The file is of literature review and case studies done by the batchmates of B.arch 074 : Priyanka Karn, Ujjwal Dev, Prakash Roka Magar, Snadip Seth, Ritesh Adhikari, Mukesh Kr. Sah

1. LITERATURE REVIEW
REDEVELOPMENT OF MACHHA BHAUDI
PROCESS OF DECAY WHEREBY PREVIOUSLY
FUNCTIONING CITY, OR PART OF THE CITY,
FALLS INTO DISREPAIR AND DECREPITUDE.
URBAN REDEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT ON THE SITE THAT HAS PRE
EXISTING USES BY CREATING NEW URBAN
STRUCTURE IN POOR QUALITY
NEIGHBORHOOD WITH NEW INTERVENTIONS
FOR PHYSICAL ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT.
▪ FILTRATION
TYPES OF REDEVELOPMENT
▪ URBAN INFILL: ANY NEW CONSTRUCTION
ON THE SITE THAT ALREADY HAS PRE-
EXISTING USES IS KNOWN AS URBAN
INFILL.
▪ UNDEVELOPED INNER CORE CREATING
CERTAIN DEAD ENDS AS INTERNAL STREETS
▪ SOLID WASTE, SEWAGE OR WASTE WATER
MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS
▪ STREETS LACKING ENCLOSURE, ACTIVITY AND
MOVEMENT WITH NO PROPER FOOTPATHS
AND PARALLEL PARKING SPACES.
▪ LACK OF DEDICATED PUBLIC SPACES CAUSING
DECLINATION OF CULTURAL RICHNESS
PROBLEMS OF SITE
▪ TO DEVELOP INTEGRATED MIX-USED
DEVELOPMENT WITH PROPORTIONATE
APPROACHES SOLVING THE HAPHAZARD
PLANNING.
▪ TO REVIVE THE LOST CHARM OF JATRAS,
EVENTS AND RITUALS PROVIDING PUBLIC OPEN
SPACES AND PROPER STREETS TO PERFORM IT
IN A BIGGER AND BETTER WAY.
▪ TO DEVELOP SMALL SCALE COMMERCIAL
ACTIVITIES OF MACHHA BHAUDI IN A
MANAGED WAY TO SUPPORT INCOME
GENERATING ACTIVITIES.
INTRODUCTION TO
MACHHA BHAUDI
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
SITE INFORMATION
SOCIO- CULTURAL ASPECT
OUR OBJECTIVES
MACHHA BHAUDI IS LOW LAND IN TERMS
OF PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS DUE TO
WHICH THE WASH WATER
SURROUNDING USED TO GET
COLLECTED AS FLASH FLOOD. ALSO, IN
THE PAST TIME BEFORE THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF DHARAN
MUNICIPALITY, MACHHA BHAUDI AREA
WAS REGARDED AS THE FIRST
SETTLEMENT AREA AND A CENTER FOR
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF DHARAN CITY
BUT NOW IT IS A QUIET, LESS VIBRANT
AREA WITH MORE RESIDENTIAL UNITS
AND LESS COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES
APPROACHING TO MIXED USED AS A
TREND OF DEVELOPMENT.
URBAN DECAY/ BLIGHT
▪ SITE AREA: 21837.5 SQ. M
▪ ALTITUDE :310M
▪ SLOPE DIFFERENCE: 11 M
▪ NO. OF HOUSES- 85 INSIDE,
177 (WITHIN NEIGHBORHOOD)
PHYSICAL CONTEXT
▪ OPEN SPACE: 60%
▪ BUILT FORM: 40%
▪ POPULATION: 815 PERSON
APPROX.
▪ POPULATION DENSITY:
▪ 0.0372 PEOPLE/ SQ. M
▪ RELIGION: HINDU,
BUDDHIST
▪ CASTE MAJORITY: RAI,
LIMBU,NEWAR
▪ CASTE MINORITY: BRAHMIN,
CHHETRI, TAMANG
▪ BROWN FIELD- DEVELOPMENT OF PREVIOUSLY
USED FOR INDUSTRIAL PROPERTIES WHICH HAS
CAUSED BOTH LAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAMINATION DUE TO HAZARDOUS WASTE
▪ GENTRIFICATION- DEVELOPMENT OF AN
AREA BY DISPLACEMENT OF WORKING-
CLASS RESIDENTS OF A NEIGHBORHOOD
BY WEALTHIER PROFESSIONALS
▪ GREENFIELD- REAL ESTATE CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT ON PREVIOUSLY UNDEVELOPED
LAND OR RURAL AREA THAT WAS
PREVIOUSLY USED FOR AGRICULTURAL OR
LANDSCAPE PURPOSE.
▪ MIXED- USE REDEVELOPMENT:
DEVELOPMENT CONTAINING MULTI-
FUNCTIONAL APPROACHES THROUGH
RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL USES
▪ ADAPTIVE REUSE: THE PROCESS OF LAND
DEVELOPMENT TO REVITALIZE PHYSICAL,
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FABRIC OF URBAN
SPACE IS KNOWN AS ADAPTIVE REUSE.
▪ TOWN PLANNING SCHEME:
CREATING BUILDINGS AND
ENVIRONMENTS TO MEET
THE NEEDS OF THE PUBLIC
▪ JOINT DEVELOPMENT MODEL
▪ GUIDED URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS: REFERS
TO SET OF GUIDELINES OR BYELAWS THAT
SPECIFIES NORMS AND RULES
▪ LAND POOLING AND RECONSTITUTION:
MANAGEMENT OF URBAN-FRINGE LANDS TO
CONSOLIDATES A SELECTED GROUP OF LAND
PARCELS FOR PROVISION OF INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT
▪ BOOT-STRAP STRATEGY
1

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
COMMERCIAL PLACE REDEVELOPMENT
COMMERCIAL SPACE REDEVELOPMENT MEANS THAT
MODIFING THE CURRENT STATE OF COMMERCIAL
SPACES THROUGH RIGHT DESIGN ATTRITUBES MAKING
SENSE OF PLACE ,THAT EHNANCE THE USEREXPERIENCE
AND LEADS TO GROWTH OF ECONOMY OF LOCAL
PEOPLE.
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR COMMERCIAL PLACE
PEDESTRAIN FRIENDLY NEIGHBORHOODS
ONE OF THE DISTINCTIONS OF MOST OF OUR
COMMERCIAL NEIGHBORHOODS IS THEIR
USABILITY BY PEDESTRIANS.
MAIN ENTRIES SHOULD OCCUR ALONG STREET
SIDE OF BUILDINGS
MAIN BUILDING ENTRIES
STREET FRONTAGES SHOULD NOT BE DOMINATED
BY PARKING AND DRIVEWAYS. WHERE PARKING IS
REQUIRED IT SHOULD OCCUR AT THE REAR OR
SIDES OF A PROJECT.
PARKING VISUALLY PROMINENT SITES
ON VISUALLY PROMINENT SITES, THE BUILDING
HAS AN IMPORTANT RESPONSIBILITY FOR
DEFINING THE CHARACTER OF THE
SURROUNDING NEIGHBORHOOD. PROJECTS ON
SUCH SITES SHOULD CLEARLY RESPOND TO THE
STREET AND TO THE ADJACENT ARCHITECTURE.
VISUALLY PROMINENT SITES
GATEWAY SITES DO NOT JUSTIFY MONUMENTAL
BUILDINGS. HUMAN SCALE IS IMPORTANT HERE AS
EVERYWHERE. GATEWAY SITES DO JUSTIFY A HIGH
LEVEL OF REFINEMENT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
AND DETAIL. DESIGN PROFESSIONALS SHOULD
CONSIDER BUILDINGS AS IMPORTANT PARTS OF A
LARGER COMMUNITY.
GATEWAY SITES
COMMERCIAL PROJECTS SHOULD BE
ARCHITECTURALLY COMPATIBLE WITH THE
EXISTING FABRIC OF THE COMMERCIAL
NEIGHBORHOOD. PROJECTS SHOULD INCLUDE
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES AND FORMS THAT
HARMONIZE WITH THE BUILDINGS THAT EXIST IN
THE NEIGHBORHOOD.
ARCHITECTURAL COMPATIBILITY MASS, BULK, SCALE
THE TERM MASS REPRESENTS THE OVERALL
APPEARANCE OF THE BUILDING AND ITS
APPARENT SIZE AND SOLIDITY. MASS INCLUDES
ACTUAL AND APPARENT COMPONENTS. IT DOES
NOT NECESSARILY REFER TO THE ACTUAL SIZE OF
A BUILDING, BUT TO THE APPARENT SIZE.
MANAGING THE MASS AND BULK OF A BUILDING IS A
FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN TASK THAT MUST BE
CONSIDERED FROM THE EARLIEST PART OF THE DESIGN
PROCESS. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT DESIGNERS CONSIDER
THESE CRITERIA AS SOON AS PLANS BEGIN TO EMERGE.
AS PLANS EVOLVE, TENANT SPACE PLANS AND
ARRANGEMENTS MAY CHANGE TO ACCOMMODATE
EXTERIOR CONSIDERATIONS.
MANAGING MASS AND BULK
BEYOND MAKING BUILDINGS SIMPLY SMALLER, THE
VOLUME OF A BUILDING CAN BE ARTICULATED INTO
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY VOLUMES. BY REDUCING
THE SIZE OF THE PRIMARY VOLUME AND
ALLOCATING SPACE TO SECONDARY VOLUMES, THE
APPARENT MASS IS REDUCED WITHOUT NECESSARILY
REDUCING SPACE.
A HUMAN SCALE BUILDING WILL FEEL RIGHT AND
WILL BE QUITE POSSIBLY UNNOTICED. A BUILDING
THAT IS OUT OF SCALE WILL SEEM LARGE AND CAN
MAKE THE USERS FEEL SMALL, SOMETIMES
OVERPOWERED.
HUMAN SCALE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ELEMENTS
THIS THIS NOT THIS
2

3. HOUSING:
HOUSING IS A SOCIAL UNIT, PLANNED ON NEIGHBORHOOD
OR COMMUNITY PRINCIPLE.
TYPES OF HOUSING:
CLUSTER HOUSING:
• RESULTED FROM SITE PLANNING OR NEWER ZONING.
• DWELLING UNITS ARE CLUSTERED INTO RELATIVELY
HIGH DENSITY UNITS.
• COST SAVING CAN BE CONSIDERABLE.
MATRIX HOUSING:
• MOST INTERESTING APPLICATION OF THE ATTACHED
DWELLING WITH PRIVATE COURT. THE DWELLINGS ARE
ARRANGED AROUND AN INNER COURT, AND MAXIMUM
DAYLIGHT PENETRATION.
• SOMETIMES CALLED CARPET HOUSING.
DWELLING UNIT
ROW HOUSING:
• THESE ARE LINE OF DWELLING UNITS, ATTACHED AT THE
SIDE OR REAR BY MEANS OF COMMON WALLS.
• THEY ARE CHARACTERIZED BY GREAT ECONOMY AND
ORDINARILY ROW HOUSES ARE TWO STORIES.
• THEY ARE NOT ADAPTABLE TO STEEP CONTOURS AND
DEFINED EITHER AS "COURT PLANS" OR "PARALLEL
ROW PLAN"
SINGLE FAMILY DETACHED HOUSING:
• LOCATED SEPARATELY & COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT
SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENCES.
• IT IS OFTEN DESCRIBED AS RANCH, HIGH RANCH, SPLIT
LEVEL OR TWO STORIES.
DUPLEX HOUSING:
• TWO OR MORE HOUSING UNITS FORM A GROUP AND
COMMON PARTY WALLS ARE JOINTLY OWNED.
QUADRUPLEX HOUSING:
• THE CONSOLIDATION OF FOUR SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSES
INTO ONE STRUCTURE UTILIZING COMMON WALL.
• GREATER USE OF TOTAL SITE FOR OUTDOOR LIVING IS
ACHIEVED.
COURT
DWELLING UNIT
SIDE TO SIDE ATTACHED
PARTY WALL
EACH OF 4 UNIT
LITERATURE REVIEW
HOUSING
NO. OF BHK AREA
(SQ. M.)
PLOT
(RO-AA-PA-DA)
2 BHK 80 0-2-2-0
3 BHK 140 0-4-2-0
5 BHK 180 0-5-3-0
URBAN DENSITY:
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS: (108-123) P/HA
ACCORDING TO KVTDC: (200-205) P/HA.
70%
4%
6%
20%
RESIDENTIAL
OPEN PLOT
SERVICE PLOT
ROAD LINKS
BLOCK SIZE:
• LENGTH - 100-200 M.
• DEPTH – 40-80 M.
DENSITIES BY RESIDENTIAL UNITS :
PLOT SIZE:
AREA: 80 SQ. M.
FRONTAGE: 6 M
DEPTH: 30- 50 M
PLOT SIZE DEPTH
0-2-2-0 TO 0-4-0-0 2 X WIDTH OF PLOT
0-4-0-0 TO 0-8-0-0 1.75 X WIDTH OF PLOT
0-8-0-0 TO 0-12-0-0 1.5 X WIDTH OF PLOT
TYPE OF BUILDING FAR HH/HA
SINGLE FAMILY ≤0.2 ≤12
TWO FAMILY DETACHED 0.3 18
ROW HOUSES 0.5 30
STACKED TOWN HOUSES 0.8 45
3 STOREY WALK-UP APARTMENTS 1.0 50
6 STOREY ELEVATOR APARTMENTS 1.4
3

4. LITERATURE REVIEW
MIXED USED REDEVELOPMENT
PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY REDEVELOPMENT THAT BLENDS OR
INTEGRATE TWO OR MORE RESEIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL,
CUILTURAL ,INSTUTUTIONAL, AND/ OR INDUSTRAIAL FUNCTIONS
TYPES OF MIXED USED REDEVELOPMENT
HORIZONTAL MIX USE REDEVELOPMENT
REFERS TO THOSE WHERE EACH
BUILDING HAS A DESIGNATED USE,
WITHIN A COMPLEX OR DEVELOPMENT
FILLED WITH BUILDINGS EACH WITH
THEIR OWN ASSIGNED USE
EVOLUTION OF MIX USED DEVELOPMENT
❑ TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF A MIXED USE COMMUNITY IN MEDIEVAL
VILLAGE.
❑ CONCEPT OF ZONING IN NEW YORK CITY IN 1916.
❑ 1926 ONWARDS, LAND USE IS SEGGREGATED INTO SEPARATE
DISTINCT AREAS.
❑ CLEEVELAND UNION TERMINAL (NOW CALL TOWN CITY
CENTER) OPENED IN 1930. TRUE EXAMPLE
▪ TRAIN STATION
▪ HARVEY SHOPS AND RESTURANTS
▪ DEPARTMENTAL STORE
▪ 18 STOREY MEDICAL ARTS BUILDING
STRATEGIES FOR MIXED USE REDEVELOPMENT
LIVE WORK PLAY – URBAN CONCEPT
NEED OF MIXED USE REDEVELOPMENT
❑ URBAN SPRAWL AND LOW DESITY EXPANSIONS
❑ LARGE SCALE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN FIELDS
❑ CREATION OF UNSAFE NEGATIVE SPACES IN THE CITY
❑ INCREASED REQUIREMENTS OF ROADS, SEWER AND WATER
SSYSTEMS
❑ LACK OF VIBRANCY AND A SENSE OF PLACE
❑ IT ENSURES VITALITY THROUGH ACTIVITY AND DIVERSITY
❑ IT MAKES AREAS SAFER.
❑ IT REDUCES THE NEED TO TRAVEL, MAKING PEOPLE LESS
RELIANT ON CARS
❑ WELCOME ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS.
INTRODUCTION :
WALKABLE MIX USE REDEVELOPMENT
PROVIDING ALL THOSE MIXED USED
FUCTIONS AT WALKABLE DISTANCES.
IT CAN BE FOUND ON BOTH THE
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL MIX USE
REDEVELOPMENT
VETICAL MIX USE REDEVELOPMENT
COMBINES DIFFERENT USES WITHIN THE
SAME BUILDING PROVIDING PUBLIC USES
ON THE LOWER FLOOR & PRIVATE USES
ON THE UPPER FLOORS
IMPORTANCE OF MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT
“LIVE, WORK, PLAY” HAS BECOME THE GOAL OF THE NEW
MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT.
COMPACT MIXED USE NODES REDUCE JOURNEY
REQUIREMENTS AND CREATE SUSTAINABLE
NEIGHBORHOODS
MAINTAIN EXISTING VEHICULAR
ACCESS, RELOCATE DRIVES AS
NEEDED, SHARE ACCESS WHERE
POSSIBLE, AND DISCOURAGE
ADDITIONAL VEHICULAR ACCESS
TO AN ARTERIAL STREET.
ENCOURAGE A HIGHER
FLOOR AREA RATIO FOR
COMMERCIAL
REDEVELOPMENT AND
SUPERMARKETS OR SPECIALTY
GROCERY STORES
ORIENT BUILDINGS TO THE STREET,
ESPECIALLY CORNERS.
INCORPORATE A VARIETY OF
RESIDENTIAL USE TYPES SUCH AS
ROW HOUSES, APARTMENT
BUILDINGS, APARTMENTS IN MIXED
USE BUILDINGS, LIVE-WORK UNITS,
AND SPECIAL NEEDS HOUSING.
THESE BUILDINGS COULD ALSO
SERVE AS A TRANSITION TO THE
EXISTING NEIGHBORHOOD.
ENCOURAGE A VERTICAL MIX OF
RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL
USE TYPES.
CREATE PUBLIC/SEMI-PUBLIC GREEN
OR OPEN SPACES SUCH AS PARKS,
PLAZAS, OR COMMUNITY GARDENS.
ESTABLISH OR REESTABLISH
AN INTERNAL PUBLIC OR
PRIVATE STREET NETWORK
WITHIN THE NODE THAT HAS
SUBSTANTIAL CONNECTIVITY
TO ADJACENT
NEIGHBORHOODS.
4

5. LITERATURE REVIEW
MIXED USED REDEVELOPMENT
➢ MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF
OVERSHADOWING ON EXISTING AND
FUTURE PUBLIC OPEN SPACE.
➢ MAXIMIZE PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE AND
ACTIVATION OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACE.
DWELLINGS AND COMMERCIAL
SPACES SHOULD ADDRESS THE PUBLIC
REALM.
LANDSCAPING
➢HIGH QUALITY LANDSCAPING THAT SOFTENS BUILT FORMS AND
POSITIVELY CONTRIBUTES TO URBAN AMENITY LIKE VEGETATIVE
BUFFERS, OPEN SPACE.
BUILDING FRONTAGE
BUILT FORM :
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR MIXED USE :
➢ FOCUS ON HUMAN SCALE DESIGN USING PODIUM AT
GROUND FLOOR TO ACHIEVE A HUMAN SCALE WITH AN
ATTRACTIVE AND ACTIVE STREET EXPERIENCE
➢ EFFECTIVE FAÇADE DETAILING AND ARTICULATION IMPROVE
STREETSCAPE MINIMISING THE PERCEIVED SCALE OF NEW
BLDGS.
• WHERE THE STREET PROPORTIONS AND CHARACTER ARE
STRONGLY DEFINED, RESPOND TO THOSE KEY FEATURES
• USE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
AND SPACINGS
BUILDING ACCESS AND PARKING
➢THE BUILDING SHALL BE DESIGNED IN A MANNER SO THAT
ITS HEIGHT DOES NOT OVERWHELM THE CHARACTER AND
SCALE OF OTHER BUILDINGS IN THE MIXED USED
DEVELOPMENT ZONES.
➢BUILDING HEIGHT SHALL NOT EXCEED 50 FEET.
PUBLIC OPEN SPACE
➢PROVIDE CLEARLY VISIBLE AND WELCOMING ENTRANCE.
➢INCORPORATE FEATURE AWNINGS, SIGNAGE OR
LANDSCAPE TREATMENTS TO HIGHLIGHT ENTRIES.
➢SEPARATE THE RESIDENT AND VISITOR ENTRIES FROM
COMMERCIAL ENTRIES, SERVICE AREAS AND LOADING
ZONES.
➢PRIORITIZE GREEN URBAN
GARDENS USING
PLANTING ON
STRUCTURES AND GREEN
WALLS IN PLACES SUCH AS
BUILDING ENTRIES,
ROOFTOP DECKS.
PASSIVE SURVELLIANCE
➢PROVIDE CLEARLY VISIBLE AND
WELCOMING ENTRANCE.
➢INCORPORATE FEATURE AWNINGS,
SIGNAGE OR LANDSCAPE TREATMENTS
TO HIGHLIGHT ENTRIES.
➢SEPARATE THE RESIDENT AND VISITOR
ENTRIES FROM COMMERCIAL ENTRIES,
SERVICE AREAS AND LOADING ZONES.
MATERIALS, TEXTURES & COLOURS
❑ INCORPORATE HIGH QUALITY MATERIALS, TEXTURES AND
COLOURS THAT RESPOND TO LOCAL CHARACTERISTICS. FOR
EXAMPLE, THE USE OF BRICK WITHIN THE STREET WALL/PODIUM
TO COMPLEMENT EXISTING TRADITIONAL STREETSCAPES IS
STRONGLY ENCOURAGED.
❑ MATERIALS SHOULD BE DURABLE, SUSTAINABLE AND ATTRACTIVE
AND MEET ALL RELEVANT BUILDING REGULATIONS.
PRIMARY FRONTGE SECONDARY FRONTAGE
RESIDENTIAL AREA
COMMERCIAL ZONE
➢PRIORITISE HIGH QUALITY STREETSCAPES AND PLEASANT
PEOPLE ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH CONSIDERED PARKING
AND ACCESS DESIGN THAT MINIMISES VISUAL AND
PHYSICAL IMPACTS
5

6. LITERATURE REVIEW
STREET SCAPE
SCALE : 1:1
SCALE : 1:2
SCALE : 1:3
MAXIMUM MINIMUM
MINOR STREETS 1:1.5 1:1
TYPICAL
STREETS
1:3 1:1.5
SQUARES 1:6 1:4
STREETSCAPE FOR COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL DESIDENTIAL
STREET ORIENTATION, PATTERN AND WIDENING
STREETS/WIDE MAIN AVENUES SHOULD BE ALIGNED IN
PARALLEL, OR UP TO 30 DEGREES TO THE PREVAILING
WIND DIRECTION
ORIENTATION OF
STREETS GRIDS
PATTERN OF STREETS
GRIDS
STREET WIDENING
PROPER LOTTING POOR LOTTING
PROPER POOR
WEAK BETTER WEAK BETTER
STREETS ELEMENTS
STREET INTERSECTION AT RIGHT
ANGLES
CYCLE TRACK
STREETS LAYOUT
RADIAL PLOTS ON RADIUL CUL-DE
SACS
BOUNDARY PERPENDICULAR TO
MAIN ROAD
MORE DESIRABLE DENSE PLANNING
SATISTFYING CORNER LOT LAYOUT PROVISION FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
• WIDTH – 2M (ONE WAY), 3M (TWO WAY) AND
VERTICAL CLEARANCE – 2.4M
• BOLLARD OF HEIGHT MAX. 0.4M
.
CLEAR WALKING
ZONE OF FOOTPATH
(M)
MAX. NO OF
PERSONS PER HOUR
IN BOTH
DIRECTIONS
1.8 1350
2 1800
2.5 2250
3 2700
3.5 3150
4 3600
FOOTPATH
• CLEAR AND UNOBSTRUCTED MIN. WALKING
ZONE OF 2M HORIZONTALLY WITH 2.4M
VERTICAL CLEARANCE.
• UNIFORM HEIGHT OF MAX. 150MM ABOVE
ROAD LEVEL, IF NOT POSSIBLE RAILING OR
CURBSTONE TYPE SEPARATORS TO SEGREGATE
FROM CARRIAGEWAY.
CORNERS HAVE HIGH LAND VALUE
ROADS
TYPES OF ROADS
ARTERIALS ROAD (PATH)
ROADS LAID INSIDE THE CITY OR TOWN FOR THE
MOVEMENT HIGH VOLUME OF TRAFFIC.
ARTERIALS ROAD
COLLECTOR ROAD LOCAL ROAD
SUB- ARTERIALS ROAD
ENCLOSER OF STREET PROPORTIONS
6

7. STREET LIGHTING
STREET FURNITURE
PLANTATION
GARBAGE CONTAINER
PUBLIC TOILETS
• GENERALLY BE PLACED WITHIN VERGE, MUZ, CENTRAL
MEDIANS, CURBSIDE OF ROADS.
• RECOMMENDED TO USE ONLY LED FOR STREET LIGHTING.
DIAMETER OF
TREE TRUNK
MIN. SIZE OF
TREE
GRATE(M)
UPTO 0.15M 0.6 X 0.6
UPTO 0.3M 0.75 X 0.75
UPTO 0.9M 1.5 X 1.5
UPTO 1.2 M 2 X2
▪ BRANCHED ABOVE 2.4M TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE
WALKING CLEARANCE UNDER BRANCHES
• SIZE NOT MORE THAN 2 SQ. M AT INTERVAL OF NOT
MORE THAN 200M.
• SHOULD NOT PLACE ON FOOTPATH, IDEALLY PLACED AT
MUZ, PARKING WITH PROPER PLATFORM.
• PROVIDED AT SUCH
LOCATIONS HAVING HIGH
PUBLIC ACTIVITY AND
PEDESTRIAN FLOW
LDECIDED DEPENDING ON
THE ADJACENT
PEDESTRIAN ROAD CROSSING
• DESIGNED TO HAVE DIRECT AND SHORTER
• PROVIDED AT EVERY 150M DISTANCE, WIDTH BE LESS
THAN 3M.
• 1 TOILET BLOCK AT EVERY 1.5 KM ON MOBILITY AND
FEEDER CORRIDORS. PUBLIC TOILETS SHOULD BE
PROVIDED NEAR TRANSIT STATIONS AND OFF STREET
PARKING AREAS.
LIGHTING HEIRARCHY: MAJOR
AND MINOR ROADS ARE
DISTINCT, AND PEDESTRIAN
ROUTES DEFINED.
GLARE REDUCTION
WHAT TO LIGHT & WHAT
NOT TO
CLEAR LIGHTING PATTERNS
SURVEILLANCE OF
SUSPICIOUS MOVEMENT
TYPES
BENCH, BOLLARD, RAILLING,
SIGNAGE AND KIOSKS
LITERATURE REVIEW
STREET SCAPE
• MINIMUM WIDTH OF REFUGE ISLAND TO BE 1M, 3M TO
BE ACCESSED BY WHEELCHAIR USERS.
CENTRAL MEDIAN, RAILING, BOLLARDS
• RAISED BARRIERS THAT SEPARATE THE STREET IN TWO
HALVES AND DIRECT TRAFFIC FLOWS.
• RAILINGS PROVIDED TO ENSURE THAT PEDESTRIANS CAN
CROSS ONLY AT THE DESIGNATED CROSSING AND ALSO
PREVENT VEHICULAR MOVEMENT ON FOOTPATH.
• HEIGHT OF RAILING TO BE A MAXIMUM 1.1M.
BOLLARDS
7

8. UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILTY AND BARRIER FREE
DESIGN
SIDE WALK
• DISTANCE OF 600 MM FROM THE
EDGE OF FOOTPATH OR ANY
OBSTRUCTION TO PLACE WARNING
BLOCKS.
• 300 MM BEFORE THE BEGINNING
AND END OF THE RAMPS, STAIRS
AND ENTRANCES.
• 900 MM WIDE ACROSS THE ENTIRE
FOOTPATH WHERE THE CROSSING
OCCURS
CURB RAMP AND SLOPE RAMP STREET FURNITURE AND STREET
SIGNAGE
GRADIENT NOT STEEPER THAN
1:10
WIDTH NOT LESS THAN 900
MM
SPACE ALLOWANCE
TACTILE PAVING
LITERATURE REVIEW
STREET SCAPE
SPEED BREAKERS ARE INDUCED ELEMENTS ON THE STREETS
WHOSE SOLE PURPOSE IS TO REDUCE VEHICLE SPEEDS.
THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF SPEEDBREAKERS
SPEED BREAKERS.
DESIGN RECOMMENDATION FOR SPEED BREAKERS
PARKING
• PARALLEL CAR PARKING IS RECOMMENDED
ON STREET WHERE PARKING IS PERMITTED .
INCLINED AND PERPENDICULAR ON
STREET CAR PARKING SHOULD BE
AVOIDED.
• PARKING ON MOBILITY CORRIDORS
DURING PEAK HOURS SHOULD BE
AVOIDED .
• PARKING BAYS AT ROAD SIDE NEED NOTE
BE CONTINUOUS . THEY SHOULLD BE
INTERRUPTED AT MAX 22.M TO PROVIDE
BULBOUT SPACE FOR STREET FURNITURE,
VENDING AND PEDESTRAIN CROSSING.
RECOMMENDED MIN. DIMENSION
CAR PARK = 2M X 5M PARALLEL PARKING
2 WHEELER PARKING = 1M X 2M
CYCLE PARKING = 1M X 2M
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TAMPOO STANDS.
• LOCATION NEAR 50M M AWAY FROM INTERSECTION.
• PARKING SHOULD BE MORE THEN 7 NOS, AND PALCED
NEAR PLACE OF HIGH FOOT FALL.
• TAMPOO STAND SHOULD BE LOCATED AT ROAD SIDE WITH
ORIENTATION ALONG THE TRAFFIC DIRECTION, 15M AWAY
FROM RAISED PEDESTRIAN CROSSING.
8

9. LITERATURE REVIEW
PUBLIC SPACE
PLACEMAKING INSPIRES PEOPLE TO COLLECTIVELY REIMAGINE AND REINVENT
PUBLIC SPACES AS THE HEART OF EVERY COMMUNITY. STRENGTHENNING
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN PEOPLE AND THE PLACES THEY SHARE,
PLACEMAKING REFERS TO A COLLABORATIVE PROCESS BY WHICH WE CAN
SHAPE OUR PUBLIC REALM IN ORDER TO MAXIMIZE SHARED VALUE.
SUCUSSFUL PUBLIC SPACE (POWER OF 10+)
A DESTINATION MIGHT BE A DOWNTOWN SQUARE, A MAIN STREET, A
WATERFRONT, A PARK, OR A MUSEUM. WHAT MAKES EACH DESTINATION
SUCCESSFUL IS THAT IT HAS MULTIPLE PLACES WITHIN IT.
FOR EXAMPLE,
A SQUARE NEEDS AT LEAST 10 PLACES:
PLAZA
KEVIN LYNCH(1981,443) SUGGESTED THAT “THE PLAZA IS INTENDED AS AN
ACTIVITY FOCOUS , AT THE HEART OF SOME INTENSIVE URBAN AREAS.
TYPICALLY, IT WILL BE PAVED ,ENCLOSED BY HIGH DENISTY STRUCTURES AND
SURROUNDED BY STREET, OR IN CONTACT WITH THEM, IT CONTAINS
FEATURES MEANT TO ATTRACT GROUPS OF PEOPLE AND TO FACILITATE
MEETING.
A STREET PLAZA IS A SMALLL PORTION OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACE IMMEDIATELY
ADJACENT TO THE SIDEWALK AND CLOSELY CONNECTED TO THE STREET.
LOCATION FOR STREET PLAZA :VISUALLY PREDOMINANTIAL SPACES, NODES
AND JUNCTIONS.
STREET PLAZA
POCKET PARKS
MAJOR USERS OF POCKET PARKS:
THIS IS ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY A FAMILY PARK, MAINLY SERVING PARENTS AND
YONG CHILDREN, AND GROUPS FROM NEARBY PRESCHOOLS .
PEDESTRIANS’ BEHAVIOR IN PLAZA PLAZA
THROUGH –BLOCK LOT
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS MID BLOCK LOT
GROUND LOT
9

10. LITERATURE REVIEW
STREET VENDOR ASPECT
• PERSON ENGAGED IN VENDING SERVICES TO
THE GENERAL PUBLIC, IN A STREET, LANE,
SIDEWALK, FOOTPATH, PAVEMENT, PUBLIC
PARK OR ANY OTHER PUBLIC OR PRIVATE
AREA.
• TEMPORARY BUILT UP STRUCTURE OR
MOVING STRUCTURE INCLUDES HAWKER,
PEDDLER, SQUATTER
TYPES OF VENDORS DISPLAY SPACE FOR DIFFERENT
VENDING ACTIVITIES
STREET SPACE REQUIREMENTS
TYPE OF MARKET OR STREET VENDING AREA
• CITY MARKET - SELLING SPECIALIST CLOTHES
OR GOODS
• NEIGHBORHOOD MARKET - SELLING DAY-TO-
DAY GOODS, SUCH AS VEGETABLES, MEAT, OR
BREAD
• STREET MARKET - SERVING PASSING TRADE,
EG: WITH COOKED FOOD, VEGETABLES, ETC.
• HUB MARKET - AT BUSY PEDESTRIAN
LOCATIONS, EG: A TRANSPORT NODE,
RELIGIOUS PLACE, OR HOSPITAL;
• SPECIALIST MARKETS- EG: SELLING FLOWERS
OR USED CLOTHES.
PAVEMENTS
ROAD SPACE
10

11. LITERATURE REVIEW
SITE AND SERVICES
WATER SUPPLY: THE WATER DEMAND IN NEPAL IS 135 LPCD.
• GRAVITY FLOW SYSTEM
• PRESSURE FLOW SYSTEM
• DUAL SYSTEM
LOCATION OF SUPPLY MAINS:
• UNDER THE SIDEWALK.
• IN THE PLANTING STRIP.
• UNDER THE STREET.
DISTANCE & CLEARANCE:
• MINIMUM 3.2M FROM THE NEAREST SEWER OR
GAS MAIN.
• RECOMMENDED MINIMUM DISTANCES:
• SEPTIC TANK TO THE WATER TANK: 15.2M
• SEWER AND DRAINAGE FIELD TO THE WATER TANK:
30.5M
DIAMETER OF PIPE:
• THE MAIN PIPE LINE = 4’’
• SUB PIPE LINE: 1/2’’ RESIDENCE
• ACCORDING TO THE CUSTOMER’S
REQUIREMENT = 1’’ OR 2’’ DIAMETER
• GENERAL PIPE LINE OF MAIN WATER SUPPLY =20
TO 25M
• IN EVERY 6M CONNECTION FIXTURES ARE
REQUIRED.
1 m
min
TYPE SIZE (MM)
SOIL PIPE 100
WASTE PIPE
(HOR)
30-50
WASTE PIPE (VER) 75
VENT PIPE 50
RAIN WATER PIPE 75
DRAINAGE:
• SIZE OF PIPE 8" FOR THE MAINS, LATERAL AND 6" PIPE FOR
HOUSE BRANCHES
• MANHOLES PLACED NOT MORE THAN 100 TO 150 M APART
• MINIMUM DIAMETER OF SEWER DRAINING TO STREET= 300M
SEWER LINES BELOW THE WATER MAINS
• MINIMUM DIAMETER FOR THE WATER MAINS=6”
• MINIMUM DEPTH OF 2 TO 2.5M BELOW
• GROUND LEVEL IS SUFFICIENT FOR SANITARY SEWER IN PARTS
OF THE CITY WHERE BASEMENTS ARE FREQUENT.
SANITARY:
• GRAVITY SYSTEM ONLY.
• CONSTRUCT BACKWARDS
FROM DISPOSAL UNIT TO
SEPTIC TANK UNIT.
LOOP SYSTEM BRANCH SYSTEM DEAD OR TREE SYSTEM
RADIAL SYSTEM
RING SYSTEM GRID IRON SYSTEM
WATER SUPPLY LAYOUT:
ELECTRICITY: STREET LIGHTING;
10 LUX
• OVERHEAD SUPPLY
• UNDERGROUND SUPPLY
HEIGHT OF POLE:
• HIGH OR LOCAL ROADS - 9.9M.
• COLLECTOR ROAD - 10.7M.
• ARTERIAL ROAD - 12.5M.
• DISTANCE BETWEEN THE POLES FOR 9.9M TO 10.7M HIGH
POLE - 16.5M.
• FOR 12.5M HIGH POLES - 20M.
• HEAD CLEARANCE OF A STREET LIGHT FROM STREET
SURFACE SHOULD BE A MINIMUM OF 6.85M.
• LOCATION OF THE POST TO WHICH THE STREET LIGHT IS
FIXED SHOULD BE A MINIMUM OF 0.5M FROM THE EDGE OF
THE STREET OR THE OUTER OF THE ADJOINING PEDESTRIAN
WALKING, SHOULD THE WIDTH OF THE WALKING BE WITHIN
2M.
• OVERHEAD ELECTRICITY LINES FROM STREET LEVEL SHOULD
BE A MINIMUM OF 5M.
• THE LOCATION OF A POLE (OR POST) CARRYING OVERHEAD
ELECTRICITY LINES SHOULD BE A MINIMUM OF 2M FROM
THE EDGE OF THE STREET.
11

12. GROUND COVRAGE
FAR (FOOR AREA RATIO)
Building height between 10m and 17m :
3m is for public buildings (school, high school, hospital, government, private and
public limited office, cinema, multiplex, hotel, assembly hall, party hall, etc.) and
2m for other buildings (residential and residential cum commercial).
ROW (RIGHT OF WAY)
LITERATURE REVIEW
BUILDING BYELAWS AND PLANNING NORMS
12

13. LITERATURE REVIEW
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
FIGURE AND GROUND
LAND POOLING IS AN ACTIVITY WHERE A GROUP OF LANDOWNERS HANDOVER THEIR LAND
PARCELS TO THE GOVERNMENT COLLECTIVELY FOR INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT.
URBAN MORPHOLOGY :
COMMON TOOLS IN URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN TO
REPRESENT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILT AND UN-BUILT
SPACE IN A CITY.
URBAN GRAIN
LANDPOOLING:
RADIO-CENTRIC • CENTRALISED TERMINAL OR
ORIGIN.
• CENTRAL CONGESTION.
• DIFFICULT BUILDING SITES.
GRID-IRON • RADIO CENTRIC WITH RIGHT
ANGLES.
• HIGH ACCESIBILITY &
EXPANSION FLEXIBILITY.
• LIMITED ADAPTABILITY TO THE
TERRAIN.
STAR • RADIO CENTRIC WITH OPEN
SPACES BETWEEN THE
OUTREACHING CORRIDORS
OF DEVELOPMENT.
LINEAR • RESULT OF NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY
OR TRANSORT SPIN.
• RESTRICTS GROWTH & LACKS
FOCUS.
SATELLITE
• CONSTELLATION OF CITIES AROUND MAIN CENTER.
• DEPENDENT ON PARENT CITY BUT HAVING OWN
IDENTITY.
FORM OF CITY
URBAN FABRIC
DESCRIBES THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN AREAS, THAT IS, CITIES, AND TOWNS
THE ARRANGEMENT OR PATTERN OF THE BUILDINGS AND
STREETS WITHIN THE BUILT FORM
FINE GRAIN
➢ FINE GRAIN URBAN FABRIC CONSISTS OF SEVERAL SMALL
BLOCKS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY.
➢ WITHIN EACH BLOCK ARE SEVERAL BUILDINGS, MOST WITH
NARROW FRONTAGES, FREQUENT STORE FRONTS, AND MINIMAL
SETBACKS FROM THE STREET.
COARSE GRAIN
➢ COARSE GRAIN URBAN FABRIC IS LIKE BURLAP: ROUGH, LARGE-
SCALE WEAVES THAT ARE FUNCTIONAL, BUT NOT USUALLY
COMFORTABLE.
➢ COARSE GRAIN HAPPENS WHEN SIMILAR URBAN COMPONENTS
ARE CLUSTERED TOGETHER
GUIDED LAND DEVELOPMENT
FEASIBILITY AND
CONSENSUS
HANDOVER
IMPLEMENTATION
INITIATION, DESIGN &
APPROVAL
PROCESS OF LAND POOLING
PLOT AND BLOCK
➢ PLOT IS A BASIC ELEMENT IN THE PATTERN OF LAND
DIVISIONS THAT WORKS AS AN ORGANIZATIONAL GRID FOR
URBAN FORM
➢ BLOCK IS THE SPACE WITHIN THE STREET PATTERN OF A CITY
THAT IS SUBDIVIDED INTO LAND LOTS FOR THE
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS
LAND ACQUISATION
EXISTING PLOTS
ADVANTAGES OF LAND POOLING
➢ IMPROVISED CONSTRUCTION, OFTEN
ALONG EXISTING ROADS, LEADING TO
URBAN CONGESTION.
➢ PLANNED GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OF THE LAND
➢ GIVES AWAY THE ISSUES OF LAND AND
DENSITIES
➢ INCOMPLETE OR POORLY DESIGNED
INFRASTRUCTURE
CHALLENGES OF LAND POOLING
➢ MISCONCEPTION AMONG LAND OWNERS ABOUT
THE IDEA OF RE-PLOTTING AND REDISTRIBUTION.
➢ THE PERCENTAGE TO BE AGREED BY LAND OWNERS
IS A CHALLENGING JOB FOR PLANNERS (51%).
➢ LAND ADMINISTRATION AND CADASTRAL MAPPING
SYSTEM ARE OFTEN NOT COMPATIBLE WITH EACH
OTHER; SO LAND PLOTTING IS VERY DIFFICULT.
13

14. FEATURES:
• 1,000 ACRES >> 30000 RESIDENTS.
• 5000 ACRES PERMANENT BELT OF
AGRICULTURE AS BUFFER FROM CITIES.
• CONCENTRIC PATTERN >>OPEN SPACES,
PUBLIC PARKS AND SIX RADIAL
BOULEVARDS, 120 FT (37 M) WIDE,
EXTENDING FROM THE CENTER.
• A CLUSTER OF SEVERAL GARDEN CITIES
AS SATELLITES OF A CENTRAL CITY OF
250,000 PEOPLE.
SIR EBENEZER HOWARD, GARDEN CITY:
CONCEPT:
THREE MAGNETS CONCEPT: TOWN, COUNTRY & TOWN-
COUNTRY.
EACH CITY: MAGNET, INDIVIDUALS: NEEDLES DRAWN TO
THE CITY.
DEFECTS:
• MAINTAINING THE POPULATION OF A TOWN IS
A CHALLENGE
• 3 MAGNETS DIAGRAM WHICH ADDRESSED THE
QUESTION 'WHERE WILL THE PEOPLE GO?'
PRINCIPLE:
• STRONG COMMUNITY.
• ORDERED DEVELOPMENT.
• ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
CITY CENTER:
• CITY COMMERCIAL
FUNCTIONS
1ST & 2ND LAYER:
• GREEN AREA WITH
RECREATION ACTIVITIES.
3RD & 4TH LAYER:
• RESIDENTIAL AREA.
• BUNGALOW & TERRACE
HOUSES.
5TH LAYER:
• INDUSTRIAL AREA WITH
RAILWAY AS MAIN
TRANSPORTATION
FINAL LAYER:
• GREEN AREA WITH
AGRICULTURE &
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
MODELS AND PLANNING CONCEPT
FEATURES:
• 1,000 ACRES >> 30000 RESIDENTS.
• 5000 ACRES PERMANENT BELT OF
AGRICULTURE AS BUFFER FROM CITIES.
• CONCENTRIC PATTERN >>OPEN SPACES,
PUBLIC PARKS AND SIX RADIAL
BOULEVARDS, 120 FT (37 M) WIDE,
EXTENDING FROM THE CENTER.
• A CLUSTER OF SEVERAL GARDEN CITIES
AS SATELLITES OF A CENTRAL CITY OF
250,000 PEOPLE.
SIR EBENEZER HOWARD, GARDEN CITY:
CONCEPT:
THREE MAGNETS CONCEPT: TOWN, COUNTRY & TOWN-
COUNTRY.
EACH CITY: MAGNET, INDIVIDUALS: NEEDLES DRAWN TO
THE CITY.
PRINCIPLE:
• STRONG COMMUNITY.
• ORDERED DEVELOPMENT.
• ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
CENTRAL BUSINESS
DISTRICT(CBD): TRANSITION ZONE:
BLUE- COLLAR
RESIDENTIAL ZONE:
BURGESS CONCENTRIC MODEL:
PIONEER: EARNEST W. BURGESS, (1925).
EXPLAINS THE COMPOSITE EFFECT OF MARKET
FORCE UPON LAND USE ARRANGEMENTS.
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY:
PIONEER: WALTER CHRISTALLER, (1933).
CENTRAL PLACE: ANY LOCATION THAT OFFERS
A SERVICE OR A PRODUCT TO ITS
SURROUNDING MARKET REGION. IT EXPLAINS
THE NUMBER, SIZE AND LOCATION OF
SETTLEMENTS IN AN URBAN SYSTEM.
LITERATURE REVIEW
MIDDLE RESIDENTIAL
ZONE:
BLUE- COLLAR
RESIDENTIAL ZONE:
COMMUTER
RESIDENTIAL ZONE:
INDUSTRIAL
ZONE
HIGH CLASS
RESIDENTIAL
ZONE
MIDDLE CLASS
RESIDENTIAL
ZONE
MIDDLE CLASS
RESIDENTIAL
ZONE
CENTRAL BUSINESS
DISTRICT
HOYT’S SECTOR MODEL:
PIONEER: HOMER HOYT, (1939).
MODIFIED CONCENTRIC MODEL TO ACCOUNT
FOR THE IMPACT OF TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS ON ACCESSIBILITY.
MULTI NUCLEI MODEL:
PIONEER: C. HARRIS & EDWARD ULLMAN, (1945)
BASED ON THE FACT THAT MANY TOWNS AND
NEARLY ALL LARGE CITIES GROW ABOUT MANY
NUCLEI RATHER THAN AROUND A SIMPLE CBD.
SOME OF THESE NUCLEI ARE PRE-EXISTING
SETTLEMENTS, OTHERS ARISE FROM
URBANIZATION AND EXTERNAL ECONOMIES.
1. CENTRAL BUSSINESS DISTRICT
2. WHOLESALE, LIGHT MANUFACTURING
3. LOW-CLASS RESIDENTIAL ZONE
4. MIDDLE-CLASS RESIDENTIAL ZONE
5. HIGH-CLASS RESIDENTIAL ZONE
6. HEAVY MANUFACTURING
7. OUTLYING BUSINESS DISTRICT
8. RESIDENTIAL SUBURB
9. INDUSTRIAL SUBURB
14

15. RESIDENCES
LOCAL
SHOPS
ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL
SMALL PARKS &
PLAYGROUNDS
CLARENCE PERRY NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT:
EMERGENCE IN SERGE OF SOCIAL LIFE AFTER
DISORDER CREATED DUE TO INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION IN LIVING, WORKING, HEALTH &
RECREATION.
PURPOSE:
• EARLY IDEA: PLANNING FORMULA FOR THE
DISTRIBUTION OF PLAYGROUNDS IN NEW YORK
REGION.
• SOCIETY: SOCIALIZE PEOPLE.
• PUBLIC SPACE: COMMON & SHAREABLE
• SAFE AND HEALTHY NEIGHBOURHOOD
ENVIRONMENT.
• SAFE & EFFICIENT ROAD & PEDESTRIAN ROUTE.
CONCEPT:
BASIC IDEA INCLUDED THE SEPARATION OF SPACES
BY FUNCTION THROUGH ZONING INTO SEVERAL
CATEGORIES.
STATISTICS:
AREA: 160 ACRE
RADIUS: 1/4 MILE
“THE FIVE MINUTE WALK
CONCEPT”
REQUIREMENT:
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
ENROLLMENT (1000-1200)
STUDENTS
DEMOGRAPHY:
(5000-6000) PEOPLE
10 FAMILIES PER ACRE
CENTRE ALL COMMUNITY SPACE:
• LOCATE SCHOOL IN THE CENTRE, SO THAT A CHILD'S WALK TO
SCHOOL IS NOT MORE THAN :
¼ MILE= ELEMENTARY SCHOOL KIDS
½ MILE= MIDDLE SCHOOL KIDS
2 MILES= HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS.
• ALL SHOULD BE ACHIEVED WITHOUT CROSSING A MAJOR
ARTERIAL STREET.
DESIGN INTERNAL STREETS
• USE A HIERARCHY THAT EASILY DISTINGUISHES LOCAL STREETS
FROM ARTERIAL STREETS AND USE CURVILINEAR STREET.
• BENEFITS BOTH THE SAFETY AND AESTHETIC PURPOSES OF THE
STREETS.
• DISCOURAGES UNWANTED THROUGH TRAFFIC & ENHANCE THE
SAFETY OF PEDESTRIANS.
BOUNDARIES:
• THE UNIT SHOULD BE BOUNDED ON ALL
SIDES BY ARTERIAL STREETS,
SUFFICIENTLY WIDE TO FACILITATE ITS BY-
PASSING BY ALL THROUGH TRAFFIC.
RESTRICT LOCAL SHOPPING AREA TO PERIMETER
• PREFERABLY AT TRAFFIC JUNCTIONS AND
ADJACENT TO SIMILAR DISTRICTS OF ADJOINING
NEIGHBORHOODS.
• EXCLUDES NON-LOCAL TRAFFIC DESTINED FOR
THESE COMMERCIAL USES THAT MIGHT INTRUDE
ON THE NEIGHBOURHOOD.
10 % AREA TO PARKS & OPEN SPACES
• PROVIDE SUFFICIENT PLACES FOR PLAY AND COMMUNITY
INTERACTION.
• INCREASES COMMUNITY SOCIALIZATION AND COMMUNITY
GROWTH AS A WHOLE.
PRINCIPLES OF A NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT:
“THE NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT”
PUBLICATION IN (1929)
“REGIONAL PLAN OF NEW YORK &
ITS ENVIRONS”
CRITICISM:
• MAY LEAD TO A GROUPING OF PEOPLE THAT RESULTS IN SOCIAL CLASS DISTINCTIONS.
• SCHOOL AS FOCAL POINT BEING IMPRACTICAL & TOO CHILD CENTERED.
• INADEQUATE COMMUNITY FACILITIES & ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY.
TOWN PLANNING CONCEPT LITERATURE REVIEW
15

16. CASE STUDY
INTRODUCTION
SONGZHUANG MICRO COMMUNITY PARK
SONGZHAUNG MICRO COMMUNITY PARK
IS SITUATED ON A STREET CORNER WHICH
TRANSFERRED THE SITE IN TO A PLACE FOR
MEETING, GATHERING AND PLAY.
THROUGHOUT EVERY DAY (7am – 8 pm).
LOCATION : TONGZHOU, BEIJING, CHINA
AREA : 5900 m2
CONSTRUCTION PERIOD : 14 MONTHS
ROOM 1
(WELCOMING ROOM)
ROOM 2
(SOCIAL ROOM)
• MORNING-TIE CHI AND FAN
DANCE
• EVENING-RHYTHEMIC DANCERS
• OCCASIONAL PET OWNERS
• TRANQUIL INTERACTION
• CHESS PLAYERS AND AUDIANCES
• ELDERLY LADIES CHAT IN THE
SHADOW OF TREES
• WITH COFFEE, PEOPLE TAKE
SELFIE…
• PERFORATED WALL FOR PEAK-A-
BOO AND HIDE & SEEK.
• SPEAKING TUBES
• PARENTS AND CARETAKER CAN
WATCH AND LISTEN CHILDREN
PLAY FROM DISTANCE
• OPEN AIR GYM
• ALL MEMBER CAN FIND THEIR
PLACE
ROOM 3
(PLAY ROOM)
ROOM 4
(EXERCISE ROOM)
1
2
3
4
• RESPOND TO A RANGE OF NEEDS FROM A DIVERSE GROUP
OF VIISITORS.
• INCLUSIVE DESIGN WITH VARIETY OF BRIGHT ATMOSPHERE
ENCOURAGE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ALL AGE GROUPS.
• A QUALITY PUBLIC SPACE FOR WELL-BEING AND SOCIAL
ENCOUNTER.
• GREY WALL
• TREES
MASTER PLAN
SECTION AA’
3D VIEW
ELEMENTS USED
• YELLOW STRIPS
• MIRROR ELEMENT
SEQUENCE 6F SPACES
1)COMPLETELY OPEN
2)FORMING A PLAZZA 3)MORE DEFINED AREA WITH A
SEMITRANSPARNET GREY WALL
5)LESS STRICKLY
DEFINED SPACE
4)FULLY ENCLOSED BUT OPEN
TO SKY
1 2 3 4 5
INFERENCE
• INCLUSIVE SPACES TO ALL AGE GROUPS SOCIO-CULTURAL
AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGENERATION SENSE OF PUBLIC
GATHERING SPACE FOR PROMOTION OF CULTURAL
ACTIVITIES AND SOCIAL HARMONY
16

17. JINTAI VILLAGE RECONSTRUCTION SICHUAN,CHINA
INTRODUCTION:
LOCATION : NANJIANG, BAZHONG,
SICHUAN, CHINA
AREA : 4000 SQ.M
NO. OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS : 22 UNITS
TOPOGRAPHY : TERRAIN LAND
PLANNING APPROACH : NEIGHBORHOOD
PLANNING
IMPLEMENTATION AGENCY : RURAL URBAN
FRAMEWORK
DESIGN : JOHN LIN, JOSHUA
BOLCHOVER
LANDSCAPE DESIGN : DOROTHY TANG
PROJECT YEAR : 2014
OBJECTIVE:
❑ TO STUDY HOW DENSE URBAN LIVING CAN
BE COMBINED IN A RURAL CONTEXT.
❑ TO STUDY HOW A SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITY CAN BE BUILT IN A LIMITED
SITE AREA.
CLIMATIC CONDITION:
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE: 31.8 ˚C
MAXIMUM DURING JUL-AUG
MINIMUM TEMPERATURE: 5 ˚C
MINIMUM DURING JAN-FEB
PRECIPITATION : 95.5 MM
HUMIDITY : 75.0 %
BACKGROUND:
❑ MAY 12TH WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE IN
2008.
❑ NEARLY 80% BUILDING AFFECTED
❑ NEARLY 5 MILLION PEOPLE AFFECTED
❑ PROTOTYPE VILLAGES CONSTRUCTED
FOR AFFECTED PEOPLE
CASE STUDY 1
3 TYPES OF HOUSES
TYPES OF BUILDING TYPOLOGY VARIOUS IN SHAPE
,FUNCTION, AND ROOF SECTIONS
NARROW ALLEYS IN
BETWEEN
TERRACED ROOFS FOR URBAN AGRICULTURE
AND SUPPORTS SELF-SUFFICIENCY AND
SMALL-SCALE FARMING.(EARNING)
COMMUNITY CENTER OPEN SPACES ON THE
GROUND LEVEL ALLOW FOR INDIVIDUAL
FAMILY-OWNED WORKSHOPS WITH
SATISFYING SUSTAINABLE ASPECTS LIKE
NATURAL VENTILATION, RAINWATER
HARVESTING SYSTEMS, AND INSULATION
MADE OF STRAW.
PATH WAYS
INFERENCE
• SUSTANABILITY FEATURES
THAT CAN BE
IMPLEMENTED IN OUR
PROJECT .
• CREATING URBAN
VILLAGE IN SMALL SPACE.
• PROCESS OF CREATING
SOCIAL INCLUSION.
SECTION OF COMMUNITY
CENTER, WATER COLLECTION
USE OF VERTICAL COURTYARD
FOR LIGHT AND VENTILATION.
17

18. CASE STUDY 01
SYDNEY FISH MARKET
INTRODUCTION
LOCATION : NEW SOUTH WALES, SYDNEY
YEAR : 2023
TOTAL SITE AREA : 80000 SQ.M
ARCHITECT : STEVEN HALL ARCHITECT
PROMENADE, WHOLESALE & RETAIL
LOADING DUCK & RETAIL
PONTOON PLATFORM
TIERED SEATING
PROMENADE BOARDWALK
OBJECTIVE
TO STUDY THE REDEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL HUB IN A DIFFERENT
WAY
DESIGN CONCEPT AND PLANNING
INFERENCE
OFFICE
COOKING SCHOOL
RETAIL
CATERING
AUCTION
LOADING DUCK
WHOLESALE
URBAN PARK WITH LARGE
AMPHITHEATRES FOR SOCIALIZATION
AS A CURTURAL DESTINATION
➢ DEVELOPING COMMERCIAL HUB AS A CUTURAL AND TOURIST
DESTINATION
➢ DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN PARK PROMOTING COMMUNITY
INTERACTION
➢ DESIGNING OF STREETSCAPE IN HUMAN SCALE USING
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS
➢ DEVELOPMENT AND NECESSITY OF PUBLIC WALK WAY IN PUBLIC
PLACES
RE DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET
✓ LOCALISED WIDENING OF BRIDGE ROAD TO PROVIDE AN
IMPROVED AND WIDENED FOOTPATH
✓ MAINTAING THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE TREES
✓ MARINE PILING FOR AND
DEVELOPMENT
Open Spaces
7%
Auction
10%
Wholesale
15%
Loading Duck
10%
Catering
35%
Retail
20%
Office
3%
PROGRAM MIX
LEGENDS
TIERED SEATING IN PUBLIC PLACES TO
ACCOMMODATE LEISURE TIME
WIDENING OF BRIDGE ROAD TO
PROVIDE NEW GREEN BOULEVARD,
SHARED CYCLE PATH, LANDSCAPING.
A CENTRAL BOULEYARD CONNECTING
THE EAST WEST AXIS
VARIETY OF EXPERIENCE
18

19. CASE STUDY
FUTAKO TAMAGANA
INTRODUCTION
• LOCATION: TOKYO JHAPAN
• YEAR: 2013
• TOTAL SITE AREA : 123600M.SQ.
• ARCHITECT: STEVEN HALL ARCHITECT
REASON FOR STUDY
• MIXED USE DEVELOPEMENT PROJECT
• INTEGRATION OF BIOPHILIA
• SUCESSFUL CREATION OF LIVELY PUBLIC SPACES.
AREA PROGRAMME AND PRODUCT MIX
ORGANIZATION OF PROGRAM
SHIBUYA IS A MAJOR RAILWAY
TERMINAL IN TOKYO AND
IMPORTENT CNTER FOR
TOKYO CORPORATION AS THE
HOME OF THE TOKYO GROUP
WALK-WAY AS WELL AS SEGWAY FACILIES COVERS THE ENTIRE SITE
VECHICULAR PARKING AND MOMENT IS KEPT UNDER THE GROUND TO NOT
INTERFARE WITH PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT ALSO ZEBRA CORSSING HAVE
BEEN EXTENSIVELY DEPLOYED TO CONNECT AREA WITH SITE.
30-STORYOFFICE BUILDING SURMOUNTED BY 3 STORY HOTEL. 28-40 STOREYS RESIDENTAL TOWERS AS WELL
AS TWO LOE-RISE RESIDENTAL BUILDINGPROVIDING A TOTAL OF 1000 HOMES ALL CONNECT TO TRAIN
STATION AND CONNECT TO WALK WAY WHICH LEAD TO RIVER TAMA.
The design of the buildings, which all settle on a unifying stone
plateau, responds to the changing environment on this route. DEPATMENTAL STORE WITH SINGLE
STORY AND SHOPPING COMPLEX
19

20. A OPEN SPACE AS PLACE OF BUSTLE ESTABLISH
FACING COMMERCIAL FALITIES
B KASHINOK OPEN SPACE
C BIRDS MALL OPEN SPACE
D GALLERIA
E THE OPEN SPACE
F FOUNDATION OPEN SPACE
PUBLIC SPACE
ACTIVITY MAPPING
RELATION DIGRAM
SITE PLANNING THE COMMON STREET
CELEBRATING THE TRANSITIONAL ROUTE FROM THE CITY TOWARD THE GREEN
SITE ACTING AS A THRESHOLD BETWEEN CITY AND NATURE
CONCEPT AND PLANNING
CASE STUDY
20

21. COMPARISION SHEET
LOCATION NANJIANG, BAZHONG,
SICHUAN, CHINA
TONGZHOU, BEIJING, CHINA TOKYO JAPAN NEW SOUTH WALES,
SYDNEY
TYPE OF
RECONSTRUCTION
RE-CONSTRUCTION OF
HOUSING
MIX USED REDEVELOPMENT COMMERCIAL
SITE AREA 4000 SQ.M 5900 SQ.M 27.6/ 112000 SQ.M 8000 SQ.M
PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT
VEHICULAR MOVEMENT
JINTAI VILLAGE RECONSTRUCTION
SICHUAN,CHINA
SYDNEY FISH MARKET
FUTAKO TAMAGAWA
SONGZHUANG MICRO
COMMUNITY PARK
21

22. COMPARISION SHEET
DETAILED PROGRAM
ZONING
BUILT UP RELATIONSHIP
42%
3%
17%
38%
SPACE %
RESIDENCE COMMUNITY CENTER
NGO OFFICE OPEN SPACE
3%
1%
15%
8%
73%
SPACE %
WELCOMING ROOM SOCIAL ROOM
PLAY ROOM EXERCISE ROOM
GREEN SPACE
COARSE GRAINED HIGH RISE
BLOCKS WITH 25 % GROUND
COVERAGE
JINTAI VILLAGE RECONSTRUCTION
SICHUAN,CHINA
SYDNEY FISH MARKET
FUTAKO TAMAGAWA
SONGZHUANG MICRO
COMMUNITY PARK
22

23. COMPARISION SHEET
MASSING
OPEN AND PUBLIC SPACE
MATERIAL PALLETE EXPOSED BRICK AND COMPRESSED
STRAW, CONCRETE
GLASS WALL, BRICK JALI
GRAY WALLS, USE OF
VIVRANT YELLOW COLOR
DIAGRID STRUCTURES
WITH STRCUTURAL
GLAZING
STEEL , GLASS
STRUCTURE R.C.C FRAME STRUCTURE LOAD BEARING STRUCTURES,
GREEN HILL UP SPCES
STEEL STRUCTURE AND
DIAGRID STRUCTURE
STEEL STRUCTURE , R.C.C
FRAME
JINTAI VILLAGE RECONSTRUCTION
SICHUAN,CHINA
SYDNEY FISH MARKET
1
2
3
4
INDIVIDUAL TOWER WITH IN-
BETWEEN SPACE ARTICULATED
AS PUBLIC SPACES
PUBLIC AREAS AT
DIFFERENT GRADES
FUTAKO TAMAGAWA
SONGZHUANG MICRO
COMMUNITY PARK
23