This document provides an introduction to basic statistical concepts. It defines statistics as the study of numerical data and notes that while it uses mathematics, statistics arises from practical situations. The founder of modern statistics is identified as Ronald Fisher. Primary data is defined as data collected directly from sources, while secondary data is collected from existing sources. Key concepts explained include range, frequency, frequency tables, bar graphs, histograms, frequency polygons, and measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode. An example is provided to illustrate calculating these measures.

2. MANGALAM COLLEGE OF
EDUCATION
Subject : INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Submitted by : Teena thomas Submitted to: Mrs .Sijji
• Class : I B.Ed (development and educational
• Option: Mathematics technology)
• Roll no:26

3. STATISTICS
• The word statistics is used in two senses :
either to denote numerical data or the
scientific study of such data . Though this
science makes use of mathematical
techniques and computations , it arises
from ,and is applied to, practical situations
.Because of this ,statistics is considered an
independent science ,rather than a branch of
mathematics

4. FATHER OF STATISTICS
• RONALD FISHER
• The fundamental
principles of statistics
were developed by the
biologist ,Ronald fisher
who lived in England
during the last century.
His studies in statistics led
to the synthesis of
Darwins theory of
evolution and modern
genetics.

5. DATA
Data is a collection of facts,such as numbers,
Words,measurements,observations,or
evenjust descriptions of things.Data are two
types Primary data and secondary data

6. PRIMARY DATA AND SECONDARY
DATA
• Primary Data : Data collected directly from the
source through from the observation or
conversation or participation is called primary
data
• Secondary Data : The data gathered from a
source where it already exists is called
secondary data

7. RANGE OF THE DATA
• The difference between the highest and
lowest values in the given data is called the
Range of data
• Range = Highest value – Lowest value

8. FREQUENCY
• The number of times a value occurs in the
given data is called the frequency of that value

9. FREQUENCY TABLE
A frequency Table is a table that lists items and
Uses tally marks to record and show the
number of times they occure.

12. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
DATA
• Bar Graph : A bar graph is a visual
representation of data
• A bar graph uses bars or rectangles of the
same width but different height to represent
different values of data

13. BAR GRAPH

14. HISTOGRAM
• Ahistogram is aform of bar graph which is
used for continous class intervals
• The bars do not have gap between them

15. HISTOGRAM

16. FREQUENCY POLYGON
• Afrequency polygon is formed by joining the
midpoints of the adjacent rectangles in a
histogram with the line segments

17. FREQUENCY POLYGON

18. MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
Mean , Median,Mode are three kinds of average
Mean :The mean is the average you are used to
Where you add up all the numbers and then
divided by the number of numbers
Median: The median is the middle value in the
list of numbers.To find the median your
numbers have to be listed in numerical order
Mode:The mode is the value that occurs most
often

19. • The price of one kg rice in seven days is given
below
• 43,41,42,41,40,44,45
• Which is the mode of the price?
• Which is the median of the price?
• What is the mean of the price?
• The price is ascending order
40,41,41,42,43,44,45

20. • Mode = 41
• Median =42
• Mean =296/7
• =42.2857