what is inductive and deductive reasoningSolutionDeductive and.pdf
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what is inductive and deductive reasoning Solution Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Deductive and inductive are basically types of arguments and where argument generally supports conclusion with premises. Deductive reasoning is basically a type of argument which supports conclusion logically for example arguments which are based on rules, facts, truth, laws and principles and are accepted widely. It is the process of reasoning which involves to draw conclusion based on the relationship of two premises in which one assertion is broad(major premises and valid) and other is specific(minor premises and invalid). As major premises are broad it is to be supported by values and laws. Like for instance: Reena is a woman All women are mortal Therefore it proves that reena is mortal. It is a top to down approach. Inductive Reasoning is basically a type of argument which supports conclusion on the basis of judgment, pattern, trend, experience and observation. These arguments do not prove truth as these conclusions are based on probable support. The argument which support successfully is a strong argument whereas that fails to support is considered as weak. It is a bottom to up approach..
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Logic
These slides are helpful if you really want to know what actually LOGIC is in business world or prospective.
The following text material and terms defined at the end comprise .docx
The following text material and terms defined at the end comprise part of what will be asked on the Mid-Term Exam for PHIL 1381.
Logic [excerpt from Stan Baronett, Logic, 2E]
Logic is the study of reasoning. Logic investigates the level of correctness of the reasoning found in arguments. An argument is a group of statements of which one (the conclusion) is claimed to follow from the others (the premises). A statement is a sentence that is either true or false. Every statement is either true or false; these two possibilities are called “truth values.” Premises are statements that contain information intended to provide support or reasons to believe a conclusion. The conclusion is the statement that is claimed to follow from the premises. In order to help recognize arguments, we rely on premise indicator words and phrases, and conclusion indicator words and phrases.
Inference is the term used by logicians to refer to the reasoning process that is expressed by an argument. If a passage expresses a reasoning process—that the conclusion follows from the premises—then we say that it makes an inferential claim. If a passage does not express a reasoning process (explicit or implicit), then it does not make an inferential claim (it is a noninferential passage). One type of noninferential passage is the explanation. An explanation provides reasons for why or how an event occurred. By themselves, explanations are not arguments; however, they can form part of an argument.
There are two types of argument: deductive and inductive. A deductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. In other words, it is claimed that under the assumption that the premises are true it is impossible for the conclusion to be false. An inductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the premises make the conclusion probable. In other words, it is claimed that, under the assumption that the premises are true, it is improbable for the conclusion to be false.
Revealing the logical form of a deductive argument helps with logical analysis and evaluation. When we evaluate deductive arguments, we use the following concepts: valid, invalid, sound, and unsound. A valid argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false. In other words, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. An invalid argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, it is possible for the conclusion to be false. In other words, a deductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises is an invalid argument. When logical analysis shows that a deductive argument is valid, and when truth value analysis of the premises shows that they are all true, then the argument is sound. If a deductive argument is invalid, or if at least one of the premises is false (truth value analysis), then the argument is unsound.
A counterexample to astatement is evidenc.
Recommended
Logic
These slides are helpful if you really want to know what actually LOGIC is in business world or prospective.
The following text material and terms defined at the end comprise .docx
The following text material and terms defined at the end comprise part of what will be asked on the Mid-Term Exam for PHIL 1381.
Logic [excerpt from Stan Baronett, Logic, 2E]
Logic is the study of reasoning. Logic investigates the level of correctness of the reasoning found in arguments. An argument is a group of statements of which one (the conclusion) is claimed to follow from the others (the premises). A statement is a sentence that is either true or false. Every statement is either true or false; these two possibilities are called “truth values.” Premises are statements that contain information intended to provide support or reasons to believe a conclusion. The conclusion is the statement that is claimed to follow from the premises. In order to help recognize arguments, we rely on premise indicator words and phrases, and conclusion indicator words and phrases.
Inference is the term used by logicians to refer to the reasoning process that is expressed by an argument. If a passage expresses a reasoning process—that the conclusion follows from the premises—then we say that it makes an inferential claim. If a passage does not express a reasoning process (explicit or implicit), then it does not make an inferential claim (it is a noninferential passage). One type of noninferential passage is the explanation. An explanation provides reasons for why or how an event occurred. By themselves, explanations are not arguments; however, they can form part of an argument.
There are two types of argument: deductive and inductive. A deductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. In other words, it is claimed that under the assumption that the premises are true it is impossible for the conclusion to be false. An inductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the premises make the conclusion probable. In other words, it is claimed that, under the assumption that the premises are true, it is improbable for the conclusion to be false.
Revealing the logical form of a deductive argument helps with logical analysis and evaluation. When we evaluate deductive arguments, we use the following concepts: valid, invalid, sound, and unsound. A valid argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false. In other words, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. An invalid argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, it is possible for the conclusion to be false. In other words, a deductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises is an invalid argument. When logical analysis shows that a deductive argument is valid, and when truth value analysis of the premises shows that they are all true, then the argument is sound. If a deductive argument is invalid, or if at least one of the premises is false (truth value analysis), then the argument is unsound.
A counterexample to astatement is evidenc.
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danielhampikian
Which asymmetric cryptosystem is used for digital signaturesA. DE.pdf
Which asymmetric cryptosystem is used for digital signatures?
A. DES
B. SHA1
C. Diffie-Hellman
D. ECC
Solution
D. Elliptic curve cryptosystems (ECC) is an asymmetric cryptosystem created in the 1980s to
create and store digital signatures in a small amount of memory. Answer A is incorrect because
DES is a symmetric algorithm. Answer B is incorrect because SHA1 is a hashing algorithm.
Answer C is incorrect because Diffie-Hellman is used for key exchange..
Which of these theories fit into the contextual world-viewQuestio.pdf
Which of these theories fit into the contextual world-view?
Question 13 options:
Stage theories, like Piaget\'s.
Learning theories, like Skinner\'s.
Universal theories, like Bowlby\'s.
Systems theories, like Bronfenbrenner\'s.
Save
Stage theories, like Piaget\'s.
Learning theories, like Skinner\'s.
Universal theories, like Bowlby\'s.
Systems theories, like Bronfenbrenner\'s.
Solution
ANS: D. Systems theories, like Bronfenbrenner\'s.
Explanation:
Developmental psychology is mainly influenced by three major world views. They are 1.
Organismic, 2. Mechanistic and 3. contextual world views.
Contextual world views:
Development is the result of reciprocal social interactions between an active person and their
social partners from in a series of nested contexts.
Systems theories, like Bronfenbrenner\'s theory fit into the contextual world-view.
Wrong theories:
A. Stage theories, like Piaget\'s. (Organismic)
B. Learning theories, like Skinner\'s. (Mechanistic)
C. Universal theories, like Bowlby\'s. (Maturational).
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Which asymmetric cryptosystem is used for digital signaturesA. DE.pdf
Which asymmetric cryptosystem is used for digital signatures?
A. DES
B. SHA1
C. Diffie-Hellman
D. ECC
Solution
D. Elliptic curve cryptosystems (ECC) is an asymmetric cryptosystem created in the 1980s to
create and store digital signatures in a small amount of memory. Answer A is incorrect because
DES is a symmetric algorithm. Answer B is incorrect because SHA1 is a hashing algorithm.
Answer C is incorrect because Diffie-Hellman is used for key exchange..
Which of these theories fit into the contextual world-viewQuestio.pdf
Which of these theories fit into the contextual world-view?
Question 13 options:
Stage theories, like Piaget\'s.
Learning theories, like Skinner\'s.
Universal theories, like Bowlby\'s.
Systems theories, like Bronfenbrenner\'s.
Save
Stage theories, like Piaget\'s.
Learning theories, like Skinner\'s.
Universal theories, like Bowlby\'s.
Systems theories, like Bronfenbrenner\'s.
Solution
ANS: D. Systems theories, like Bronfenbrenner\'s.
Explanation:
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Contextual world views:
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Systems theories, like Bronfenbrenner\'s theory fit into the contextual world-view.
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B. Learning theories, like Skinner\'s. (Mechanistic)
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Citereferencesplease
Solution
The term leukemia is referred to neoplasm of hematopoietic tissue. Unlike the solid tumors the
leukemic cells diffuse into bone marrow and lymphoid tissues and spill over into blood stream to
spread to various organs of the body. The leukemic cells are either mature or extremely
primitive. Rich amounts of white blood cell counts in leukemia reveals the spread of tumors to
peripheral blood. However, the proliferation of white blood cells is mostly confined to bone
marrow and no significant increase in number of white blood cells in the blood stream can be
observed.
Leukemia is classified depending on the type of the cell and maturity of proliferating cell. Any
type of hematopoietic cell may produce leukemia but most common types are granulocytic,
monocytic and lymphocytic. The leukemia developing from stem cells produce the leukocytes
containing specific granules such as neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. This type of
leukemia is called granulocytic leukemia. Monocytic leukemia is developed from the precursor
cells of monocytes. Lymphocytic leukemia is produced by lymphoid precursor cells.
When the leukemic cells are most primitive forms the neoplasm is called acute leukemia. The
leukemia with mature cells is called chronic leukemia. Chronic granulocyte leukemia is caused
by circulating matured granulocytes and neutrophils along with few primitive cells. Chronic
lymphocytic leukemia is caused by circulating mature lymphocytes.
The clinical features of leukemia are either caused by impairment of function of bone marrow or
caused by infiltration of leukemic cells into viscera. The overgrowth of leukemic cells in bone
marrow crowds out the normal cells leading to anemia because of inadequate production of red
blood cells. Bleeding is caused by thrombocytopenia and infection resulting from insufficient
numbers of white blood cells to provide protection by immune defense mechanism against
pathogens.
Leukemic cells spreading to other tissues may invade into spleen, liver, lymph nodes and other
tissues. The chronic leukemia proceeds at a slow rate and can be controlled by treatment over
long periods of time. Therefore, the patient may survive for several years. In an acute leukemia
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conspicuous appearance.
1.American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2016. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer
Society; 2016.
2. Byrd JC, Brown JR, O\'Brien S, et al. Ibrutinib versus ofatumumab in previously treated
chronic lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jul 17;371(3):213-23. Epub 2014 May 31.
3. Byrd JC, Furman RR, Coutre SE, et al. Targeting BTK with ibrutinib in relapsed chronic
lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jul 4;369(1):32-42. Epub 2013 Jun 19.
4. Byrd JC, Flynn JM. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In: Niederhuber JE,Armitage JO,
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Solution
Answer:
The major evolutionary feats shared by Platyhelminthes, Nematoda and Annelida are:
1. Level of Organization- Organ system level of organization
The organisms possesses distinct organ systems which marks the evolution of organ systems in
animals.
2. Symmetry - Bilateral
This is often a result of moving in one direction, thus having a “head” end.
3. Triploblastic
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evidence of slowly adapting layers of developmental control during embryogenesis as cells
specialized for greater efficiency.
Two additional evolutionary feats exhibited by Nematoda are:
1. Coelom- Pseudocoelomate
2. Digestive system -Complete
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2. Circulatory system -Present.
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What are some of the advantages in the use of AOA notation as opposed to AON? Under what
circumstances does it seem better to apply AON methodology in network development?
Solution
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the transition between activities, which are called events.
AON means activity on node. Here activities are represented by circles and the arc represents the
events.
The advantage of using AOA as opposed to AON is that AOA is more suitable for analytical
techniques. Path tracking in case of AOA is simplified by event numbering. Lastly key events
are easy to identify.
AON is better under the following circumstances:.
Verify the identity.StartFraction sine left parenthesis alpha plus.pdf
Verify the identity.
StartFraction sine left parenthesis alpha plus beta right parenthesis Over sine alpha cosine beta
EndFraction equals 1 plus cotangent alpha tangent beta
sin(+)
sincos
=1+cottan
Solution
sin(+)/sincos =1+cottan
sin( + ) = sin()cos() + cos()sin()
LHS ======> sin()cos()/sincos + cos()sin()/sincos = 1 + cot()*tan() = RHS.
Use C++class Node{public Node ( int = 0 ); constru.pdf
Use C++
class Node{
public:
Node ( int = 0 ); // constructor with default value for
// info field
int info; // data
Node * next; // pointer to next node in the list
};
and put the constructor in Node.cpp
// Constructor
Node::Node ( int data )
{
info = data;
next = nullptr;
}
Write the following using the Node class.
A function that copies a linked list pointed to by ptr and returns a pointer to the copied list.
Please note: the copied list should be independent of the original list; the original list can be
destroyed and the copy should still remain.
const Node * copy (Node * ptr);
Solution
Need to perform \'Deep copy\' here :
const Node * copy (Node * ptr)
{
//Create new list to hold copied items
Node* newNode = new Node;
//Return if empty list
if (ptr->next == 0)
{
return newNode;
}
while(ptr !=NULL)
{
newNode->info = ptr->info;
newNode->next = ptr->next;
ptr = ptr ->next;
}
return newNode;
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This is a lab for a java program that I am very unsure of, it has to.pdf
This is a lab for a java program that I am very unsure of, it has to do with Binary trees, and I am
very confused on how to work with them, if anyone can help I will be very grateful, thank you!!
You are to create a balanced binary tree which means that at each node n, the size of the left
subtree of n is within one of the size of the right subtree of n
Your program shall read in from user input a list of positive integers into an array (at most 100
elements). Your input stops when it reads a 0 (sentinel ).
Your program will then sort the elements in the array. You MUST write your own sort routine
You are then to create a balanced binary tree from this data.
You are then to print out your balanced tree using pre-order, in-order, and post-order routines
Requirements
1) Program must read integers from user input into an array
2) Program must sort integers with sort routine written by user
3) Program must implement a binary tree object using links (not arrays)
4) Program must implement at least methods PREORDER, INORDER, POSTORDER, ADD
(create a balanced binary search tree from the given array).
5) Output demonstrating input and output
Solution
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
class Nodetype
{
int info;
int ht;
Nodetype left;
Nodetype right;
Nodetype(int i)
{
info=i;
ht=0;
left=null;
right=null;
}
}
class Functions
{
Nodetype AVLroot;
void create()
{
int x,n,i;
AVLroot=null;
int[] a=new int[100];
String str;
int counter=0;
System.out.println(\"\ Enter numbers:\");
do
{
x=getNumber();
a[counter]=x;
counter++;
}while(x!=0);
int[] finalarr=new int[100];
finalarr=sort(a);
int tcntr=0;
while(finalarr[tcntr]!=0)
{
AVLroot=insert(AVLroot,finalarr[tcntr]);
tcntr++;
}
System.out.println(\"\ Preorder sequene:\");
preorder(AVLroot);
System.out.println(\"\ Inorder sequence:\");
inorder(AVLroot);
System.out.println(\"\ Postorder sequence:\");
postorder(AVLroot);
}
int[] sort(int[] arr)
{
int n = arr.length;
int temp = 0;
for(int i=0; i < n; i++){
for(int j=1; j < (n-i); j++){
if(arr[j-1] > arr[j]&&arr[j]!=0){
//swap elements
temp = arr[j-1];
arr[j-1] = arr[j];
arr[j] = temp;
}
}
}
return (arr);
}
int getNumber()
{
String str;
int ne=0;
InputStreamReader input=new InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(input);
try
{
str=in.readLine();
ne=Integer.parseInt(str);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(\"\ I/O error.\");
}
return ne;
}
Nodetype insert(Nodetype T,int x)
{
if(T==null)
{
Nodetype node=new Nodetype(x);
T=node;
}
else
if(x>T.info)
{
T.right=insert(T.right,x);
if(BF(T)==-2)
if(x>T.right.info)
T=RR(T);
else
T=RL(T);
}
else
if(xrh)
return(lh);
return(rh);
}
Nodetype rotateright(Nodetype x)
{
Nodetype y;
y=x.left;
x.left=y.right;
y.right=x;
x.ht=height(x);
y.ht=height(y);
return(y);
}
Nodetype rotateleft(Nodetype x)
{
Nodetype y;
y=x.right;
x.right=y.left;
y.left=x;
x.ht=height(x);
y.ht=height(y);
return(y);
}
Nodetype RR(Nodetype T)
{
T=rotateleft(T);
return(T);
}
Nodetype LL(Nodetype T)
{
T=rotateright(T);
return(T);
.
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is about .pdf
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is about Select one: a. 170 parts
per million. b. 300 parts per million. c. 400 parts per million d. 800 parts per million. How
would a shift in land use from forest to agriculture affect atmospheric carbon dioxide? Select
one: a. It would have no effect. b. It would result in a large release of CO_2 c. It would result
in a decrease in release of CO_2 d. Neither forests nor crops contribute significantly to
atmospheric carbon dioxide Charles Keeling chose to monitor atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
at Mauna Loa Observatory because Select one: a. uptake of carbon dioxide would be greatest in
warm tropical forests b. it was located far from industrial sources of pollution that might make
interpretation of the data more difficult c. the climate in Hawaii was very different from the
climate of Big Sur (California) where he did his previous work on carbon dioxide d. the relative
contribution of fossil fue
Solution
The concentration of carbondioxide in the atmosphere today is around 400 Parts per million
(ppm). The safe level of carbondioxide in atmosphere is around 350ppm. The shift in land use
from forest to agrivulture results in large release of carbondioxide in atmosphere. Also release of
other greenhouse gasses results in global warming. Its because of the relative contribution of
fossil fuel burning to the release of atmospheric carbondioxide was debated. Its one of the major
reason for the increase in global warminh..
Research and discuss two operating systems and how incident response.pdf
Research and discuss two operating systems and how incident response processes may differ in
properly shutting down the systems for transport to the laboratory.
Solution
Computer Incident Response and Computer Forensics Overview carried out in different
operating system. As follows below:
Introduction
When a compromise of security or an unauthorized/illegal action associated with a
computer is suspected, it is important that steps are taken to ensure the protection of the
data within the computer and/or storage media. The stored data is needed to determine
the level of security compromise and location of potential evidence concerning the
unauthorized or illegal act.
The initial response to a computer security incident may be more important than later
technical analysis of the computer system because of the actions taken by incident
response team members. Actions taken by the incident response team impact subsequent
laboratory examinations of the computer and/or media. Of most importance is that the
first responder act appropriately.
In the event of a suspected computer incident, care must be taken to preserve evidence in
its original state. While it may seem that simply viewing files on a system would not
result in alteration of the original media, opening a file changes it. From a legal sense, it
is no longer the original evidence and may be inadmissible in any subsequent legal or
administrative proceedings.
This paper will focus on the incident response and computer forensics on the personal or
desktop computers. The incident response and forensic procedures and techniques for
servers may additional knowledge and tools.
Incident Response
Every organization should have an incident response team. This team may consist of one
person in an organization or several persons. In the event of suspected computer crime or
violations of user policies, the team should be activated. The team should have written
procedures for incident response, including what conditions warrant calling in local
and/or federal law enforcement authorities. Violations of user policies may result in
administrative actions whereas suspected computer crimes may require that law
enforcement authorities be called in. The incident team needs to protect evidence for
either situation. For administrative actions, the procedures described in this paper may be
sufficient. However, for suspected computer crimes, the law enforcement officials may
instruct the incident team to wait for their arrival.
The activities/procedures for securing a suspected computer incident scene include
· Securing the scene
· Shutting down the computer
· Labeling the evidence
· Documenting the evidence
· Transporting the evidence
· Providing chain-of-custody documentation
The computer incident response team should keep in mind that what begins as a
collection of evidence for violation of administrative policy violations may escalate into
collection of evidence for more serious violations. The computer may hav.
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Proteins can be attached to a membrane in a variety of ways. How does the mode of attachment
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Solution
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signalling pathways and cell adhesion etc…. proteins are interacting with membrane in different
types
Some proteins are associated with cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane; some proteins are
associated with extracellular face of the plasma membrane (peripheral proteins) and integral or
intrinsic proteins. Extrinsic proteins do not interact with the hydrophobic core of the
phospholipids bilayer.
Example porins are transmembrane proteins that play a major role in water transport
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Problem 1-What is environmental engineering? (20 pts) Below you will see a list of four
different scenarios which to field of environmental engineering. For each one of ihena may
involve the area you need (1) Write out if th have defined it in our course e scenario involves
environmental engineering as wo for (1) by explaining what area of environmental engineering
the scenario fits into and why decide YES, the scenario does involve the field of specific an
environmental engineering, then describe something environmental engineer might do as part o
scenario. If you decide scendor of environmental engineering. you do not have to do anything t f
their job in thot e NQ, the scenario does not involve the field this step. northern Scenario 1:
Unsustainable deforestation in an old growth Canadian forest the Congo. Scenario 3: Assessment
of the level of exposure of indoor air pollutants in a school building for children that go to the
school. Scenario 4: Assisting a Native American tribe in legal arguments to justity to a state
court that their water rights are being violated. Scenario 2: Right handling of acid mine water
drainage for a gold mine in
Solution
1.
1.At 0.02% of its forested area, deforestation in Canada is among the world’s lowest, yet many
myths exist about the state of our forests. The reality is that Canada is a world leader in
sustainable forest management. Canadian forests are healthy, productive and thriving.
Deforestation is an important issue, since shrinking forest cover reduces biodiversity, affects soil
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government carefully monitors and regularly publishes reports on deforestation. Our scientists
combine satellite and aerial images with information about regional development, forest
ecosystems, natural processes and local conditions to help monitor and manage the health of
Canadian forests.
Here are some key facts about Canada’s low levels of deforestation.
The annual deforestation rate in Canada in 2010 was less than 0.02% of our forests and the rate
has been declining for over 25 years. In 1990, 63,100 hectares were lost to deforestation and in
2014 this figure dropped to 34,200 hectares.
Today, Canada’s 348 million hectares of forest lands represent about 9% of the world’s forest
cover, but account for only 0.3% of global deforestation.
Deforestation only occurs when forests are permanently removed so the land can be used for
something else. Harvesting, forest fires and insect infestations do not constitute deforestation,
since the affected areas will grow back. According to laws, regulations and policies in place
across Canada, all areas harvested on public land must be reforested, either by replanting or
through natural regeneration. About 94% of Canada’s forests are on public land.
The conversion of forest to agricultural land is decreasing but it remains the largest contributor to
deforestation in Canada. The small contribution the.
NetWork Design Question2.) How does TCP prevent Congestion Dicuss.pdf
NetWork Design Question
2.) How does TCP prevent Congestion? Dicuss the information identifying congestion in the
network as well as the mechanism for reducing congestion?
Solution
Congestion is a problem that occurs on shared networks when multiple users contend for access
to the same resources (bandwidth, buffers, and queues).
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a network congestion-avoidance algorithm that
includes various aspects of an additive increase/multiplicative decrease (AIMD) scheme, with
other schemes such as slow-start to achieve congestion avoidance.
The TCP congestion-avoidance algorithm is the primary basis for congestion control in the
Internet.
Congestion typically occurs where multiple links feed into a single link, such as where internal
LANs are connected to WAN links. Congestion also occurs at routers in core networks where
nodes are subjected to more traffic than they are designed to handle.
TCP/IP networks such as the Internet are especially susceptible to congestion because of their
basic connection- less nature. There are no virtual circuits with guaranteed bandwidth. Packets
are injected by any host at any time, and those packets are variable in size, which make
predicting traffic patterns and providing guaranteed service impossible. While connectionless
networks have advantages, quality of service is not one of them.
Shared LANs such as Ethernet have their own congestion control mechanisms in the form of
access controls that prevent multiple nodes from transmitting at the same time.
Identifying:
Congestion is primarily reflected by a conventional user feeling-- slowness. This statement
reflects the change in the network effective flow, that is the time required to transmit an entire
data from one point to another. The effective flow doenot exist as such, it consists in reality of
three seperate indicators:
*Latency:the effective flow is inversely proportional to the latency.
*Jitter:it is latency variation over time, impacts by influencing the flow latency
*Loss Rate:the theoritical bandwidth is inversely proportional to the square root of the loss rate
These Congestion symtoms allow us to rely on objective indicators to characterize it.
Mechanism to reduce congestion:
The standard fare in TCP implementations today has four standard congestion control algorithms
that are now in common use. Their usefulness has passed the test of time.
The four algorithms, Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery are
described below. (a) Slow Start
Slow Start, a requirement for TCP software implementations is a mechanism used by the sender
to control the transmission rate, otherwise known as sender-based flow control. This is
accomplished through the return rate of acknowledgements from the receiver. In other words, the
rate of acknowledgements returned by the receiver determine the rate at which the sender can
transmit data. When a TCP connection first begins, the Slow Start algorithm initializes a
.
Mosses and liverworts are early colonizers during ecological success.pdf
Mosses and liverworts are early colonizers during ecological succession and make the
environment more amenable for other species. How do these plants contribute to nitrogen levels
in the soil?
Solution
Answer:
Mosses and liverworts have been found to be the first organisms to colonize either a primary
succession or secondary succession. Their spores are carried by birds, insects or wind.
Studies indicate that mosses and liverworts make the soil more amenable to colonization by other
plants. This can be attributed to the fact that mosses and liverworts establish symbiotic
association with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria, thus replenishing the soil with nitrogen..
Many programming languages, especially older ones, provide no langua.pdf
Many programming languages, especially older ones, provide no language support for
concurrency. C and C++ are examples of such languages. Is it essential that a language include
syntax for concurrency to be able to write concurrent programs in that language? If not, how is it
accomplished? What are the advantages and disadvantages of including support for concurrency
in a language?
Solution
Advantages:
1).Although the tasks are running and the user can relate with the applications.
2).It has the availability of services. means long running the tasks will not delay tiny running
ones.
3). complex programs make better use of many resources.
4).tasks are requiring certain pre conditions can hang and wait untill the pre conditions are seize
and then restart implementation properly.
Disadvantages:
1). a chance of corrupting consistent state of program by concurrent tasks.
2).Deadlock may occur.
3).It would be masters exponential number of interleavings due to different schedules..
Inferior nasal concha Lacrimal bone Mandible Maxilla Nasal bone .pdf
Inferior nasal concha Lacrimal bone Mandible Maxilla Nasal bone Palatine bone Vomer
bone Zygomatic bone Forms bridge of nose Only movable bone in the facial skeleton Contains
coronoid process Creates prominence of cheek inferior and lateral to the eye Contains sockets
of upper teeth Forms inferior portion of nasal septum Forms anterior portion of zygomatic arch
Scroll-shaped bone in nasal passage Forms anterior roof of mouth Contains mental foramen
Forms posterior roof of mouth Small bone in medial wall of orbit Forms a very small portion of
inferior orbit Contains large sinus inferior to orbit
Solution.
import java.util.;public class Program{public static void.pdf
import java.util.*;
public class Program
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
String x=\"X\";
int amount;
System.out.println(\"Enter amount\");
amount=input.nextInt();
System.out.println(\"Amount is: \"+amount);
for(int i=1; i<=amount; i++)
{
System.out.println(x);
for(int j=1; j<=i; j++)
{
System.out.print(x);
}
}
}
}
Why does It print out the last set of X\'s twice? I am doing basic Java so please try to explain
using the most basic codes.
import java.util.*;
public class Program
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
String x=\"X\";
int amount;
System.out.println(\"Enter amount\");
amount=input.nextInt();
System.out.println(\"Amount is: \"+amount);
for(int i=1; i<=amount; i++)
{
System.out.println(x);
for(int j=1; j<=i; j++)
{
System.out.print(x);
}
}
}
}
Why does It print out the last set of X\'s twice? I am doing basic Java so please try to explain
using the most basic codes.
import java.util.*;
public class Program
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
String x=\"X\";
int amount;
System.out.println(\"Enter amount\");
amount=input.nextInt();
System.out.println(\"Amount is: \"+amount);
for(int i=1; i<=amount; i++)
{
System.out.println(x);
for(int j=1; j<=i; j++)
{
System.out.print(x);
}
}
}
}
Why does It print out the last set of X\'s twice? I am doing basic Java so please try to explain
using the most basic codes.
Solution
Hi,
I have modified the code. it is working as expected now. Highlighted the code changes below.
Issue here is with you have written this statement twice System.out.println(x); which causes the
issue.
Program.java
import java.util.*;
public class Program
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
String x=\"X\";
int amount;
System.out.println(\"Enter amount\");
amount=input.nextInt();
System.out.println(\"Amount is: \"+amount);
for(int i=1; i<=amount; i++)
{
System.out.println();
for(int j=1; j<=i; j++)
{
System.out.print(x);
}
}
}
}
Output:
Enter amount
10
Amount is: 10
X
XX
XXX
XXXX
XXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX.
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