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Argument
Argument


  an attempt to persuade
  someone of something, by
  giving reasons or
  evidence for accepting a
  particular conclusion
T
h
e

G
r
e
e
k
s
Rhetoric
Rhetoric

The ways we influence what people do, think, or say.
The Tree of Rhetoric
The Tree of Rhetoric




Logos
The Tree of Rhetoric
              Pathos




Logos
The Tree of Rhetoric
              Pathos




Logos
                       Ethos
Logical
Logos

Syllogism:



All students want to Learn

Brenda is a Student

Brenda Wants to Learn
Logos
                        Commonplace--Audience already
Enthymeme:
                        believes this
All students want to Learn

Brenda is a Student

Brenda Wants to Learn
Logos
Deductive Reasoning: Reasoning from Principles

We all know that freedom is better than
slavery, so a freer school system is clearly
better for all



Inductive Reasoning: Reasoning from Experience

In every school system we studied, those with
later start times had better attendance and
Test Scores
Logos

Cause/Effect:

If we start school later, Students will learn more
The Tree of Rhetoric
              Pathos
Emotional
Pathos
How we appeal to the feelings of our audience in order to
move them.
Emotional

Fear, Discrimination, Revenge

Love, C harity, Brotherhood
Emotional


Use of Figurative Speech: metaphors, rhetorical questions,
parallelism
Is Pathos more or less
       Effective/Fair
than Logos in Argumenation?
The Tree of Rhetoric




                       Ethos
Credibility
Credibility
Persuading by convincing the audience that the speaker is
worth listening to
Credibility
Trustworthiness
Credibility
Trustworthiness
Similarity
Credibility
Trustworthiness
Similarity
Special Knowledge
Credibility
Trustworthiness
Similarity
Special Knowledge
Expert Knowledge
Credibility
Trustworthiness
Similarity
Special Knowledge
Expert Knowledge:


I want to convince the principal to let students wear
political messages on their t-shirts. Which ethos issues
should I consider?
The Tree of Rhetoric
              Logical




Emotional
                        Credibility
Classical Greek
Oratory
Classical Oration
           Introduction (Exordium):
I          beginning the web, draw interest

           Narration (Narratio): factual info,
Never      define the problem

           Confirmation (Confirmatio): detail
Called     about the arguments, the nuts and
           bolts of your case

           Refutation (Refutatio): addresses
Rhetoric   counter-arguments, consider
           audience

           Conclusion (Peroratio): satisfying
Crazy      close

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Rhetoric9