This presentation contains information relevant to the relational database management systems and the various operations that are performed over a relational database.
This presentation contains the concepts related to database design using ER Diagram. The content is adapted from the contents of the authors of the book mentioned in the reference.
Entity type
Entity sets
Attributes and keys
Relationship model
Mapping Constraints
The ER Model
Cardinality Constraints
Generalization, Specialization and Aggregation
ER Diagram & Database design with the ER Model
Introduction
Relational Model
Concepts
Characteristics
RDBMS. Stands for "Relational Database Management System." An RDBMS is a DBMS designed specifically for relational databases. ... A relational database refers to a database that stores data in a structured format, using rows and columns. This makes it easy to locate and access specific values within the database.
This presentation contains the concepts related to database design using ER Diagram. The content is adapted from the contents of the authors of the book mentioned in the reference.
Entity type
Entity sets
Attributes and keys
Relationship model
Mapping Constraints
The ER Model
Cardinality Constraints
Generalization, Specialization and Aggregation
ER Diagram & Database design with the ER Model
Introduction
Relational Model
Concepts
Characteristics
RDBMS. Stands for "Relational Database Management System." An RDBMS is a DBMS designed specifically for relational databases. ... A relational database refers to a database that stores data in a structured format, using rows and columns. This makes it easy to locate and access specific values within the database.
Schema Integration, View Integration and Database Integration, ER Model & Dia...Mobarok Hossen
What is ER Model & Diagrams?
How can you design ER Model & Diagram?
What is Object-Oriented Model?
What is Schema Integration? how can you Schema Integrate?
What is View Integration? how can you View Integrate?
What is Database Integration? how can you Database Integrate?
Schema Integration, View Integration and Database Integration, ER Model & Dia...Mobarok Hossen
What is ER Model & Diagrams?
How can you design ER Model & Diagram?
What is Object-Oriented Model?
What is Schema Integration? how can you Schema Integrate?
What is View Integration? how can you View Integrate?
What is Database Integration? how can you Database Integrate?
* Determine whether a relation or an equation represents a function.
* Evaluate a function.
* Use the vertical line test to identify functions.
* Identify the domain and range of a function from its graph
* Identify intercepts from a function’s graph
Here, we talk about various relational algebra operations like select, project, union, intersection, minus, cartesian product, and join in database management systems.
In this tutorial, we explore the most basic data structure in R, the vector. We cover everything from creating vectors to subsetting them in different ways.
Introduction to Database Management SystemsAdri Jovin
This presentation contains content relevant to the introduction to the database management systems. The content is adapted from the original work of Abe Silberschatz et. al.
Introduction to Artificial Neural NetworksAdri Jovin
This presentation describes the various components, classification and application of Artificial Neural Networks. It also gives an outline on the other soft computing techniques also.
This presentation gives an outline of the course Soft Computing, which is a Professional Elective offered by the Department of Information Technology, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore.
My presentation on Image-based Security prepared for the Faculty Development Programme on "Research Issues in Digital Image Processing". This covers the concepts of Visual Cryptography and is based on the book "Handbook of Image-based Security Techniques"
My presentation prepared for the one-day national level workshop on "Blockchain Technologies" organised by the Department of Information Technology, Academy of Maritime Education and Training. The presentation covers the definition, classification, components, structure and working of ethereum and bitcoin blockchains.
This presentation provides an introduction to cybersecurity. This presentation is a part of the Five days Faculty Development Program on Cybersecurity organized by the Department of Information Technology, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology.
Advanced Encryption System & Block Cipher Modes of OperationsAdri Jovin
This presentation contains the contents pertaining to the undergraduate course on Cryptography and Network Security (UITC203) at Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology. This covers the Advanced Encryption Standard and the various block cipher moder of operations.
This presentation contains the contents pertaining to the undergraduate course on Cryptography and Network Security (UITC203) at Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology. This covers a case study on the heartbleed bug, a major security issue faced by the internet community in 2014 due to implementation issues.
Zoom: Privacy and Security - A case studyAdri Jovin
This presentation contains the contents pertaining to the undergraduate course on Cryptography and Network Security (UITC203) at Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology. This covers a case study on security and privacy issues faced by Zoom, a prominent online cloud-based video conferencing application.
This presentation contains the contents pertaining to the undergraduate course on Cryptography and Network Security (UITC203) at Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology. This covers the Elliptic Curve Cryptography and the basis of elliptic curve arithmetics.
This presentation contains the contents pertaining to the undergraduate course on Cryptography and Network Security (UITC203) at Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology. This covers the ElGamal Cryptosystem.
This presentation contains the contents pertaining to the undergraduate course on Cryptography and Network Security (UITC203) at Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology. This covers the Data Encryption Standard and its variants.
This presentation contains the contents pertaining to the undergraduate course on Cryptography and Network Security (UITC203) at Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology. This covers the classical cryptographic techniques that were in practice and the basic concepts behind the design of Feistel ciphers
Mathematical Foundations of CryptographyAdri Jovin
This presentation contains the contents pertaining to the undergraduate course on Cryptography and Network Security (UITC203) at Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology. This covers the basic concepts of mathematics that are essential to work with cryptography.
This presentation contains the contents pertaining to the undergraduate course on Cryptography and Network Security (UITC203) at Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology. This covers the various perspectives of network security models.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to Relational Database Management Systems
1. Introduction to Relational Model
Adri Jovin J J, M.Tech., Ph.D.
UITG004- INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
2. Outline
Structure of Relational Databases
Database Schema
Keys
Schema Diagrams
Relational Query Languages
The Relational Algebra
October 8, 2021 UITG004 2
3. Example of a Instructor Relation
attributes
(or columns)
tuples
(or rows)
3
4. Relation Schema and Instance
A1, A2, …, An are attributes
R = (A1, A2, …, An ) is a relation schema
Example:
instructor = (ID, name, dept_name, salary)
A relation instance r defined over schema R is denoted by r (R).
The current values a relation are specified by a table
An element t of relation r is called a tuple and is represented by a row in a table
October 8, 2021 UITG004 4
5. Attributes
The set of allowed values for each attribute is called the domain of the attribute
Attribute values are (normally) required to be atomic; that is, indivisible
The special value null is a member of every domain. Indicated that the value is “unknown”
The null value causes complications in the definition of many operations
October 8, 2021 UITG004 5
6. Relations are Unordered
Order of tuples is irrelevant (tuples may be stored in an arbitrary order)
Example: instructor relation with unordered tuples
October 8, 2021 UITG004 6
7. Database Schema
Database schema -- is the logical structure of the database.
Database instance -- is a snapshot of the data in the database at a given instant in time.
Example:
• schema: instructor (ID, name, dept_name, salary)
• Instance:
October 8, 2021 UITG004 7
8. Keys
Let K R
K is a superkey of R if values for K are sufficient to identify a unique tuple of each possible relation r(R)
• Example: {ID} and {ID,name} are both superkeys of instructor.
Superkey K is a candidate key if K is minimal
Example: {ID} is a candidate key for Instructor
One of the candidate keys is selected to be the primary key.
• Which one?
Foreign key constraint: Value in one relation must appear in another
• Referencing relation
• Referenced relation
• Example: dept_name in instructor is a foreign key from instructor referencing department
October 8, 2021 UITG004 8
10. Relational Query Languages
Procedural versus non-procedural, or declarative
“Pure” languages:
• Relational algebra
• Tuple relational calculus
• Domain relational calculus
The above 3 pure languages are equivalent in computing power
We will concentrate in this chapter on relational algebra
• Not Turing-machine equivalent
• Consists of 6 basic operations
October 8, 2021 UITG004 10
11. Relational Algebra
A procedural language consisting of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produce
a new relation as their result.
Six basic operators
• select:
• project:
• union:
• set difference: –
• Cartesian product: x
• rename:
October 8, 2021 UITG004 11
12. Select Operation
The select operation selects tuples that satisfy a given predicate.
Notation: p (r)
p is called the selection predicate
Example: select those tuples of the instructor relation where the instructor is in the “Physics” department.
• Query
dept_name=“Physics” (instructor)
• Result
October 8, 2021 UITG004 12
13. Select Operation (Cont.)
We allow comparisons using
=, , >, . <.
in the selection predicate.
We can combine several predicates into a larger predicate by using the connectives:
(and), (or), (not)
Example: Find the instructors in Physics with a salary greater $90,000, we write:
dept_name=“Physics” salary > 90,000 (instructor)
The select predicate may include comparisons between two attributes.
• Example, find all departments whose name is the same as their building name:
• dept_name=building (department)
October 8, 2021 UITG004 13
14. Project Operation
A unary operation that returns its argument relation, with certain attributes left out.
Notation:
A1,A2,A3 ….Ak
(r)
where A1, A2, …, Ak are attribute names and r is a relation name.
The result is defined as the relation of k columns obtained by erasing the columns that are not listed
Duplicate rows removed from result, since relations are sets
October 8, 2021 UITG004 14
15. Project Operation Example
Example: eliminate the dept_name attribute of instructor
Query:
ID, name, salary (instructor)
Result:
October 8, 2021 UITG004 15
16. Composition of Relational Operations
The result of a relational-algebra operation is relation and therefore of relational-algebra operations can be
composed together into a relational-algebra expression.
Consider the query -- Find the names of all instructors in the Physics department.
name( dept_name =“Physics” (instructor))
Instead of giving the name of a relation as the argument of the projection operation, we give an expression
that evaluates to a relation.
October 8, 2021 UITG004 16
17. Cartesian-Product Operation
The Cartesian-product operation (denoted by X) allows us to combine information from any two relations.
Example: the Cartesian product of the relations instructor and teaches is written as:
instructor X teaches
We construct a tuple of the result out of each possible pair of tuples: one from the instructor relation and one from the teaches relation
Since the instructor ID appears in both relations we distinguish between these attribute by attaching to the attribute the name of the
relation from which the attribute originally came.
• instructor.ID
• teaches.ID
October 8, 2021 UITG004 17
19. Join Operation
The Cartesian-Product
instructor X teaches
associates every tuple of instructor with every tuple of teaches.
• Most of the resulting rows have information about instructors who did NOT teach a particular course.
To get only those tuples of “instructor X teaches “ that pertain to instructors and the courses that they taught, we write:
instructor.id = teaches.id (instructor x teaches ))
We get only those tuples of “instructor X teaches” that pertain to instructors and the courses that they taught.
The result of this expression, shown in the next slide
October 8, 2021 UITG004 19
20. Join Operation (Cont.)
The table corresponding to:
instructor.id = teaches.id (instructor x teaches))
October 8, 2021 UITG004 20
21. Join Operation (Cont.)
The join operation allows us to combine a select operation and a Cartesian-Product operation into a single
operation.
Consider relations r (R) and s (S)
Let “theta” be a predicate on attributes in the schema R “union” S. The join operation r ⋈𝜃 s is defined as
follows:
𝑟 ⋈𝜃 𝑠 = 𝜎𝜃 (𝑟 × 𝑠)
Thus
instructor.id = teaches.id (instructor x teaches ))
Can equivalently be written as
instructor ⋈ Instructor.id = teaches.id teaches.
October 8, 2021 UITG004 21
22. Union Operation
The union operation allows us to combine two relations
Notation: r s
For r s to be valid.
1. r, s must have the same arity (same number of attributes)
2. The attribute domains must be compatible (example: 2nd
column of r deals with the same type of values as does the
2nd column of s)
Example: to find all courses taught in the Fall 2017 semester, or in the Spring 2018 semester, or in both
course_id ( semester=“Fall” Λ year=2017 (section))
course_id ( semester=“Spring” Λ year=2018 (section))
October 8, 2021 UITG004 22
23. Union Operation (Cont.)
Result of:
course_id ( semester=“Fall” Λ year=2017 (section))
course_id ( semester=“Spring” Λ year=2018 (section))
October 8, 2021 UITG004 23
24. Set-Intersection Operation
The set-intersection operation allows us to find tuples that are in both the input relations.
Notation: r s
Assume:
• r, s have the same arity
• attributes of r and s are compatible
Example: Find the set of all courses taught in both the Fall 2017 and the Spring 2018 semesters.
course_id ( semester=“Fall” Λ year=2017 (section))
course_id ( semester=“Spring” Λ year=2018 (section))
• Result
October 8, 2021 UITG004 24
25. Set Difference Operation
The set-difference operation allows us to find tuples that are in one relation but are not in another.
Notation r – s
Set differences must be taken between compatible relations.
• r and s must have the same arity
• attribute domains of r and s must be compatible
Example: to find all courses taught in the Fall 2017 semester, but not in the Spring 2018 semester
course_id ( semester=“Fall” Λ year=2017 (section)) −
course_id ( semester=“Spring” Λ year=2018 (section))
October 8, 2021 UITG004 25
26. The Assignment Operation
It is convenient at times to write a relational-algebra expression by assigning parts of it to temporary relation
variables.
The assignment operation is denoted by and works like assignment in a programming language.
Example: Find all instructor in the “Physics” and Music department.
Physics dept_name=“Physics” (instructor)
Music dept_name=“Music” (instructor)
Physics Music
With the assignment operation, a query can be written as a sequential program consisting of a series of assignments
followed by an expression whose value is displayed as the result of the query.
October 8, 2021 UITG004 26
27. The Rename Operation
The results of relational-algebra expressions do not have a name that we can use to refer to them. The
rename operator, , is provided for that purpose
The expression:
x (E)
returns the result of expression E under the name x
Another form of the rename operation:
x(A1,A2, .. An) (E)
October 8, 2021 UITG004 27
28. Equivalent Queries
There is more than one way to write a query in relational algebra.
Example: Find information about courses taught by instructors in the Physics department with salary greater
than 90,000
Query 1
dept_name=“Physics” salary > 90,000 (instructor)
Query 2
dept_name=“Physics” ( salary > 90.000 (instructor))
The two queries are not identical; they are, however, equivalent -- they give the same result on any database.
October 8, 2021 UITG004 28
29. Equivalent Queries
There is more than one way to write a query in relational algebra.
Example: Find information about courses taught by instructors in the Physics department
Query 1
dept_name=“Physics” (instructor ⋈ instructor.ID = teaches.ID teaches)
Query 2
(dept_name=“Physics” (instructor)) ⋈ instructor.ID = teaches.ID teaches
The two queries are not identical; they are, however, equivalent -- they give the same result on any
database.
October 8, 2021 UITG004 29
30. References
Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth & Sudharshan S (2010). Database System Concepts. 6th Edition, Tata McGraw
Hill.
Acknowledgement:
The content in this presentation is adopted from the website https://www.db-book.com/. This presentation is used for instructional purpose and not for any
purpose involving monetary profits.
This presentation adheres to CC BY-SA 4.0, provided any user deriving the contents acknowledge the original authors Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth &
Sudharshan S
30
October 8, 2021 UITG004