Surveying is the art of determining the relative position of points on or below the earth's surface through direct or indirect measurements. It establishes points using predetermined angular and linear measurements. There are two main types of surveying: plane surveying, which ignores earth's curvature over small areas up to 260km2 for engineering projects, and geodetic surveying, which accounts for curvature over large scales requiring high accuracy.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
SURVEYING
PRESENTED BY
BINJU K BIJI

2. DEFINITION
Surveying is the Art of determining the relative position on
above or beneath the Surface of the earth by means of direct
or indirect measurements of distance, direction and
elevation.
It also includes the art of establishing points by
predetermined angular & Linear Measurements

3. PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
1) To work from whole to the part
2) To locate a new station by at least two measurement
(linear or angular) from fixed reference point

4. CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
i)PLANE SURVEYING
Plane Surveying is defined as the divison of Surveying in which all the survey works
are carried based on the assumption that, the surface of earth is a plane and
curvature of the earth is Ignored.
The Surveys having an area of about 260km2 may only be treated as plane surveys.
USES:
• Plane Surveys which generally include the area upto 260km2 are carried out for
engineering projects, on large scales to determine relative positions of individual
features on the earths surface.
• Plane Surveys are used to prepare the layout for highways, canals, railways,
construction of various features etc.

5. ii)GEODETIC SURVEYING:
The Surveys in which curvature of the earth is taken into account and
higher degree of accuracy required is called geodetic surveying.
USES:
• Geodetic Surveys carried out with higher degree of accuracy to provide
the spaced control points on the earth surface.
• It Requires advanced instruments. In India Surveys carried out by the
department of survey of India under the control and direction of
surveyor general of India.