This document discusses the origins and growth of cities from ancient times to the present. It outlines three major transformations: the development of agriculture around 7000 BC, the pre-industrial revolution which brought about the first cities, and the industrial revolution in the 18th-19th centuries. Various theories on the origins of urbanization are presented, including the importance of irrigation systems, trade networks, military defenses, and religious centers in early city formation. The document also covers definitions of urban areas and the concept of town planning, highlighting goals of health, convenience, and beauty. Principles of zoning and its necessity are explained.

1. TOWN AND URBAN PLANNING STUDIO
FOURTH YEAR B.ARCH 2015-2016
INTRODUCTION TO TOWN
AND URBAN PLANNING

2. THE ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF CITIES
AN URBANISING WORLD
THREE MAJOR TRANSFORMATIONS THAT HAVE ALTERED THE
COURSE OF HUMAN LIFE
• DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE (7000 BC)
•PRE-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WHICH BROUGHT CITIES INTO
BEING
•INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)

3. DEFINITION OF AN URBAN AREA
HOW WOULD YOU DEFINE AN URBAN AREA OR URBANISM?
SIMPLEST DEFINITION OF URBANISM WOULD BE
The confederation or union of neighboring clans resorting to a
centre used as a common meeting place for worship, protection etc, hence the
political or sovereign body formed by such a community
URBAN AREAS CAN BE DEFINED AS
A composition of cells, neighborhoods or
communities where people work together for the
common good.
It can also be defined as locations where
there is opportunity for a diverse type of living
environment and lifestyles.
ARTHUR.B.GALLION (THE URBAN PATTERN)

4. FROM CAVE TO VILLAGE
URBANISM STARTED IN
CAVES
Villages set up on fertile soils
with adequate water supply.

5. A VILLAGE
• SITES THAT OFFERED NATURAL DEFENCES/ PROTECTION
• APPROPRIATE SANCTUARY FOR THE ALTAR OF THEIR
DEITY
• MEETING PLACE FOR ASSEMBLY
• CENTRE FOR TRADE

6. FROM VILLAGE TO TOWNS AND CITIES
HOW CITIES CAME INTO BEING
• AS A RESULT OF CROP GROWING AND STOCK BREEDING ON A
SOMEWHAT PERMANENT BASIS
• PRODUCTION OF GRAINS THAT COULD BE STORED
• THIS OFFERED STABILITY AND INSURANCE AGAINST STARVATION
• ABILITY TO PRESERVE FOOD MADE POSSIBLE THE DIVERSIFICATION OF
ACTIVITIES
• THIS DIVERSIFICATION PROVIDED EMPLOYMENT IN VARIOUS FORMS
AS A RESULT VILLAGES OR HAMLETS ENLARGED INTO TOWNS AND
CITIES
ARTHUR.B.GALLION (THE URBAN PATTERN)

7. THEORIES OF URBAN ORIGIN
 HYDRAULIC THEORY ( IDENTIFIED BY WITTFOGEL (1957)
PRINCIPLE CHARACTERISTICS:
• Permits intensification of agriculture
• Division of labor
• Co-operation on large scale
AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION CONCENTRATION OF POPULATION
NEED OF MANAGERS AND
BUREACRATS
• DIVISION OF LABOR
• CENTRALISATION OF POWER
• ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
EMERGENCE OF TOWNS
• IRRIGATION OF UTMOST IMPORTANCE FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT
• NEED FOR LARGE-SCALE WATER MANAGEMENT REQUIRED CENTARALISED CO-
ORDINATION AND DIRECTION, WHICH IN TURN REQUIRED CONCENTRATED
SETTLEMENT

8. THEORIES OF URBAN ORIGIN
 ECONOMIC THEORY
Development of complex large scale trading networks stimulated the growth
of urban society
IMPORT AND
EXPORT OF GOODS
ADMINISTRATION POWER EXTENDED
TO OTHER
ASPECTS
NEED TO EXPAND
TRADE AS WELL AS
FEED THE POPULACE
UNCLEAR IF TRADE WAS CAUSE OF CITY GROWTH OR PRODUCT OF ALREADY
EXISTING ADMINISTRATIVE ELITE
IRRIGATION – KEY FACTOR IN GROWTH OF PRE-INDUSTRIAL CITIES IN THE
WORLD
SMALLER
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
CERTAIN
MANAGEMENT
EXPANDED
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
GREATER
MANAGEMENT

9.  MILITARY THEORY
THEORIES OF URBAN ORIGIN
SOME THEORISTS SUGGEST THAT ORIGIN OF CITIES LAY IN
• NEED FOR PEOPLE TO GATHER TOGETHER FOR PROTECTION AGAINST AN EXTERNAL THREAT
• INITIAL AGGLOMERATION LEADING TO SUBSEQUENT URBAN EXPANSION
• URBAN THEORIST WHEATLY BELIEVED THAT WARFARE MAY HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE
INTENSIFICATION OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT
• ALSO BY INDUCING A CONCENTRATION OF POPULATION FOR DEFENSIVE PURPOSES BY
STIMLATING CRAFT SPECIALISATION.
 RELIGIOUS THEORY
• FOCUS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF A WELL DEVELOPED POWER STRUCTURE FOR FORMATION
AND PERPETUATION OF URBAN PLACES
• POWER APPROPRIATED INTO THE HANDS OF RELIGIOUS ELITE
• CONTROLLED THE DISPOSAL OF SURPLUS PRODUCE PROVIDED AS OFFERING
• EVIDENCE OF SHRINES AND TEMPLES IN ANCIENT URBAN SITES
• RELIGION PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT PART IN THE PROCESS OF SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION THAT
CREATED CITIES
• UNLIKELY TO HAVE BEEN THE SOLE FACTOR

10. RISE OF CIVILIZATION SERIES OF INTERACTIVE
INCREMENTAL PROCESSES
TRIGGERED BY FAVORABLE
ECOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL
CONDITIONS
DEVELOPED THROUGH
MUTUALLY REINFORCED
INTERACTIONS
RISE OF CIVILIZATION

11. GROWTH OF TOWNS
POLIS :
• SMALL URBAN UNIT
• SELF CONTAINED COMMUNITY
• HAVING A COMMON DEITY, TEMPLE, MARKET PLACE ETC
TOWNS BEHAVE LIKE LIVING CREATURES AND HAVE THEIR OWN CYCLE OF GROWTH
THE FOUR IMPORTANT STAGES OF CITY GROWTH, GENERALLY RECOGNIZED ARE AS FOLLOWS:
METROPOLIS (MOTHER CITY):
• CITY GROWN TO ITS FULL STATURE
• LARGE POPULATION AND HIGH POTENTIALITIES
• COMMAND OF LAND OR WATER, DEFENSIBLE SITE, FACILITIES FOR PUBLIC SERVICES SUCH
AS TRANSPORT, WATER SUPPLY, DRAINAGE, ELECTRICITY ETC
MEGLOPOLIS :
• OVERGROWN INTO A MESS DUE TO OVER EXPANSION, OVER INVESTMENT, MANIA FOR
EVERYTHING ON A GIGANTIC AND MASS SCALE
• MULTI-STOREYED BUILDINGS, MULTITRACK ROADS, MASS CONSTRUCTION, MASS
TRANSPORTATION, HIGHLY MECHANISED TRANSPORT ETC.
NEKROPOLIS :
• CITY OF DEAD
• CITIES WIPED OUT DUE TO NATURAL CALAMITIES, WARS, DISEASES OR DEPRESSION
• ONLY AN OBJECT OF HISTORICAL OR ARCHEOLOGICAL INTEREST (OLD ROME, BABYLON
ETC )

12. PLANNING AND CONCEPT OF TOWN PLANNING
CONCEPT OF PLANNING
• PRE-THINKING AND PRE-ARRANGING THINGS BEFORE AN EVENT
• TO ACHIEVE GOOD RESULTS IN HEALTH, CONVINIENCE, COMFORT AND HAPPINESS
• ERADICATE MISTAKES OF THE PAST AND BE WISER FOR THE FUTURE
TOWN OR CITY IS A PLACE FOR URBAN LIVING.
• URBAN MEANS – AN ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH NATURAL SURROUNDINGS ARE
DOMINATED BY ARTIFICAL OR MAN-MADE SURROUNDINGS, WHICH MAN BUILDS FOR
HIS LIVING, WORKING AND RECREATION.
CONCEPT OF TOWN PLANNING
• ART OF SHAPING AND GUIDING THE PHYSICAL GROWTH OF THE TOWN CREATING
BUILDINGS AND ENVIRONMENTS
• MEET VARIOUS NEEDS SUCH AS SOCIAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC AND
RECREATIONAL
• PROVIDE HEALTHY CONDITIONS FOR ALL PEOPLE TO LIVE, WORK, PLAY AND RELAX
• THUS, BRING ABOUT SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING
THOUGH THE TERM APPLIES TO PLANNING OF NEW TOWNS, CITIES ON VIRGIN
LAND, IT ALSO EQUALLY TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THEIR DEVELOPMENT,
IMPROVEMENT OF THE EXISTING TOWNS AND THEIR EXTENSIONS.

13. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF TOWN PLANNING
MAIN OBJECTIVES ACCORDING TO TOWN PLANNING ACT CAN BE SUMMERISED IN THREE
WORDS:
 HEALTH
• CREATE AND PROMOTE HEALTHY CONDITIONS AND ENVIRONMENTS FOR ALL TO
LIVE, WORK, PLAY OR RELAX.
• MAKE RIGHT USE OF LAND FOR THE RIGHT PURPOSE BY ZONING SO AS TO AVOID
ENCROACHMENT OF ONE ZONE UPON OTHER FOR SMOOTH AND ORDERLY
DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT CAUSING FUTURE CONFLICTS.
 CONVINIENCE
• OBJECT OF CONVINIENCE IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY
SUCH AS SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, CULTURAL AND RECREATIONAL AMENITIES.
• PROPER UPKEEP OF THE AMENITIES PROVIDED
 BEAUTY
• TO PRESERVE THE INDIVIDUALITY OF THE TOWN BY DEVELOPING IT ON ITS MOST
SUITED NATURAL CONDITIONS
• PRESERVE THE ASTHETICS IN THE DESIGN OF ALL ELEMENTS OF TOWN OR CITY
PLAN

14. PRINCIPLES OF TOWN PLANNING
• NO HAPHAZARD METHOD IN PLANNING PROCESS
• HOUSING ACCOMODATION TO VARIOUS CLASSES OF PEOPLE SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO DEVELOP.
• CIVIC AMENITIES (SHOPPING CENTRES, DISPENSERIES, SCHOOLS, ETC) SHOULD BE PROVIDED
TO ALL RESIDENTS.
• ADEQUATE OPEN SPACES SHOULD BE RESERVED FOR PUBLIC RECREATION AND FUTURE
EXPANSION OF TOWNS
• PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC BUILDINGS SHOULD BE GROUPED AND DISTRIBUTED NEATLY
THROUGHOUT THE TOWN
• ZONING TO BE STRICTLY FOLLOWED. TOWN SHOULD BE DIVIDED INTO SUITABLE ZONES SUCH AS
RECREATIONAL, COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL, RECREATIONAL ETC
• GROWTH OF TOWNS TO BE CONTROLLED BY GREEN BELTS (GREEN BELTS ARE PRIMALY MEANT FOR
INTENSIVE CULTIVATION, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. CAN ALSO DOUBLE UP AS PARKS, PLAYGROUNDS AND PICNIC SPOTS
ETC)

15. NECESSITY OF TOWN PLANNING
• SUBURBAN SPRAWL HAS ENTIRELY ENGULFED EVERY TOWN AND CITY.
• LONG UNCOMFORTABLE JOURNEY FROM PLACE OF RESIDENCE TO PLACE OF WORK
• TRAFFIC CONGESTION
• NOISE AND AIR POLLUTION
• INDUSTRIAL POPULATION GIVEN RISE TO THE FORMATION OF SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS, SLUMS
ETC
• INSUFFICIENT OPEN SPACES, PARKS, PLAYGROUNDS HAVE CAUSED UNHEALTHY CONDITIONS OF
LIVING
• LACK OF PUBLIC AMENITIES SUCH AS WATER SUPPLY, DRAINAGE, SANITATION, ELECTRICITY ETC.
TOWN PLANNING AS A TEAM WORK
• ENGINEER – DESIGN AND EXECUTE INFRASTUCTURE AND SERVICES
• ARCHITECT – ADVISE ON ASETHETICS OF THE BUILDINGS AND OTHER ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS
• LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT – DESIGN AND ADVISE ON THE GREEN SPACES / OPEN SPACES
• SOCIOLOGIST- REPORT ON SOCIO-CULTURAL, SOCIO- ECONOMIC STATURE OF THE CITY DWELLERS
• GEOGRAPHER – REPORT ON THE NATURAL CONFIGURATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES ETC
• ECOLOGIST – STUDY THE ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY THAT INFLUENCES PEOPLE’S LIFE, WORK AND PLAY
• ADMINISTRATOR – LOOK AFTER THE PROPER AND ORDERLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOWN

16. ZONING AND THE NECESSITY OF ZONING
• DEFINITION:
CREATION BY LAW, DISTRICTS OR ZONES FOR THE SPECIFIED USE SO AS TO SECURE
THE CONVINIENCE, HEALTH, SAFETY AND GENERAL WELFARE OF THE COMMUNITY.
• THE THREE IMPORTANT ZONES
1. RESIDENTIAL 2. COMMERCIAL 3. INDUSTRIAL
• AREAS MEANT FOR RECREATION ARE SAID TO BE ‘RESERVED’ FOR RECREATIONAL PURPOSES
AND NOT ‘ZONED’ FOR IT.
• ESSENCE OF ZONING:
a. UTILIZATION OF AVAILABLE LAND TO THE RIGHT USE
b. CORRECT LOCATION EACH ZONE WITH RESPECT TO THE OTHERS SO THAT THERE IS
NO CONFLICT IN USES AND NO NUISSANCE
c. HEIGHT AND VOLUME OF THE BUILDINGS TO BE CONTROLLED
d. CHARACTER OR USE OF THE ZONE
e. DENSITY OR COVERAGE OF THE PLOT
f. FACADES OF THE BUILDINGS
MOST OF THE EVILS OF OUR TOWNS ARE DUE TO LACK OF ZONING AND THAT IS
WHY ZONING IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE ESSENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING.