Introduction to rhetoric
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Rhetoric is the method of advancing an argument in writing. An argument consists of a claim supported by premises that provide evidence or reasons for the conclusion to logically follow. Arguments contain parts like the claim, premises, and presuppositions. Premises can provide information like facts or concepts like definitions. An example argument is given that if ideals are set too high then one will feel inferior, supported by the premises that not meeting high ideals makes one less than they could be and being less than possible makes one feel inferior.
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The document discusses the concept of rhetoric and its key elements. It explains that rhetoric is the art of persuasion through reasoning and evidence. It presents the "tree of rhetoric" which outlines the three main persuasive appeals - logos, pathos, and ethos. Logos is logical argument, pathos is emotional appeal, and ethos is establishing credibility. It provides examples of each appeal and discusses how they are used in classical Greek oratory structures.
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what is inductive and deductive reasoning
Solution
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Deductive and inductive are basically types of arguments and where argument generally supports
conclusion with premises.
Deductive reasoning is basically a type of argument which supports conclusion logically for
example arguments which are based on rules, facts, truth, laws and principles and are accepted
widely.
It is the process of reasoning which involves to draw conclusion based on the relationship of two
premises in which one assertion is broad(major premises and valid) and other is specific(minor
premises and invalid). As major premises are broad it is to be supported by values and laws.
Like for instance:
Reena is a woman
All women are mortal
Therefore it proves that reena is mortal.
It is a top to down approach.
Inductive Reasoning is basically a type of argument which supports conclusion on the basis of
judgment, pattern, trend, experience and observation. These arguments do not prove truth as
these conclusions are based on probable support. The argument which support successfully is a
strong argument whereas that fails to support is considered as weak. It is a bottom to up
approach..
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This document discusses different methods of philosophizing including phenomenology, existentialism, postmodernism, analytic tradition, logic, and critical thinking. It provides details on Edmund Husserl's phenomenology and its focus on consciousness and appearances. Existentialism is described as emphasizing individual choice and responsibility in the absence of certainty. Postmodernism rejects modernity and believes truth comes from non-rational elements of human nature. The analytic tradition examines how language shapes philosophical problems. Logic and critical thinking use tools like induction, deduction, and identifying fallacies. Common fallacies are also outlined.
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This document discusses different methods of philosophizing including phenomenology, existentialism, postmodernism, analytic tradition, logic, and critical thinking. It provides details on Edmund Husserl's phenomenology and its focus on consciousness and appearances. Existentialism is described as emphasizing individual choice and responsibility in the absence of certainty. Postmodernism rejects modernity and believes truth comes from non-rational elements of human nature. The analytic tradition examines how language shapes philosophical problems. Logic and critical thinking use tools like induction, deduction, and identifying fallacies. Common fallacies are also outlined.
Other means of persuasion, propaganda, & fallaciesWhat concept.docx
Other means of persuasion, propaganda, & fallacies
What conception of the mind underlies critical reasoning? How do other means of persuasion rely on a different conception of the mind/self?
What conception of mind underlies critical reasoning?
Review slides 1 – 7 & 10 in Week 1’s power point: “What is critical reasoning anyhow?” & slides 2 & 5 in Week 3’s (Week 4 for the in-class section) power point: “What is an argument in logic?” (This is very important to doing your final essay. You may also want to review the description of the course on the syllabus).
Underlying this conception of critical reasoning is a conception of the mind that has varied somewhat in the history of Western philosophy, but tends to treat the mind as separate from the body [Descartes] and/or from the emotions [Kant], or if the emotions are taken into consideration, they are treated as subservient to the intellect [Socrates/Plato]. An exception to this “rule” is the philosopher Hume, who stated that reason is the slave of the emotions. Nietzsche can be interpreted as following in Hume’s footsteps.
Therefore, in critical reasoning, our capacity for logical thinking takes precedent over our desires, and logical non-contradiction takes precedence over efficient means to achieving our desires; appeals to “good reasons” to support our claims take precedent over appeals to emotions or to authority or to tradition.
In other words, evidence is supposed to replace even an expert’s judgment or the judgment of a tradition. This becomes tricky when an expert or authority is basing their judgment upon evidence that the rest of the public may not understand, or if any field of study has traditional ways of doing research, etc.
What does this conception of mind entail?
This conception of mind might underlie what Kant calls “enlightenment”, and it might also be part of the foundations of democratic thinking, insofar as the American and French revolutions were partly based on the idea that every individual citizen was capable of logical thought and had rational capacities, so deserved the vote.
Those who were still denied the vote, such as women or slaves, were often considered suspect in their ability to reason or think rationally.
Therefore, our conception of freedom was partly tied to the ability to think rationally, rather than to our capacity to feel pain or pleasure or to pursue our own desires.
This also involved the notion that our thinking is conscious.
Do we still believe in this same conception of mind?
Can we separate the emotions from rationality or thinking? This has been questioned by both recent neuroscientists, such as D’Amasio (who wrote a book, “Descartes’ Error”), and recent philosophers.
Should we want to separate the emotions from rationality? In what ways might emotions distort or undermine our rationality or our search for evidence, and in what ways might emotions contribute to our rationality and our search for evidence?
For instance, do.
Lukeswem Beba MIRD TPH-499 RP1DOCX
This document provides a summary of key concepts from David Zarefsky's lecture notes on chapters 1-12 of his book "Argumentation: The Study of Effective Reasoning". It discusses definitions of argumentation, rhetoric, logic, and dialectic. It also examines underlying assumptions of argumentation like the importance of audience and dealing with uncertainty. Formal and informal argumentation are explored as well as the history of argumentation studies. The document also summarizes analyses of arguments, case construction, the heart of controversies, attack and defense strategies, the role of language and style, and evaluating evidence.
Sph 107 Ch16
This document discusses various persuasive strategies that can be used when presenting an argument or speech. It outlines strategies to establish credibility with an audience, such as explaining one's competence on the topic and establishing common ground. It also discusses different types of logical reasoning appeals like inductive, deductive, and analogical reasoning. Additionally, it identifies common fallacies to avoid, such as hasty generalizations, false cause, and slippery slopes. Delivery strategies are also presented, such as dressing professionally and using body language and vocal techniques to enhance the presentation.
reportingrw.pptx
This document provides information about making inferences and formulating assertions and counterclaims. It is a reading and writing guide created by Group #3, led by Triztan Paul Duran. The document defines key terms like inferences, assertions, and counterclaims. It explains different types of each, such as deductive vs inductive inferences. Steps are provided for making inferences from sources. Guidelines are given for formulating assertions to communicate ideas and support arguments. The importance of counterclaims in debates to challenge assertions is discussed. Types of counterclaims like direct refutations are outlined.
1 2 t4_chapter_one_powerpoint_new
The document provides an overview of critical thinking skills and discusses addressing obstacles to developing those skills. It defines stereotypes as overgeneralizations that can bog down thinking and provides examples. It also discusses adopting multiple perspectives, recognizing biased language, and analyzing arguments by evaluating their structure and the truth of any premises.
Elements of argument
This document provides an overview of rhetorical theory, including definitions of key concepts from Aristotle and Cicero. It discusses rhetoric as the art of persuasion through discourse. The three modes of persuasion are ethos, pathos, and logos. It also outlines Cicero's five canons of rhetoric: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. Invention involves discovering arguments, arrangement is organizing them logically, and style is expressing ideas artfully. Memory is retaining information and delivery is presenting a message effectively through oral or written communication. The document provides definitions and explanations of these fundamental concepts in rhetorical theory.
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Introduction to rhetoric
- 2. Rhetoric is the method by which we advance an argument (in this case, in writing).
- 3. What is an argument?
- 4. Any group of propositions of which one is claimed to follow logically from the others. By "argument," we mean a demonstration or a proof of some statement, not emotional language.
- 5. Parts of an Argument Claim (conclusion) – a proposition supported by premises Premise – A statement that provides reasons, grounds, or evidence
- 6. Example From Fritz Perls: Premise: If we set our ideals too high, then we will not meet those ideals. Premise: If we do not meet those ideals, then we are less than we could be. Premise: If we are less than we could be, then we feel inferior. Conclusion: If we set ideals too high, then we feel inferior.
- 7. Types of Premises • Information: Data, facts, observations • Concepts: Theories, definitions, laws
- 8. Also involved… • Presuppositions - Inferences and assumptions • Point of view – perspective, frame of reference