updates made in version 3, including using higher resolution VIIRS LST data with thermal sharpening, new meteorological inputs of ERA5/AgERA5, smoothing techniques, accounting for free convection in soil moisture modeling, and infrastructure changes in computing and data registration. The goal is to improve spatial resolution and accuracy of root zone soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and net primary production models.
Kasper Johansen_Field and airborne data collection by AusCover: a tropical ra...TERN Australia
The document describes a field and airborne data collection campaign conducted by AusCover in a tropical rainforest site called Robson Creek. The campaign involved collecting field data through measurements of vegetation structure, leaf area index, hemispherical photos, and more. Airborne data was also collected through LiDAR and hyperspectral imaging from aircraft. The data collection was designed to validate satellite data and the various data sets would be made available through an online portal and shared with collaborators for research on topics like biomass estimation and vegetation mapping.
The use of geoinformatics in mineral exploration and exploitationMarguerite Walsh
The document discusses the use of geoinformatics, including remote sensing techniques, in mineral exploration and exploitation. It provides several case studies demonstrating how different remote sensing data and techniques can be used to map surface geology and identify potential mineral deposits. These include using Landsat and ASTER satellite imagery to map surficial mineralogy across large areas, detect hydrothermal alteration zones indicating gold mineralization, and identify geothermal anomalies. Integrating remote sensing data with other spatial datasets in a GIS provides additional insights. Future opportunities discussed include the increasing use of unmanned aerial vehicles and the upcoming Sentinel-2 satellite mission.
TU3.L09 - SPACEBORNE FULLY POLARIMETRIC TIME-SERIES DATASETS FOR LAND COVER A...grssieee
The document summarizes a project using spaceborne fully polarimetric time-series datasets from Radarsat-2 and ALOS for land cover analysis and monitoring of wetlands. The objectives were to delineate wetlands and map vegetation, identify agricultural practices, and determine water cycles and levels. Ground truth campaigns were conducted including soil moisture and roughness measurements. Initial qualitative analysis of the Radarsat-2 data showed polarimetric descriptors and classifications could distinguish flooded areas with 78-94% accuracy. Optical data from ALOS provided complementary information and 88-99% classification accuracy. Further inversion of parameters like soil moisture from time-series datasets and data fusion of radar and optical data was outlined.
Matt Byerly - The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs - i.e. Drones!) in Co...IES / IAQM
UAVs are becoming an integrated part of contaminated land risk assessment. They provide high resolution aerial imagery and digital surface models that allow visualization of site conditions. Current uses include supplementing site walkovers, informing conceptual site models, and undertaking volume calculations. Case studies show UAVs can efficiently identify illegal waste dumping. Potential future applications include using multispectral and hyperspectral cameras to detect vegetation health issues and characterize soil and water geochemistry. This may help identify contaminant distributions and inform remediation. However, correlating spectral data with ground samples is challenging and contaminant identification capabilities are still developing. UAVs could become a common investigation tool within 5-10 years.
NASA World Wind Virtual Globe Technologyand the WW Europa ChallengeRaffaele de Amicis
1. NASA World Wind is open source virtual globe technology that can be used to visualize and analyze geospatial data.
2. The WW Europa Challenge encourages students and businesses to develop applications using World Wind that address topics related to the INSPIRE Directive.
3. The 2013 challenge highlighted apps for historical map visualization, social mapping platforms, and analyzing satellite data. The 2014 challenge focuses on natural hazard modeling and urban infrastructure visualization.
NASA World Wind - Virtual Globe Technology and the WW Europa ChallengeRaffaele de Amicis
Relevance of NASA World Wind, open source, in analysis and visualisation for the EO data and service providers
Earth visualisation: some of the best apps from the WW Europa Challenge 2013
NASA WW Europa Challenge 2014
The document discusses the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, which is scheduled for launch in 2014. SMAP will map global soil moisture and freeze/thaw state from space to further understanding of the water, energy, and carbon cycles. The mission involves an L-band radar and radiometer to provide soil moisture measurements. Algorithms are being developed and tested to generate products like soil moisture maps from the radar-radiometer data. Validation efforts and working groups are helping prepare for the mission.
This document discusses several remote sensing platforms and satellites used for earth observation. It provides information on satellites such as Landsat, SPOT, Ikonos, RADARSAT, as well as international observation programs from agencies such as ESA, ISRO, and JAXA. The document outlines technical specifications including sensors, spectral bands, spatial resolutions, orbits, and coverage areas of the different systems.
The document discusses various remote sensing platforms and Earth observing satellites. It provides information on the characteristics and sensors of satellites operated by different space agencies including Landsat, SPOT, Ikonos, GOES, Meteosat, RADARSAT, IRS series from India, JERS-1 and ADEOS from Japan, and ESA satellites. The document contains detailed tables summarizing the technical specifications of these satellites and their instruments.
This contains the lecture about how to read data from the console. And obviously it contains also other information: about UML, about TextIO class and other stuff. See also http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2013/07/java-for-hydrologists-101.html for more information and for the other slides
The document discusses a Java program that solves linear equations. It begins by outlining objectives and analyzing the problem of solving for one variable in an equation of the form "ax + b = 0". It then shows the initial coding of a simple program to solve a specific case. The document goes on to discuss improving the program by making it more general and introducing object-oriented programming concepts like classes, methods and information hiding. It provides annotated code and explanations for a class called LinearEquationSolver that takes parameters to solve any linear equation, unless the coefficient of x is 0.
This is the implementation with explanations of a Hello World simple program. It is useful to document keyword and Java modifiers, as well as how to execute a program.
The document provides an introduction to using the Eclipse Java IDE for beginners learning Java. It recommends first understanding basic Java concepts by reading introductory books before using an IDE. It then directs the reader to an external website that provides instructions on installing and using Eclipse's basic features. The document stresses the importance of self-practice and mentions several other tools like Git, Ant, and Maven that programmers should learn but doesn't provide details as the author is also still learning.
The document discusses water and energy budgets. It explains that a budget represents the variation of a given quantity within a control volume over a time interval, and is the algebraic sum of inputs and outputs. It provides examples of water budgets for soil volumes and atmospheric layers, accounting for precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff and other fluxes. It also discusses the components of an energy budget, including net radiation, heat conduction, heat of vaporization and more.
The document summarizes the activities of the Platform Water Management in the Alps over the past two years and outlines its planned activities for the next period. It discusses workshops held on sediment management, hydropeaking, and hydropower that brought together administrators, practitioners, and stakeholders. It also describes dissemination of guidelines on small hydropower and platform meetings. Going forward, the document outlines three planned workshops on local adaptation to climate change, flood risk prevention, and river management, as well as a conference on water in the Alps. The goals are to address EU directives in an alpine context and local adaptation to climate change.
The document provides an introduction to hydrology, including:
- Defining hydrology as the science studying the water cycle and flows between the atmosphere, land, and oceans.
- Describing the key elements of the water cycle, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, and the spatial and temporal scales involved.
- Noting that the water cycle sustains life on Earth, shapes its surface, and regulates the climate.
This document provides an introduction to solar radiation and its role in powering the water cycle. It discusses the composition and structure of the Sun, and how it produces radiation through nuclear fusion. While solar radiation is generally constant, it exhibits variations in the form of solar spots and an 11-year activity cycle. The amount of radiation emitted by any body is determined by the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which relates radiation to the body's temperature and emissivity.
The document discusses the measurement and representation of hydrological quantities. It notes that hydrological data has complex trends that are nonlinear and influenced by many factors. Statistical tools must be used to describe hydrological quantities given their spatiotemporal variability. Examples of typical problems in measuring quantities like precipitation, river flows, and soil moisture are provided.
The document discusses various hydrological measurement quantities and instruments. It describes 8 main hydrological quantities of interest: temperature, humidity, precipitation, radiation, wind, pressure, wetting, and evapotranspiration. It then explains principles and instruments for measuring temperature, humidity, and soil moisture, including thermometers, hygrometers, psychrometers, lysimeters, tensiometers, and instruments measuring electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and dielectric constants.
This document discusses peak river flows and flow hydrology. It introduces the concept of a peak flow, shows a graph of discharge over time as an example, and discusses precipitation patterns and the calculation of effective precipitation. It also discusses the instantaneous unit hydrograph method for summing surface runoff over a basin to determine discharge at the basin outlet.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Bed Making ( Introduction, Purpose, Types, Articles, Scientific principles, N...
RoccoPancieraMesiano sept25 2013
1. Towards
Global
Remote
Sensing
of
Soil
Moisture:
Rocco
Panciera
Wednesday, September 25, 13
2. The
last
10
years
• 2003:
Master,
University
of
Trento,
Distributed
hydrological
modeling
• 2004
–
2009:
PhD,
University
of
Melbourne,
Passive
microwave
remote
sensing
of
soil
moisture,
• 2009
–
2010:
Research
Fellow,
University
of
Melbourne,
Passive
and
ac9ve
microwave
remote
sensing
of
soil
moisture
• 2011
–
present:
Super
Science
Fellowship,
ARC
SAR
remote
sensing
of
soil
moisture
2
Wednesday, September 25, 13
3. AcIvity
Overview
Instrument
Development
Field
Experiments Research
• Soil
moisture
monitoring
system
• Airborne
SyntheIc
Aperture
Radar
(SAR)
• NAFE’05
• NAFE’06
• SMAPEx-‐1
• SMAPEX-‐2
• SMAPEx-‐3
• …
3
Wednesday, September 25, 13
5. Research
Overview
Remote
sensing
of
Land
surface
Soil
Moisture Land
Cover VegetaAon
Biomass
LiDAR
SAR
Passive
Microwave
OpIcal/IR
SAR SAR
OpIcal/IR
SAR:
SyntheIc
Aperture
Radar
4
Wednesday, September 25, 13
6. (MANY)Field
Experiments
2011
Soil
Moisture
AcIve
Passive
Experiment
(SMAPEx)
Dec
2010
AMSR-‐E
ValidaIon
2004
NaIonal
Airborne
Field
Experiments
(NAFE)
20062005
Jul
2010
5
Wednesday, September 25, 13
8. Instrument
Development
• Hydraprobe
Data
AcquisiIon
System
(HDAS)
Soil
moisture
(vol) VegetaIon
height
(cm)VegetaIon
Type
7
Wednesday, September 25, 13
10. Instrument
Development
• Polarimetric
L-‐band
Imaging
Sca`erometer
(PLIS)
SAR
SensiIvity:
Soil
moisture
Surface
roughness
VegetaIon
structure
VegetaIon
water
content
VegetaIon
height
Flight
path
3km
3km
15°
15°
45°
45°
9
Wednesday, September 25, 13
11. Airborne
Field
Experiments
• Soil
Moisture
AcIve
Passive
Experiments
(SMAPEx)
~40km
Soil
moisture
Sampling
Surface
roughness
&
vegetaIon
sampling
Panciera,
R.,
Walker,
J.P,
Jackson,
T
J.,
Ryu,
D.,
Gray,
D.,
Monerris,
A.,
Yardley,
H.,
Tanase,
M.,
Rudiger,
C.
et
al.,“The
Soil
Moisture
Ac9ve
Passive
Experiments
(SMAPEx):
Towards
Soil
Moisture
Retrieval
from
the
SMAP
Mission”,
IEEE
Transac9ons
of
Geoscience
and
Remote
Sensing,
51(9),
2013.
Passive
AcIve
10
Wednesday, September 25, 13
13. Soil
Moisture
from
SAR
• SensiIvity
of
SAR
to
soil
moisture
(Mv)
Bare
soil
Canola
~
140cm
height
Wheat
~
50cm
height
-‐20.0000
-‐15.0000
-‐10.0000
-‐5.0000
0 2 4 6 8 10
SAR
dB
Days
SAR
HH-‐pol Mv
SAR
VV-‐pol
12
IrrigaAon
Wednesday, September 25, 13
14. Soil
Moisture
from
SAR
• SensiIvity
of
SAR
to
soil
moisture
13
Rough
Surface
Smooth
surface
Surface
RMS
[cm]
Wednesday, September 25, 13
15. Soil
Moisture
from
SAR
• Time-‐series
approach:
Backsca`er
dynamic
over
short
periods
solely
due
to
soil
moisture
changes
Snapshot
approach
Time-‐series
approach
14
Wednesday, September 25, 13
16. Soil
Moisture
from
SAR
• Time
series
approach
Using
1km
ALOS
PALSAR
data
in
Australia
Satalino,
G.,
Maja,
F.,
Balenzano
A.,
Panciera,
R.,
Walker,
J.P,
“Soil
Moisture
Maps
from
Ime
series
of
PALSAR-‐1
scansar
data
over
Australia”,
Proceedings
of
IEEE
Interna9onal
Geoscience
and
Remote
Sensing
Symposium
2013
(IGARSS
2013),
21-‐26
July,
Melbourne,
Australia.
15
Wednesday, September 25, 13
17. Surface
roughness
from
LiDAR
Turner,
R.,
Panciera,
R.,
Tanase,
M.,
Lowell,
K.,
Hacker,
J.,
Walker,
P.,
J.,”
Es9ma9on
of
Soil
Surface
Roughness
of
Agricultural
Soils
using
Airborne
LiDAR”,
Remote
Sensing
of
Environment,
In
review,
2013.
16
Wednesday, September 25, 13
18. Soil
Moisture
from
Passive
microwave
• Algorithm
development
for
ESA’s
SMOS
for
Australian
condiIons
Uncalibrated
parameter
“b”
Calibrated
parameter
“b”
(Jackson
and
Schmugge,
1991)
Wheat/barley
pastures
Panciera,
R.,
Walker,
J.P.,
Kalma,
J.D.,
Kim
E.J.,
Saleh,
K.,
Wigneron,
J.-‐P.,
“Evalua9on
of
the
SMOS
L-‐MEB
passive
microwave
soil
moisture
retrieval
algorithm”.
Remote
Sensing
of
Environment,
113(2):
p.
435-‐444,
2009.
17
Wednesday, September 25, 13
19. Soil
Moisture
from
AcIve/Passive
microwave
• Downscaling
algorithm
development
for
NASA’s
SMAP
mission
Airborne Simulated
SMAP
AcIve/passive
Downscaling
to
9km
Downscaling
error
KPassive
AcIve
Passive
AcIve
18
RMSE
=
1.5
–
5.8
K
SMAP
target
=
2.4K
Wednesday, September 25, 13
20. Soil
Moisture
from
Passive
&
OpIcal/NIR
• Downscaled
SMOS
+
MODIS
1km
soil
moisture
product
January
2-‐14,
2011
Tropical
Cyclone
Oswald
Piles,
M.,
Camps,
A.
,
Vall-‐llossera,
M.,
Corbella,
I.
Panciera,
R.,
Rudiger,
C.,
Kerr,
Y.
and
Walker,
J.,
“Downscaling
SMOS-‐derived
soil
moisture
using
MODIS
visible/infrared
data”,
Accepted
for
publica9on
in
IEEE
Transac9on
on
Geoscience
and
Remote
Sensing,
TGRS-‐2010-‐00403.R1,
2010.
20
Wednesday, September 25, 13
21. Land
cover
from
SAR
&
opIcal
• Supervised
land
cover
classificaIon
using
Cosmos-‐SkyMed
&
Landsat
19
Overall
classifica9on
Accuracy
(OA)
Landsat5,
2
images
OA
=
93%
Cosmo-‐SkyMed,
8
images,
HH
and
HV:
OA
=
80%
Wednesday, September 25, 13
22. Forest
Biomass
from
SAR
and
LiDAR
Tanase,
M,
R.
Panciera,
K.
Lowell,
C.
Aponte,
J.
M.
Hacker,
J.
P.
Walker,
“Forest
Biomass
Es9ma9on
at
High
Spa9al
Resolu9on:
Radar
vs.
Lidar
sensors”,
accepted
for
publica9on,
IEEE
Geoscience
and
Remote
Sensing
Le_ers;
21
Wednesday, September 25, 13
23. CollaboraIons
• Consiglio
Nazionale
della
Ricerca,
Italy
–
AcIve
microwave
&
land
cover
mapping
• Jet
Propulsion
Laboratory,
Pasadena
–
AcIve
Microwave
(SMAP
mission)
• United
States
Department
of
Agriculture
–
AcIve/passive
microwave
(SMAP
mission)
• European
Space
Agency
–
Passive
microwave
(SMOS
mission)
• Australian
Defence
Science
and
Technology
OrganisaAon
(DSTO)
–
Airborne
SAR
development/calibraIon
• Barcelona
SMOS
Expert
Centre
–
SMOS/MODIS
soil
moisture
product
22
Wednesday, September 25, 13