This document discusses different methods of philosophizing including phenomenology, existentialism, postmodernism, analytic tradition, logic, and critical thinking. It provides details on Edmund Husserl's phenomenology and its focus on consciousness and appearances. Existentialism is described as emphasizing individual choice and responsibility in the absence of certainty. Postmodernism rejects modernity and believes truth comes from non-rational elements of human nature. The analytic tradition examines how language shapes philosophical problems. Logic and critical thinking use tools like induction, deduction, and identifying fallacies. Common fallacies are also outlined.
Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 1301DEPhil.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Philosophy: Philosophy 1301:DE
Philosophy 1301Danny Brown: ProfessorM.A. Philosophy- University of HoustonB.A. Philosophy- North Carolina State University B.A. Communications- North Carolina State University
Philosophy is the critical and rational examination of the most fundamental assumptions that underlie our lives, an activity of concern to men and women of all cultures and races.
-- Velasquez
Survey CourseThe Introduction to Philosophy class is a survey course designed to familiarize students with the various fields in philosophy and with those philosophers associated with them. It should also enable students to develop skills in logic and critical thinking.
PHILOSOPHYMy Mini-definition:The History of human thought.How do we (humans) think about and of ourselves as human beings.What, if any, is our purpose in the universe.How do we view the world around us.
What is Philosophy?Philosophy is a 5,000 year old academic tradition that systematically analyzes the very foundational questions of human existence.Philosophy seeks clarity on issues ranging from the existence of God, the validity of scientific knowledge, arguments over right and wrong, and the existence of the soul.
Philosophy 1301“Philosophy” is a combination of two ancient Greek words, “Philein” and “Sophia”, which mean “love of wisdom.”“Hard thinking” -- Alvin Plantinga
Analysis and critique of fundamental
beliefs and concepts.
What is Philosophy?It is an enterprise which starts with wonder at the mystery and marvel of the world.
Philosophy pursues a rational investigation of those mysteries and marvels, seeking wisdom and truth.
What is Philosophy?If the quest is successful, it results in a live lived in passionate moral and intellectual integrity.
Believing that “the unexamined life is not worth living,” the philosophy leaves no facet of live untouched by its probing glance.
What philosophy is notNot mere speculationOffer reasonsPeer review
Not Dogmatic
Preview of Things to ComeWhy be moral?What is the best form of political organization?Is there an afterlife, and if so, what is its nature?What is the meaning of life?
Does God Exist?
How Does the Mind Relate to the Body?
What Is Real? (What Actually Exists?)
So Why Study Philosophy?
Some ReasonsCritical thinking skills, writing skills and speaking skillsLiberation from prejudice and provincialism.Expansion of one’s horizonUnderstanding Society
Not usually taught before college
Guard against propaganda Intrinsically interesting
Helps fulfill our “self actualization” needs (Abraham Maslow)
Critical Thinking
In most academic subjects, students are taught what to think, rather than how to think.
The goal of philosophy:Autonomy
The freedom of being able to decide for yourself what you will believe in by using your own reasoning abilities.
In other words, learn to think for yourself.
Traditional Divisions of PhilosophyEp.
This is a lecture slide for a new module introduced by the Malaysian government which is Falsafah dan Isu Semasa. Commonly taught in Bahasa Malaysia. This slide is in English.
Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 1301DEPhil.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Philosophy: Philosophy 1301:DE
Philosophy 1301Danny Brown: ProfessorM.A. Philosophy- University of HoustonB.A. Philosophy- North Carolina State University B.A. Communications- North Carolina State University
Philosophy is the critical and rational examination of the most fundamental assumptions that underlie our lives, an activity of concern to men and women of all cultures and races.
-- Velasquez
Survey CourseThe Introduction to Philosophy class is a survey course designed to familiarize students with the various fields in philosophy and with those philosophers associated with them. It should also enable students to develop skills in logic and critical thinking.
PHILOSOPHYMy Mini-definition:The History of human thought.How do we (humans) think about and of ourselves as human beings.What, if any, is our purpose in the universe.How do we view the world around us.
What is Philosophy?Philosophy is a 5,000 year old academic tradition that systematically analyzes the very foundational questions of human existence.Philosophy seeks clarity on issues ranging from the existence of God, the validity of scientific knowledge, arguments over right and wrong, and the existence of the soul.
Philosophy 1301“Philosophy” is a combination of two ancient Greek words, “Philein” and “Sophia”, which mean “love of wisdom.”“Hard thinking” -- Alvin Plantinga
Analysis and critique of fundamental
beliefs and concepts.
What is Philosophy?It is an enterprise which starts with wonder at the mystery and marvel of the world.
Philosophy pursues a rational investigation of those mysteries and marvels, seeking wisdom and truth.
What is Philosophy?If the quest is successful, it results in a live lived in passionate moral and intellectual integrity.
Believing that “the unexamined life is not worth living,” the philosophy leaves no facet of live untouched by its probing glance.
What philosophy is notNot mere speculationOffer reasonsPeer review
Not Dogmatic
Preview of Things to ComeWhy be moral?What is the best form of political organization?Is there an afterlife, and if so, what is its nature?What is the meaning of life?
Does God Exist?
How Does the Mind Relate to the Body?
What Is Real? (What Actually Exists?)
So Why Study Philosophy?
Some ReasonsCritical thinking skills, writing skills and speaking skillsLiberation from prejudice and provincialism.Expansion of one’s horizonUnderstanding Society
Not usually taught before college
Guard against propaganda Intrinsically interesting
Helps fulfill our “self actualization” needs (Abraham Maslow)
Critical Thinking
In most academic subjects, students are taught what to think, rather than how to think.
The goal of philosophy:Autonomy
The freedom of being able to decide for yourself what you will believe in by using your own reasoning abilities.
In other words, learn to think for yourself.
Traditional Divisions of PhilosophyEp.
This is a lecture slide for a new module introduced by the Malaysian government which is Falsafah dan Isu Semasa. Commonly taught in Bahasa Malaysia. This slide is in English.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
3. Key Questions
• What are the different ways of doing
philosophy?
• How can philosophy guide us in
distinguishing opinion from truth?
4. Methods of Philosophizing
• Philosophizing is to think or express oneself in a
philosophical manner.
discusses a matter from a philosophical
standpoint
Phenomenology: On Consciousness
• Phenomenology was founded by Edmund Husserl.
• A method for finding and guaranteeing the truth
that focuses on careful inspection and description of
phenomena or appearances.
• It comes form the Greek word phainómenon
meaning “appearance.”
• It is the scientific study of the essential structures of
consciousness.
5. Methods of Philosophizing
• The phenomenologist can describe the content of
consciousness and accordingly, the object of
consciousness without any particular commitment
to the actuality or existence of that object.
• Phenomenology uncovers the essential structures of
experience and its objects.
• Every act of consciousness is directed at some object
or another, possibly a material object or an “ideal”
object.
• Husserl’s phenomenology is the thesis that
consciousness is intentional.
6. Methods of Philosophizing
• Husserl’s Phenomenological Standpoint
The first and best known is the epoche or
“suspension” that “brackets” all questions of
truth or reality and simply describes the contents
of consciousness.
The second reduction eliminates the merely
empirical contents of consciousness and focuses
instead on the essential features, the meanings of
consciousness.
• Phenomenologists are interested in the contents of
consciousness, not on things of the natural world as
such.
7. Methods of Philosophizing
Existentialism: On Freedom
• Existentialism is not primarily a philosophical
method nor is it exactly a set of doctrines but more
of an outlook or attitude supported by diverse
doctrines centered on certain common themes.
the human condition or the relation of the
individual to the world;
the human response to that condition;
being, especially the difference between the
being of person (which is “existence”) and the
being of other kinds of things;
human freedom;
8. Methods of Philosophizing
the significance (and unavoidability) of choice
and decision in the absence of certainty and;
the concreteness and subjectivity of life as lived,
against abstractions and false objectifications.
• Existentialism emphasizes the importance of free
individual choice, regardless of the power of other
people to influence and coerce our desires, beliefs,
and decisions.
• To be human, to be conscious, is to be free to
imagine, free to choose, and responsible for one’s life.
• One of the continuing criticisms of existentialism is
the obscurity and the seeming elusiveness of the
ideal of authenticity.
9. Methods of Philosophizing
Postmodernism: On Cultures
• Postmodernism is not a philosophy.
• “Postmodernism” has come into vogue as the name
for a rather diffuse family of ideas and trends that in
significant respect rejects, challenges, or aims to
supersede “modernity”.
• Postmodernists believe that humanity should come
at truth beyond the rational to the non-rational
elements of human nature, including the spiritual.
• Beyond exalting individual analysis of truth,
postmodernists adhere to a relational, holistic
approach.
10. Methods of Philosophizing
Analytic Tradition
• For analytic philosophers, language cannot
objectively describe truth because language is
socially conditioned.
• Analytic philosophy is the conviction that to some
significant degree, philosophical problems, puzzles,
and errors are rooted in language and can be solved
or avoided by a sound understanding of language
and careful attention to its workings.
11. Methods of Philosophizing
Logic and Critical Thinking: Tools in Reasoning
• Logic is centered in the analysis and construction of
arguments.
• Critical thinking is distinguishing facts and opinions
or personal feelings.
• Critical thinking also takes into consideration
cultural systems, values, and beliefs and helps us
uncover bias and prejudice and be open to new
ideas not necessarily in agreement with previous
thought.
• Two basic types of reasoning:
Inductive reasoning which is based from
observations in order to make generalizations.
12. Methods of Philosophizing
Deductive reasoning which draws conclusion
from usually one broad judgment or definition
and one more specific assertion, often an
inference.
• An argument (deductive argument) is valid and
sound if it is a product of logically constructed
premises.
• Validity comes from a logical conclusion based on
logically constructed premises.
• An argument (inductive argument) is strong if it
provides probable support to the conclusion.
• A strong argument with true premises is said to be
cogent.
13. Methods of Philosophizing
Fallacies
• A fallacy is a defect in an argument.
• Fallacies are detected by examining the contents of
the argument.
• Common fallacies
Appeal to pity (Argumentum ad misericordiam)
An attempt to win support for an argument or
idea by exploiting his or her opponent’s feelings
of pity or guilt.
Appeal to ignorance (Argumentum ad ignorantiam)
What has not been proven false must be true
and vice versa.
14. Methods of Philosophizing
Equivocation
A logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word
several times, but giving the particular word a
different meaning each time.
Composition
Something is true of the whole from the fact that
it is true of some part of the whole.
Division
Something true of a thing must also be true of all
or some of its parts.
Against the Person (Argumentum ad hominem)
It links the validity of a premise to a characteristic
or belief of the person advocating the premise.
15. Methods of Philosophizing
Appeal to force (Argumentum ad baculum)
An argument where force, coercion, or the threat
of force is given as a justification for a conclusion.
Appeal to the people (Argumentum ad populum)
An argument that appeals or exploits people’s
vanities, desire for esteem, and anchoring on
popularity.
False cause (post hoc)
Since that event followed this one, that event
must have been caused by this one.
Hasty generalization
Making an inductive generalization based on
insufficient evidence.
16. Methods of Philosophizing
Begging the question (petitio principii)
An argument where the proposition to be proven
is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise.
17. Activities
1. How can truth have different interpretations?
2. Share your experiences on the times you did not use
reason in your life but rather, you relied more on
emotions or opinions of other people. What did you
learn from the experience?
3. Cite examples of how fallacies are used in daily life.
For example, when you watch advertisements based
on the popularity of endorsers, do you tend to buy
their product?