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La curva di Budyko
                                                              Idrologia ed ecosistemi

                      Franco Fontana, Puglia immaginaria




                                                                Riccardo Rigon

Friday, March 8, 13
Budyko



                                         ovvero l’idrologia e la classificazione del clima da un
                                                  semplice bilancio di massa ed energia
  After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974




                                           L’equazione di conservazione della massa d’acqua si può scrivere




                                                                                                              2

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
Budyko




                                         L’equazione di conservazione della massa d’acqua si può scrivere
  After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974




                                         stoccaggio di umidità del suolo                intervallo temporale
                                                       evapotranspiratione

                                                                   Precipitazioni
                                                                               Runoff



                                                                                                               3

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
Budyko




                                         Inoltre:
  After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974




                                                    4

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
Budyko




                                                      Inoltre
  After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974




                                                           deflusso
                                         Deflusso       subsuperficiale
                                            Deflusso superficiale Ricarica degli acquiferi




                                                                                             5

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
Budyko




            Budyko esamino bacini con area




            Inoltre scelse una scala temporale      in modo da poter trascurare il
            membro di sinistra dell’equazione. Egli verificò che i termini di flusso
            sono assai variabilisu scala annuale e quindi scelse




                                                                                       6

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
Budyko




            Budyko esamino bacini con area




            per minimizzare gli effetti delle acque sotterranee, che assunse essere
            trascurabili, e per eliminare effetti locali dal calcolo di ET


            Inoltre scelse una scala temporale      in modo da poter trascurare il
            membro di sinistra dell’equazione. Egli verificò che i termini di flusso
            sono assai variabilisu scala annuale e quindi scelse




                                                                                       6

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
Budyko




              Dal bilancio di massa




              Si deduce che il massimo di Evapotraspirazione si ottiene quando Q=0
              e il primo membro si possa trascurare e dunque:


                      ET   max   =P



                                                                                     7

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
Budyko




            Considerando




            quando l’energia è limitante, Il massimo possibile di ET si ha quando H=
            0, il primo membro si può trascurare e quindi l’evapotraspirazione
            uguaglia la radiazione. Allora, si ha in generale:




            dove il pedice “max” sta ad indicare la massima evapotraspirazione possibile



                                                                                           8

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
Budyko




              Ovvero, quando il fattore limitante è l’energia:




              e:




              ovvero:




                                                                 9

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
Budyko




           Introducendo allora l’indice di aridità (di Budyko):




           Situazioni in cui
                  <1   o
           rappresentano ambienti “energy-limited” e, viceversa si hanno
           situazione “water-limited”



                                                                           10

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
Budyko




                       Modelli analitici semplici sono stati proposti nel corso del tempo per la
                       curva di Budyko
 Zhang et al. (2001)




                                                                                                   11

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
Budyko




                       Informazioni di sintesi assegnata la curva di
                       aridità

                                                Evapotraspirazione media
                                                annua:
 Zhang et al. (2001)




                                                Deflusso medio annuo




                                                                           12

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
Budyko


                      Ecologia ed Idrologia




                                              13

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
                                      G.Ulrici - Uomo dope aver lavorato alle slides , 2000 ?
                                                                                                Grazie per l’attenzione




                                 14
Simboli




                      Elenco dei simboli




                                           15

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
Simboli




                      Elenco dei simboli




                                           16

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
References




                •ALCAMO, J., Döll, P., HENRICHS, T., KASPAR, F., Lehner, B., RÖSCH, T., and SIEBERT, S. (2003).
                Global estimates of water withdrawals and availability under current and future “business-as-
                usual” conditions. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 48(3), 339–348. doi:10.1623/hysj.48.3.339.45278


                •Aeschbach-Hertig, W., & Gleeson, T. (2012). Regional strategies for the accelerating global
                problem of groundwater depletion. Nature Geoscience, 5(12), 853–861. doi:10.1038/ngeo1617


                •Amante C. & Eakins B.W., ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources
                and Analysis. National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, United States Department of
                Commerce, Boulder, CO, August 2008. Available www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/
                etopo1sources.html

                • Ball, P. - H2O, a biography of water, Phoenix ed., 1999
                •Batjes N.H., ISRIC-WISE Harmonized Global Soil Profile Dataset (Ver. 3.1), Wageningen: ISRIC -
                World Soil Information, 2008 (ISRIC Report 2008/02)


                •Baumgartner A. & Reichel E., The World Water Balance. Elsevier, New York, 179 p., 1975



                                                                                                                    17

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
References




   •Bertoldi, G., R. Rigon & T. M. Over, Impact of watershed geomorphic characteristics on the energy and
   water budgets, Jour. of Hydromet., vol. 7, n. 3, p. 389–403, 2006.


   •Budyko M.I., Evaporation under natural conditions, Gidrometeorizdat, Leningrad (1948) English translation
   by IPST, Jerusalem .


   •Budyko M.I., Climate and life, transl. and edit. by Miller, D. H., Academic Press, London, 1974

   •Dingman S., Physical Hydrology, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1994.

   •Donohue RJ, Roderick M, McVicar TR. 2007. On the importance of including vegetation dynamics in
   Budyko’s hydrological model. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11: 983–995.


   •F. Serafin, Sull’analisi climatica del tirolo mediante modellazione geostatistica e ricerca dei parametri per la
   descrizione di funzioni climatiche stagionali, tesi di laurea triennale, realtori R. Rigon e Matteo Dall’Amico,
   2011


   •Gentine, P., Troy, T. J., Lintner, B. J., & Findell, K. L. (2012). Scaling in Surface Hydrology: Progress and
   Challenges. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, 147, 28–40.


                                                                                                                       18

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
•Global Change in the Geosphere-Biosphere, NRC, 1986,

    •Hijmans R.J., Condori B., Carillo R., Kropff M.J., A quantitative and constraint-specific method to assess the
    potential impact of new agricultural technology: the case of frost resistant potato for the Altiplano (Peru and
    Bolivia). Agricultural Systems, vol. 76, p. 895–911, 2005.


    •Gentine, P., Troy, T. J., Lintner, B. J., & Findell, K. L. (2012). Scaling in Surface Hydrology: Progress and
    Challenges. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, 147, 28–40.


    •"i mille fiumi" di Arrigo Boetti e Anna-marie Sauzeau-Boetti

    •Lehner B. & Doll P., Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands.
    Journal of Hydrology Volume, vol. 296, p. 1-22, 2004


    •Lin, B., Stackhouse P.V. Jr., Minnis P., Wielicki B.A., Hu Y., Sun W., Fan T.-F. &, Hinkelman L.M., Assessment of
    global annual atmospheric energy balance from satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 113, D16114, doi:
    10.1029/2008JD009869, 2008



                                                                                                                     19

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
References




    •Lenton, T. (1998). Gaia and natural selection. Nature, 394, 439-447.

    • Mitchell, J.M., an overview of climate variability and its causal mechanisms, Quaternary Res., 6,
    481-493
    •Oki, T. (2006). Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources. Science, 313(5790), 1068–1072.
    doi:10.1126/science.1128845

    •Oldekop E., About evapotranspiration in riverine basins (in Russian). Jurjev (Tartu), 1911

    •Peixoto, J.P., and A. H., Oort, The Physics of Climate, AIP, 1992

    •Peixoto J.P. & Kettani M.A., The control of the water cycle, Sci. American, vol. 228, p. 46-61, 1973

    •Rabus B., Eineder M., Roth A. & Bamler R., The shuttle radar topography mission - a new class of digital
    elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing,
    vol. 57, p. 241-262, 2003


    •Rigon R., Bertoldi G. & T. M. Over, GEOtop: A distributed hydrological model with coupled water and
    energy budgets, Jour. of Hydromet., vol. 7, n. 3, p. 371- 388, 2006.



                                                                                                                20

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13
References




      •Shiklomanov I.A. & Sokolov A.A., Methodological basis of world water balance investigation and
      computation. In: New Approaches in Water Balance Computations. IAHS Publ. no. 148, p. 77-90, 1983


      •Shiklomanov, I. A. (2000). World water resources: a new appraisal and assessment for the 21st century;
      1998, 1–40.
      •Simoni S., F. Zanotti, G. Bertoldi & R. Rigon, Modelling the probability of occurrence of shallow
      landslides and channelized debris flows using GEOtop-FS, Hydrol. Proc., vol. 22, n. 4, p. 532-545, 2007.


      •Voisin, N., Wood, A. W., & LETTENMAIER, D. P. (2008). Evaluation of Precipitation Products for Global
      Hydrological Prediction. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 9(3), 388–407. doi:10.1175/2007JHM938.1



      •Wallace J.M. & Hobbs P.V., Atmospheric Science An Introductory Survey. Academic Press. New York.
      467pp., 1997


      •Zhang L., Dawes W.R. & Walker G.R., Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetation
      changes at catchment scale, Water Resour. Res., vol. 37, p. 701–708, 2001.




                                                                                                                 21

 R. Rigon
Friday, March 8, 13

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1c introduzione all'idrologia

  • 1. La curva di Budyko Idrologia ed ecosistemi Franco Fontana, Puglia immaginaria Riccardo Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 2. Budyko ovvero l’idrologia e la classificazione del clima da un semplice bilancio di massa ed energia After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974 L’equazione di conservazione della massa d’acqua si può scrivere 2 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 3. Budyko L’equazione di conservazione della massa d’acqua si può scrivere After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974 stoccaggio di umidità del suolo intervallo temporale evapotranspiratione Precipitazioni Runoff 3 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 4. Budyko Inoltre: After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974 4 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 5. Budyko Inoltre After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974 deflusso Deflusso subsuperficiale Deflusso superficiale Ricarica degli acquiferi 5 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 6. Budyko Budyko esamino bacini con area Inoltre scelse una scala temporale in modo da poter trascurare il membro di sinistra dell’equazione. Egli verificò che i termini di flusso sono assai variabilisu scala annuale e quindi scelse 6 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 7. Budyko Budyko esamino bacini con area per minimizzare gli effetti delle acque sotterranee, che assunse essere trascurabili, e per eliminare effetti locali dal calcolo di ET Inoltre scelse una scala temporale in modo da poter trascurare il membro di sinistra dell’equazione. Egli verificò che i termini di flusso sono assai variabilisu scala annuale e quindi scelse 6 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 8. Budyko Dal bilancio di massa Si deduce che il massimo di Evapotraspirazione si ottiene quando Q=0 e il primo membro si possa trascurare e dunque: ET max =P 7 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 9. Budyko Considerando quando l’energia è limitante, Il massimo possibile di ET si ha quando H= 0, il primo membro si può trascurare e quindi l’evapotraspirazione uguaglia la radiazione. Allora, si ha in generale: dove il pedice “max” sta ad indicare la massima evapotraspirazione possibile 8 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 10. Budyko Ovvero, quando il fattore limitante è l’energia: e: ovvero: 9 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 11. Budyko Introducendo allora l’indice di aridità (di Budyko): Situazioni in cui <1 o rappresentano ambienti “energy-limited” e, viceversa si hanno situazione “water-limited” 10 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 12. Budyko Modelli analitici semplici sono stati proposti nel corso del tempo per la curva di Budyko Zhang et al. (2001) 11 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 13. Budyko Informazioni di sintesi assegnata la curva di aridità Evapotraspirazione media annua: Zhang et al. (2001) Deflusso medio annuo 12 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 14. Budyko Ecologia ed Idrologia 13 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 15. R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13 G.Ulrici - Uomo dope aver lavorato alle slides , 2000 ? Grazie per l’attenzione 14
  • 16. Simboli Elenco dei simboli 15 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 17. Simboli Elenco dei simboli 16 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 18. References •ALCAMO, J., Döll, P., HENRICHS, T., KASPAR, F., Lehner, B., RÖSCH, T., and SIEBERT, S. (2003). Global estimates of water withdrawals and availability under current and future “business-as- usual” conditions. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 48(3), 339–348. doi:10.1623/hysj.48.3.339.45278 •Aeschbach-Hertig, W., & Gleeson, T. (2012). Regional strategies for the accelerating global problem of groundwater depletion. Nature Geoscience, 5(12), 853–861. doi:10.1038/ngeo1617 •Amante C. & Eakins B.W., ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, United States Department of Commerce, Boulder, CO, August 2008. Available www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/ etopo1sources.html • Ball, P. - H2O, a biography of water, Phoenix ed., 1999 •Batjes N.H., ISRIC-WISE Harmonized Global Soil Profile Dataset (Ver. 3.1), Wageningen: ISRIC - World Soil Information, 2008 (ISRIC Report 2008/02) •Baumgartner A. & Reichel E., The World Water Balance. Elsevier, New York, 179 p., 1975 17 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 19. References •Bertoldi, G., R. Rigon & T. M. Over, Impact of watershed geomorphic characteristics on the energy and water budgets, Jour. of Hydromet., vol. 7, n. 3, p. 389–403, 2006. •Budyko M.I., Evaporation under natural conditions, Gidrometeorizdat, Leningrad (1948) English translation by IPST, Jerusalem . •Budyko M.I., Climate and life, transl. and edit. by Miller, D. H., Academic Press, London, 1974 •Dingman S., Physical Hydrology, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1994. •Donohue RJ, Roderick M, McVicar TR. 2007. On the importance of including vegetation dynamics in Budyko’s hydrological model. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11: 983–995. •F. Serafin, Sull’analisi climatica del tirolo mediante modellazione geostatistica e ricerca dei parametri per la descrizione di funzioni climatiche stagionali, tesi di laurea triennale, realtori R. Rigon e Matteo Dall’Amico, 2011 •Gentine, P., Troy, T. J., Lintner, B. J., & Findell, K. L. (2012). Scaling in Surface Hydrology: Progress and Challenges. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, 147, 28–40. 18 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 20. •Global Change in the Geosphere-Biosphere, NRC, 1986, •Hijmans R.J., Condori B., Carillo R., Kropff M.J., A quantitative and constraint-specific method to assess the potential impact of new agricultural technology: the case of frost resistant potato for the Altiplano (Peru and Bolivia). Agricultural Systems, vol. 76, p. 895–911, 2005. •Gentine, P., Troy, T. J., Lintner, B. J., & Findell, K. L. (2012). Scaling in Surface Hydrology: Progress and Challenges. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, 147, 28–40. •"i mille fiumi" di Arrigo Boetti e Anna-marie Sauzeau-Boetti •Lehner B. & Doll P., Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. Journal of Hydrology Volume, vol. 296, p. 1-22, 2004 •Lin, B., Stackhouse P.V. Jr., Minnis P., Wielicki B.A., Hu Y., Sun W., Fan T.-F. &, Hinkelman L.M., Assessment of global annual atmospheric energy balance from satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 113, D16114, doi: 10.1029/2008JD009869, 2008 19 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 21. References •Lenton, T. (1998). Gaia and natural selection. Nature, 394, 439-447. • Mitchell, J.M., an overview of climate variability and its causal mechanisms, Quaternary Res., 6, 481-493 •Oki, T. (2006). Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources. Science, 313(5790), 1068–1072. doi:10.1126/science.1128845 •Oldekop E., About evapotranspiration in riverine basins (in Russian). Jurjev (Tartu), 1911 •Peixoto, J.P., and A. H., Oort, The Physics of Climate, AIP, 1992 •Peixoto J.P. & Kettani M.A., The control of the water cycle, Sci. American, vol. 228, p. 46-61, 1973 •Rabus B., Eineder M., Roth A. & Bamler R., The shuttle radar topography mission - a new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, vol. 57, p. 241-262, 2003 •Rigon R., Bertoldi G. & T. M. Over, GEOtop: A distributed hydrological model with coupled water and energy budgets, Jour. of Hydromet., vol. 7, n. 3, p. 371- 388, 2006. 20 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13
  • 22. References •Shiklomanov I.A. & Sokolov A.A., Methodological basis of world water balance investigation and computation. In: New Approaches in Water Balance Computations. IAHS Publ. no. 148, p. 77-90, 1983 •Shiklomanov, I. A. (2000). World water resources: a new appraisal and assessment for the 21st century; 1998, 1–40. •Simoni S., F. Zanotti, G. Bertoldi & R. Rigon, Modelling the probability of occurrence of shallow landslides and channelized debris flows using GEOtop-FS, Hydrol. Proc., vol. 22, n. 4, p. 532-545, 2007. •Voisin, N., Wood, A. W., & LETTENMAIER, D. P. (2008). Evaluation of Precipitation Products for Global Hydrological Prediction. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 9(3), 388–407. doi:10.1175/2007JHM938.1 •Wallace J.M. & Hobbs P.V., Atmospheric Science An Introductory Survey. Academic Press. New York. 467pp., 1997 •Zhang L., Dawes W.R. & Walker G.R., Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetation changes at catchment scale, Water Resour. Res., vol. 37, p. 701–708, 2001. 21 R. Rigon Friday, March 8, 13