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The document provides an overview of critical thinking skills and discusses addressing obstacles to developing those skills. It defines stereotypes as overgeneralizations that can bog down thinking and provides examples. It also discusses adopting multiple perspectives, recognizing biased language, and analyzing arguments by evaluating their structure and the truth of any premises.

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Second Thoughts, 4th ed. Wanda Teays McGraw-Hill Higher Ed. © 2010. Wanda Teays. All rights reserved Chapter One: Out of the Fog: The Pathway to Critical Thinking

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Rethorical Assigment # 5 – Response to visual media This week we are watching a movie. It is called Recount. The movie talks about the presidential election in 2000 between the democrat candidate Al Gore and George W. Bush on the republican side. Your assignment is simple. Choose one of the following thesis: 1. Al Gore rightfully won the election. 2. George Bush rightfully won the election. That should be your lead sentence and then you will develop that central point, based on the movie. Just explain and give examples of the central idea. This assignment must be based on the movie, no research. This is another 1-page essay. Double space, 12 Times New Roman, Align left. One single paragraph essay. 1st line: name 2nd line: Rethorical Assigment # 5 … 3rd line: leave it in blank 4th line: hit tab start writing until the end of the page. 1.1 Why Study Ethics? You are standing in line at the movies, and someone cuts in front of you. Your child is sent home from school because what is written on her t-shirt is considered "inappropriate." You discover that your best friend is cheating on his wife. You are forced to pay taxes to support behavioryou think is wrong. Your commanding officer punishes you for something you didn't do. Your boss promotes a co-worker who took credit forwork that was, in fact, done by you. You have a little extra money and, on your way to play the lottery, pass a homeless woman with her child. These situations illustrate some of the ethical situations we may confront that would force us to consider what we should do, and whether ourresponse is good or bad, right or wrong, moral or immoral. The study of those problems constitutes the discipline of philosophy known asethics. The study of ethics is ancient and can be found across all cultures and in all times that humans have lived in social groups. That peopleconsider what is right and wrong, and what they ought to do, is fundamental to living in communities. Thus, another way of thinking aboutethics is that it is the study of "oughts" and "shoulds"—what ought I do, what should others do, what ought society do. Even though our focusin this text will be on the subject of ethics itself, we will also explore the long history of ethics and some of its important relationships withreligious traditions and legal and political doctrines before we reach the conclusion of our readings. Recognizing how our philosophical concepts—particularly ethical concepts—inform and clarify our understanding of religion, the law, and politics is important. At the same time, we all have what philosophers call moral intuitions. Intuitions, in the philosophical sense, are views that we hold, and sharewith others, without any specific argument or reasoning involved. They tend to be immediate and spontaneous. Perhaps you see an animalbeing treated with great cruelty, and you immediately and spontaneously object to that treatment. This reflects your intuition that such crueltyis wrong; you don't hes ...

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1.1 Why Study Ethics? You are standing in line at the movies, and someone cuts in front of you. Your child is sent home from school because what is written on her t-shirt is considered "inappropriate." You discover that your best friend is cheating on his wife. You are forced to pay taxes to support behavioryou think is wrong. Your commanding officer punishes you for something you didn't do. Your boss promotes a co-worker who took credit forwork that was, in fact, done by you. You have a little extra money and, on your way to play the lottery, pass a homeless woman with her child. These situations illustrate some of the ethical situations we may confront that would force us to consider what we should do, and whether ourresponse is good or bad, right or wrong, moral or immoral. The study of those problems constitutes the discipline of philosophy known asethics. The study of ethics is ancient and can be found across all cultures and in all times that humans have lived in social groups. That peopleconsider what is right and wrong, and what they ought to do, is fundamental to living in communities. Thus, another way of thinking aboutethics is that it is the study of "oughts" and "shoulds"—what ought I do, what should others do, what ought society do. Even though our focusin this text will be on the subject of ethics itself, we will also explore the long history of ethics and some of its important relationships withreligious traditions and legal and political doctrines before we reach the conclusion of our readings. Recognizing how our philosophical concepts—particularly ethical concepts—inform and clarify our understanding of religion, the law, and politics is important. At the same time, we all have what philosophers call moral intuitions. Intuitions, in the philosophical sense, are views that we hold, and sharewith others, without any specific argument or reasoning involved. They tend to be immediate and spontaneous. Perhaps you see an animalbeing treated with great cruelty, and you immediately and spontaneously object to that treatment. This reflects your intuition that such crueltyis wrong; you don't hesitate to consider the evidence and arguments involved—you simply react. Such intuitions are often correct, and thestudy of ethics can help support them by providing deeper reflection on the issues involved and developing sophisticated arguments thatsupport these intuitions. It is also possible that such intuitions may be wrong, or at least may be considered by many others to be wrong. Aperson's intuitions may tell him any number of things: that stealing is sometimes okay, that violence can sometimes solve problems, thatwomen or people of other races or religions are inferior. Many of us may object to these intuitions. The study of ethics puts us in a strongerposition to be able not just to say that we disapprove, but also to explain why we disapprove and why such intuitions may both be wrong andlead to other immoral results. As we shall see, s ...

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Why are we doing this again?1) Generally speaking, humans are not very good at reasoning.2) The purpose of this class is to make you better at reasoning.3) Fallacies are specific examples of bad reasoning, and they are all around us.Thus, learning to recognize fallacies is likely to make you commit them less often, and consequently become a better reasoner. Hasty generalizationHasty generalization: inappropriately generalizing from too few examples.Anecdotal evidence Freewrite: Hasty Generalization Is there reasoning behind prejudice? What is the motivating force of prejudice or racism (as a subcategory of prejudice)? Does a person’s limited experiences with another group lead them to unjustified conclusions about an entire race (in which case it’s a hasty generalization)? Or is it some deep-seated prejudice that goes beyond reason? Generalization from an exceptional caseGeneralization from an exceptional case: Inappropriately generalizing from cases that are unique, or unusual.Biased sampleSelf-selection fallacy AccidentAccident: Assuming a general claim applies to a specific case that could be unusual.Example: “In America we have the right to bear arms. So if I want to point a gun at a police officer, I should be able to do so.” Weak AnalogyWeak analogy: a weak argument based on unimportant or irrelevant similarities between the things being compared.Example: “Going to SWC is like being in prison. After all, both the campus and the prison are buildings constructed by humans.”Example: “Corporations are like people. If people can be tried in a court of law, then so can corporations.” Untestable ExplanationUntestable explanation: when someone provides an explanation that cannot even be tested in principle.Example: “Charlene is really good at helping people because she gives off such good vibes.” Slippery SlopeSlippery Slope: the suggestion that something will progress by degrees to an exaggerated or undesirable outcome. False cause/correlation is not causationFalse cause: assuming that because one event happened after (or around the same time as) another that it was caused by the other.In assuming that one event causes another, the person committing this fallacy can overlook:CoincidenceA common causeRandom variationRegression to the mean False cause (random variation)“In our tests, we randomly selected men to drive a golf ball as far as they could. We then had them wear our magnetic bracelet and try again. On the second occasion the men hit the ball an average of ten feet further. Our bracelet can lengthen your drive as well.” False cause (regression to the mean)“The girls were well below their average on Monday, so I made them do 50 sets of pushups. Guess what? Their average was much better on Tuesday. Pushups did the trick.” Appeal to AuthorityAppeal to authority: giving the opinion of a non-authoritative source to support a claim.Example: “My smart friend says that Obamacare is bad for the country. So he mu.

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