The Message Passing Interface (MPI) allows parallel applications to communicate between processes using message passing. MPI programs initialize and finalize a communication environment, and most communication occurs through point-to-point send and receive operations between processes. Collective communication routines like broadcast, scatter, and gather allow all processes to participate in the communication.
The document discusses the basics of MPI (Message Passing Interface), which is a standard for message passing parallel programming. It explains the basic model of MPI including communicators, groups, and ranks. It then covers point-to-point communication functions like blocking and non-blocking send/receive. Finally, it briefly introduces collective communication functions that involve groups of processes like broadcast and barrier.
The document provides an introduction to OpenMP, which is an application programming interface for explicit, portable, shared-memory parallel programming in C/C++ and Fortran. OpenMP consists of compiler directives, runtime calls, and environment variables that are supported by major compilers. It is designed for multi-processor and multi-core shared memory machines, where parallelism is accomplished through threads. Programmers have full control over parallelization through compiler directives that control how the program works, including forking threads, work sharing, synchronization, and data environment.
MPI provides point-to-point and collective communication capabilities. Point-to-point communication includes synchronous and asynchronous send/receive functions. Collective communication functions like broadcast, reduce, scatter, and gather efficiently distribute data among processes. MPI also supports irregular data packaging using packing/unpacking functions and derived datatypes.
Critical section problem in operating system.MOHIT DADU
The critical section problem refers to ensuring that at most one process can execute its critical section, a code segment that accesses shared resources, at any given time. There are three requirements for a correct solution: mutual exclusion, meaning no two processes can be in their critical section simultaneously; progress, ensuring a process can enter its critical section if it wants; and bounded waiting, placing a limit on how long a process may wait to enter the critical section. Early attempts to solve this using flags or a turn variable were incorrect as they did not guarantee all three requirements.
The document discusses regular expressions and text processing in Python. It covers various components of regular expressions like literals, escape sequences, character classes, and metacharacters. It also discusses different regular expression methods in Python like match, search, split, sub, findall, finditer, compile and groupdict. The document provides examples of using these regular expression methods to search, find, replace and extract patterns from text.
The document discusses greedy algorithms and their application to optimization problems. It provides examples of problems that can be solved using greedy approaches, such as fractional knapsack and making change. However, it notes that some problems like 0-1 knapsack and shortest paths on multi-stage graphs cannot be solved optimally with greedy algorithms. The document also describes various greedy algorithms for minimum spanning trees, single-source shortest paths, and fractional knapsack problems.
- Java threads allow for multithreaded and parallel execution where different parts of a program can run simultaneously.
- There are two main ways to create a Java thread: extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface.
- To start a thread, its start() method must be called rather than run(). Calling run() results in serial execution rather than parallel execution of threads.
- Synchronized methods use intrinsic locks on objects to allow only one thread to execute synchronized code at a time, preventing race conditions when accessing shared resources.
The document discusses the basics of MPI (Message Passing Interface), which is a standard for message passing parallel programming. It explains the basic model of MPI including communicators, groups, and ranks. It then covers point-to-point communication functions like blocking and non-blocking send/receive. Finally, it briefly introduces collective communication functions that involve groups of processes like broadcast and barrier.
The document provides an introduction to OpenMP, which is an application programming interface for explicit, portable, shared-memory parallel programming in C/C++ and Fortran. OpenMP consists of compiler directives, runtime calls, and environment variables that are supported by major compilers. It is designed for multi-processor and multi-core shared memory machines, where parallelism is accomplished through threads. Programmers have full control over parallelization through compiler directives that control how the program works, including forking threads, work sharing, synchronization, and data environment.
MPI provides point-to-point and collective communication capabilities. Point-to-point communication includes synchronous and asynchronous send/receive functions. Collective communication functions like broadcast, reduce, scatter, and gather efficiently distribute data among processes. MPI also supports irregular data packaging using packing/unpacking functions and derived datatypes.
Critical section problem in operating system.MOHIT DADU
The critical section problem refers to ensuring that at most one process can execute its critical section, a code segment that accesses shared resources, at any given time. There are three requirements for a correct solution: mutual exclusion, meaning no two processes can be in their critical section simultaneously; progress, ensuring a process can enter its critical section if it wants; and bounded waiting, placing a limit on how long a process may wait to enter the critical section. Early attempts to solve this using flags or a turn variable were incorrect as they did not guarantee all three requirements.
The document discusses regular expressions and text processing in Python. It covers various components of regular expressions like literals, escape sequences, character classes, and metacharacters. It also discusses different regular expression methods in Python like match, search, split, sub, findall, finditer, compile and groupdict. The document provides examples of using these regular expression methods to search, find, replace and extract patterns from text.
The document discusses greedy algorithms and their application to optimization problems. It provides examples of problems that can be solved using greedy approaches, such as fractional knapsack and making change. However, it notes that some problems like 0-1 knapsack and shortest paths on multi-stage graphs cannot be solved optimally with greedy algorithms. The document also describes various greedy algorithms for minimum spanning trees, single-source shortest paths, and fractional knapsack problems.
- Java threads allow for multithreaded and parallel execution where different parts of a program can run simultaneously.
- There are two main ways to create a Java thread: extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface.
- To start a thread, its start() method must be called rather than run(). Calling run() results in serial execution rather than parallel execution of threads.
- Synchronized methods use intrinsic locks on objects to allow only one thread to execute synchronized code at a time, preventing race conditions when accessing shared resources.
This document discusses adversarial search in artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of games and introduces the minimax algorithm. The minimax algorithm is used to determine optimal strategies in two-player adversarial games by recursively considering all possible moves by both players. Tic-tac-toe is given as an example game where minimax can be applied to choose the best first move. The properties and limitations of the minimax algorithm are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of parallel programming with OpenMP. It discusses how OpenMP allows users to incrementally parallelize serial C/C++ and Fortran programs by adding compiler directives and library functions. OpenMP is based on the fork-join model where all programs start as a single thread and additional threads are created for parallel regions. Core OpenMP elements include parallel regions, work-sharing constructs like #pragma omp for to parallelize loops, and clauses to control data scoping. The document provides examples of using OpenMP for tasks like matrix-vector multiplication and numerical integration. It also covers scheduling, handling race conditions, and other runtime functions.
This document provides an overview of MPI (Message Passing Interface), a standard for message passing in parallel programs. It discusses MPI's portability, scalability and support for C/Fortran. Key concepts covered include message passing model, common routines, compilation/execution, communication primitives, collective operations, and data types. The document serves as an introductory tutorial on MPI parallel programming.
This document provides an overview of sockets programming in Python. It discusses:
1) The basic Python sockets modules (Socket and SocketServer) which provide low-level networking and simplified server development.
2) Examples of creating stream and datagram sockets, binding addresses, listening for connections, and accepting clients.
3) How the SocketServer module simplifies creating TCP servers with a basic "Hello World" example server.
Minmax Algorithm In Artificial Intelligence slidesSamiaAziz4
Mini-max algorithm is a recursive or backtracking algorithm that is used in decision-making and game theory. Mini-Max algorithm uses recursion to search through the game-tree.
Min-Max algorithm is mostly used for game playing in AI. Such as Chess, Checkers, tic-tac-toe, go, and various tow-players game. This Algorithm computes the minimax decision for the current state.
1) The document discusses complexity analysis of algorithms, which involves determining the time efficiency of algorithms by counting the number of basic operations performed based on input size.
2) It covers motivations for complexity analysis, machine independence, and analyzing best, average, and worst case complexities.
3) Simple rules are provided for determining the complexity of code structures like loops, nested loops, if/else statements, and switch cases based on the number of iterations and branching.
Distributed Mutual Exclusion and Distributed Deadlock DetectionSHIKHA GAUTAM
This document summarizes key concepts related to distributed mutual exclusion and distributed deadlock detection. It discusses classification of distributed mutual exclusion algorithms into token-based and non-token-based approaches. For distributed mutual exclusion, it describes Lamport's algorithm, Ricart-Agrawala algorithm, Maekawa's quorum-based algorithm, and Suzuki-Kasami's token-based broadcast algorithm. It also discusses requirements for mutual exclusion such as freedom from deadlock and starvation. For distributed deadlock detection, it mentions the system model and types of deadlocks as well as approaches for prevention, avoidance, detection, and resolution of deadlocks.
Python Advanced – Building on the foundationKevlin Henney
This is a two-day course in Python programming aimed at professional programmers. The course material provided here is intended to be used by teachers of the language, but individual learners might find some of this useful as well.
The course assume the students already know Python, to the level taught in the Python Foundation course: http://www.slideshare.net/Kevlin/python-foundation-a-programmers-introduction-to-python-concepts-style)
The course is released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Its primary location (along with the original PowerPoint) is at https://github.com/JonJagger/two-day-courses/tree/master/pa
Given two integer arrays val[0...n-1] and wt[0...n-1] that represents values and weights associated with n items respectively. Find out the maximum value subset of val[] such that sum of the weights of this subset is smaller than or equal to knapsack capacity W. Here the BRANCH AND BOUND ALGORITHM is discussed .
Distributed system lamport's and vector algorithmpinki soni
Logical clocks are mechanisms for capturing chronological and causal relationships in distributed systems that lack a global clock. Some key logical clock algorithms are Lamport's timestamps and vector clocks. Lamport's timestamps assign monotonically increasing numbers to events, while vector clocks allow for partial ordering of events. The algorithms for Lamport's timestamps and vector clocks involve incrementing and propagating clock values to determine causal relationships between events in a distributed system.
Analysis & Design of Algorithms
Backtracking
N-Queens Problem
Hamiltonian circuit
Graph coloring
A presentation on unit Backtracking from the ADA subject of Engineering.
This document provides an overview of client-server networking concepts in Java. It discusses elements like network basics, ports and sockets. It explains how to implement both TCP and UDP clients and servers in Java using socket classes. Sample code is provided for an echo client-server application using TCP and a quote client-server application using UDP. Exception handling for sockets is also demonstrated.
RPC allows a program to call a subroutine that resides on a remote machine. When a call is made, the calling process is suspended and execution takes place on the remote machine. The results are then returned. This makes the remote call appear local to the programmer. RPC uses message passing to transmit information between machines and allows communication between processes on different machines or the same machine. It provides a simple interface like local procedure calls but involves more overhead due to network communication.
The document describes the job sequencing problem with deadlines and presents a greedy algorithm to solve it. The problem involves scheduling a set of jobs on a single processor to maximize total profit where each job has a deadline and profit. The greedy algorithm sorts jobs by decreasing profit and schedules each job as late as possible while meeting its deadline. This approach always finds the optimal solution that maximizes total profit. Pseudocode and a C++ program implementing the algorithm are also provided.
The theory behind parallel computing is covered here. For more theoretical knowledge: https://sites.google.com/view/vajira-thambawita/leaning-materials
The document provides an introduction to Message Passing Interface (MPI), which is a standard for message passing parallel programming. It discusses key MPI concepts like communicators, data types, point-to-point and collective communication routines. It also presents examples of common parallel programming patterns like broadcast, scatter-gather, and parallel sorting and matrix multiplication. Programming hints are provided, along with references for further reading.
High Performance Computing Workshop for IHPC, Techkriti'13
Supercomputing Blog contains the codes -
http://ankitmahato.blogspot.in/search/label/Supercomputing
Credits:
https://computing.llnl.gov/
http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpi/
This document discusses adversarial search in artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of games and introduces the minimax algorithm. The minimax algorithm is used to determine optimal strategies in two-player adversarial games by recursively considering all possible moves by both players. Tic-tac-toe is given as an example game where minimax can be applied to choose the best first move. The properties and limitations of the minimax algorithm are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of parallel programming with OpenMP. It discusses how OpenMP allows users to incrementally parallelize serial C/C++ and Fortran programs by adding compiler directives and library functions. OpenMP is based on the fork-join model where all programs start as a single thread and additional threads are created for parallel regions. Core OpenMP elements include parallel regions, work-sharing constructs like #pragma omp for to parallelize loops, and clauses to control data scoping. The document provides examples of using OpenMP for tasks like matrix-vector multiplication and numerical integration. It also covers scheduling, handling race conditions, and other runtime functions.
This document provides an overview of MPI (Message Passing Interface), a standard for message passing in parallel programs. It discusses MPI's portability, scalability and support for C/Fortran. Key concepts covered include message passing model, common routines, compilation/execution, communication primitives, collective operations, and data types. The document serves as an introductory tutorial on MPI parallel programming.
This document provides an overview of sockets programming in Python. It discusses:
1) The basic Python sockets modules (Socket and SocketServer) which provide low-level networking and simplified server development.
2) Examples of creating stream and datagram sockets, binding addresses, listening for connections, and accepting clients.
3) How the SocketServer module simplifies creating TCP servers with a basic "Hello World" example server.
Minmax Algorithm In Artificial Intelligence slidesSamiaAziz4
Mini-max algorithm is a recursive or backtracking algorithm that is used in decision-making and game theory. Mini-Max algorithm uses recursion to search through the game-tree.
Min-Max algorithm is mostly used for game playing in AI. Such as Chess, Checkers, tic-tac-toe, go, and various tow-players game. This Algorithm computes the minimax decision for the current state.
1) The document discusses complexity analysis of algorithms, which involves determining the time efficiency of algorithms by counting the number of basic operations performed based on input size.
2) It covers motivations for complexity analysis, machine independence, and analyzing best, average, and worst case complexities.
3) Simple rules are provided for determining the complexity of code structures like loops, nested loops, if/else statements, and switch cases based on the number of iterations and branching.
Distributed Mutual Exclusion and Distributed Deadlock DetectionSHIKHA GAUTAM
This document summarizes key concepts related to distributed mutual exclusion and distributed deadlock detection. It discusses classification of distributed mutual exclusion algorithms into token-based and non-token-based approaches. For distributed mutual exclusion, it describes Lamport's algorithm, Ricart-Agrawala algorithm, Maekawa's quorum-based algorithm, and Suzuki-Kasami's token-based broadcast algorithm. It also discusses requirements for mutual exclusion such as freedom from deadlock and starvation. For distributed deadlock detection, it mentions the system model and types of deadlocks as well as approaches for prevention, avoidance, detection, and resolution of deadlocks.
Python Advanced – Building on the foundationKevlin Henney
This is a two-day course in Python programming aimed at professional programmers. The course material provided here is intended to be used by teachers of the language, but individual learners might find some of this useful as well.
The course assume the students already know Python, to the level taught in the Python Foundation course: http://www.slideshare.net/Kevlin/python-foundation-a-programmers-introduction-to-python-concepts-style)
The course is released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Its primary location (along with the original PowerPoint) is at https://github.com/JonJagger/two-day-courses/tree/master/pa
Given two integer arrays val[0...n-1] and wt[0...n-1] that represents values and weights associated with n items respectively. Find out the maximum value subset of val[] such that sum of the weights of this subset is smaller than or equal to knapsack capacity W. Here the BRANCH AND BOUND ALGORITHM is discussed .
Distributed system lamport's and vector algorithmpinki soni
Logical clocks are mechanisms for capturing chronological and causal relationships in distributed systems that lack a global clock. Some key logical clock algorithms are Lamport's timestamps and vector clocks. Lamport's timestamps assign monotonically increasing numbers to events, while vector clocks allow for partial ordering of events. The algorithms for Lamport's timestamps and vector clocks involve incrementing and propagating clock values to determine causal relationships between events in a distributed system.
Analysis & Design of Algorithms
Backtracking
N-Queens Problem
Hamiltonian circuit
Graph coloring
A presentation on unit Backtracking from the ADA subject of Engineering.
This document provides an overview of client-server networking concepts in Java. It discusses elements like network basics, ports and sockets. It explains how to implement both TCP and UDP clients and servers in Java using socket classes. Sample code is provided for an echo client-server application using TCP and a quote client-server application using UDP. Exception handling for sockets is also demonstrated.
RPC allows a program to call a subroutine that resides on a remote machine. When a call is made, the calling process is suspended and execution takes place on the remote machine. The results are then returned. This makes the remote call appear local to the programmer. RPC uses message passing to transmit information between machines and allows communication between processes on different machines or the same machine. It provides a simple interface like local procedure calls but involves more overhead due to network communication.
The document describes the job sequencing problem with deadlines and presents a greedy algorithm to solve it. The problem involves scheduling a set of jobs on a single processor to maximize total profit where each job has a deadline and profit. The greedy algorithm sorts jobs by decreasing profit and schedules each job as late as possible while meeting its deadline. This approach always finds the optimal solution that maximizes total profit. Pseudocode and a C++ program implementing the algorithm are also provided.
The theory behind parallel computing is covered here. For more theoretical knowledge: https://sites.google.com/view/vajira-thambawita/leaning-materials
The document provides an introduction to Message Passing Interface (MPI), which is a standard for message passing parallel programming. It discusses key MPI concepts like communicators, data types, point-to-point and collective communication routines. It also presents examples of common parallel programming patterns like broadcast, scatter-gather, and parallel sorting and matrix multiplication. Programming hints are provided, along with references for further reading.
High Performance Computing Workshop for IHPC, Techkriti'13
Supercomputing Blog contains the codes -
http://ankitmahato.blogspot.in/search/label/Supercomputing
Credits:
https://computing.llnl.gov/
http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpi/
Message Passing Interface (MPI) is a language-independent communications protocol used to program parallel computers. Both point-to-point and collective communication are supported.
MPI "is a message-passing application programmer interface, together with protocol and semantic specifications for how its features must behave in any implementation." So, MPI is a specification, not an implementation.
MPI's goals are high performance, scalability, and portability.
OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) is an application programming interface (API) that supports multi-platform shared memory multiprocessing programming in C, C++, and Fortran, on most platforms, processor architectures and operating systems, including Solaris, AIX, HP-UX, Linux, MacOS, and Windows.
OpenMP uses a portable, scalable model that gives programmers a simple and flexible interface for developing parallel applications for platforms ranging from the standard desktop computer to the supercomputer.
Parallel and Distributed Computing Chapter 10AbdullahMunir32
MPI is a standardized library for message passing between processes in distributed-memory parallel computers. It provides routines for point-to-point communication like send and receive, as well as collective communication routines like broadcast, gather, and scatter. MPI programs consist of autonomous processes that can communicate by exchanging messages. Common usage involves processes sending data to specific recipients by rank.
This document provides an introduction and overview of MPI (Message Passing Interface). It discusses:
- MPI is a standard for message passing parallel programming that allows processes to communicate in distributed memory systems.
- MPI programs use function calls to perform all operations. Basic definitions are included in mpi.h header file.
- The basic model in MPI includes communicators, groups, and ranks to identify processes. MPI_COMM_WORLD identifies all processes.
- Sample MPI programs are provided to demonstrate point-to-point communication, collective communication, and matrix multiplication using multiple processes.
- Classification of common MPI functions like initialization, communication, and information queries are discussed.
This document provides an overview of MPI (Message Passing Interface), which is a standard for parallel programming using message passing. The key points covered include:
- MPI allows programs to run across multiple computers in a distributed memory environment. It has functions for point-to-point and collective communication.
- Common MPI functions introduced are MPI_Send, MPI_Recv for point-to-point communication, and MPI_Bcast, MPI_Gather for collective operations.
- More advanced topics like derived data types and examples of Poisson equation and FFT solvers are also briefly discussed.
This document discusses MPI (Message Passing Interface) and OpenMP for parallel programming. MPI is a standard for message passing parallel programs that requires explicit communication between processes. It provides functions for point-to-point and collective communication. OpenMP is a specification for shared memory parallel programming that uses compiler directives to parallelize loops and sections of code. It provides constructs for work sharing, synchronization, and managing shared memory between threads. The document compares the two approaches and provides examples of simple MPI and OpenMP programs.
The document provides an overview of Message Passing Interface (MPI), a standard for message passing parallel programming. It explains the basic MPI model including communicators, groups, ranks, and point-to-point communication functions like MPI_Send and MPI_Recv. Blocking and non-blocking send/receive operations are discussed along with how data is described and processes identified in MPI point-to-point communication.
This document provides an overview of Message Passing Interface (MPI) including advantages of the message passing programming model, background on MPI, key concepts, and examples of basic MPI communications. The 6 basic MPI calls in C and Fortran are described which include MPI_Init, MPI_Comm_rank, MPI_Comm_Size, MPI_Send, MPI_Recv, and MPI_Finalize. A simple example program demonstrates a basic send and receive of an integer between two processors.
The document discusses parallel programming using MPI (Message Passing Interface). It introduces MPI as a standard for message passing between processes. It describes how to set up a basic parallel computing environment using a cluster of networked computers. It provides examples of using MPI functions to implement parallel algorithms, including point-to-point and collective communication like broadcast, gather, and scatter.
The document provides an overview of parallel programming using MPI and OpenMP. It discusses key concepts of MPI including message passing, blocking and non-blocking communication, and collective communication operations. It also covers OpenMP parallel programming model including shared memory model, fork/join parallelism, parallel for loops, and shared/private variables. The document is intended as lecture material for an introduction to high performance computing using MPI and OpenMP.
This document provides an introduction to MPI (Message Passing Interface) and parallel programming. It discusses the message passing model and types of parallel computer models that MPI supports. It also describes basic MPI concepts like processes, communicators, datatypes, tags, and blocking/non-blocking send and receive routines. Collective operations like broadcast and reduce are introduced. Finally, it discusses sources of deadlock and solutions using non-blocking routines.
This document discusses implementing a parallel merge sort algorithm using MPI (Message Passing Interface). It describes the background of MPI and how it can be used for communication between processes. It provides details on the dataset used, MPI functions for initialization, communication between processes, and summarizes the results which show a decrease in runtime when increasing the number of processors.
MPI is a language-independent communications protocol used to program parallel computers. It allows processes to communicate and synchronize through point-to-point and collective communication primitives. The document discusses how to install MPI on Linux clusters, describes common MPI functions for communication (e.g. MPI_Send, MPI_Recv) and collective operations (e.g. MPI_Bcast, MPI_Reduce). It also provides an example MPI program to demonstrate basic point-to-point communication between two processes.
Tutorial on Parallel Computing and Message Passing Model - C2Marcirio Chaves
The document provides an overview of Message Passing Interface (MPI), a standard for message passing in parallel programs. MPI allows processes to communicate via calls to MPI routines. It supports point-to-point and collective communication. Point-to-point communication includes blocking and non-blocking sends and receives between two processes. Non-blocking operations return immediately while blocking operations complete the communication before returning.
MPI4Py provides an interface to MPI (Message Passing Interface) that allows Python programs to perform parallel and distributed computing. It supports key MPI concepts like point-to-point and collective communication, communicators, and spawning new processes. The documentation discusses how MPI4Py can communicate Python objects and NumPy arrays between processes, supports common MPI routines, and enables features like one-sided communication and MPI I/O. Examples demonstrate using MPI4Py for tasks like broadcasting data, scattering/gathering arrays, and spawning new Python processes to calculate Pi in parallel.
Hybrid parallel programming uses both message passing (e.g. MPI) and shared memory parallelism (e.g. OpenMP). MPI is used to distribute work across multiple computers while OpenMP parallelizes work within each computer across multiple cores. This approach can improve performance over MPI-only for problems where communication between computers is expensive compared to synchronization within a computer. However, for matrix multiplication experiments, a hybrid MPI-OpenMP approach did not show better performance than MPI-only. Larger problem sizes or different algorithms may be needed to realize benefits of the hybrid approach.
Message Passing Interface (MPI)-A means of machine communicationHimanshi Kathuria
MPI (Message Passing Interface) is a standard for writing message passing programs between parallel processes. It was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s due to increasing computational needs. An MPI program typically initializes and finalizes the MPI environment, declares variables, includes MPI header files, contains parallel code using MPI calls, and terminates the environment before ending. Key MPI calls initialize and finalize the environment, determine the process rank and number of processes, and get the processor name.
This document provides an overview of message passing computing and the Message Passing Interface (MPI) library. It discusses message passing concepts, the Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) model, point-to-point communication using send and receive routines, message tags, communicators, debugging tools, and evaluating performance through timing. Key points covered include how MPI defines a standard for message passing between processes, common routines like MPI_Send and MPI_Recv, and how to compile and execute MPI programs on multiple computers.
Mrs. Akhila Prabhakaran presented on reimagining education. She discussed how the current education system needs change to become more learner-centric and adaptive. She highlighted issues like lack of quality teachers and faculty, lack of employable skills in students, and absence of updated curriculum aligned to global standards based on surveys. She proposed building an education ecosystem that focuses on learner-centered approaches, uses technology to enable collaboration, understands social contexts of learning, improves teacher development, and leads to broader outcomes beyond standardized testing. She envisioned self-organizing learning centers that are integrated with communities and businesses to continuously improve based on evolving needs.
Hypothesis testing refers to formal statistical procedures used to accept or reject claims about populations based on data. It involves:
1) Stating a null hypothesis that makes a claim about a population parameter.
2) Collecting sample data and computing a test statistic.
3) Determining whether to reject the null hypothesis based on the probability of obtaining the sample statistic if the null is true.
Rejecting the null supports the alternative hypothesis. Type I and Type II errors occur when the null is incorrectly rejected or not rejected. Hypothesis tests aim to minimize errors while maximizing power to detect meaningful alternative hypotheses.
The document discusses various probability distributions including the normal, binomial, Poisson, uniform, and chi-square distributions. It provides examples of when each distribution would be used and explains key properties such as mean, variance, and standard deviation. It also covers topics like the central limit theorem, sampling distributions, and how inferential statistics is used to generalize from samples to populations.
This document provides an introduction to probability and statistical concepts using R. It defines key terms like random variables, sample space, events, and probability. It discusses definitions of probability, conditional probability, independent and dependent events. It provides examples of calculating probabilities for things like coin tosses, dice rolls, and card draws. It also introduces Bayes' theorem and provides examples of how to calculate conditional probabilities using this approach. Finally, it discusses how naive Bayes classification works in machine learning by applying Bayes' theorem.
This document provides an overview of statistical analysis using R. It discusses topics like data collection, reading data into R, measures of central tendency, dispersion, correlation, and data visualization using ggplot2. Specific topics covered include reading data from files, calculating the mean, median, variance, standard deviation, percentiles, histograms, and creating line plots in R using ggplot2. The document is intended as an introduction to key concepts in statistical analysis and how to implement them using the R programming language.
This document provides an introduction to parallel computing. It discusses serial versus parallel computing and how parallel computing involves simultaneously using multiple compute resources to solve problems. Common parallel computer architectures involve multiple processors on a single computer or connecting multiple standalone computers together in a cluster. Parallel computers can use shared memory, distributed memory, or hybrid memory architectures. The document outlines some of the key considerations and challenges in moving from serial to parallel code such as decomposing problems, identifying dependencies, mapping tasks to resources, and handling dependencies.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
2. The Message Passing Model
Applications that do not share a global address space
need a Message Passing Framework.
An application passes messages among processes in order
to perform a task.
Almost any parallel application can be expressed with the
message passing model.
Four classes of operations:
Environment Management
Data movement/ Communication
Collective computation/communication
Synchronization
3. General MPI Program Structure
Header File
– include "mpi.h"
– include 'mpif.h'
Initialize MPI Env.
– MPI_Init(..)
Terminate MPI Env.
– MPI_Finalize()
4. #include "mpi.h"
#include <stdio.h>
int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
{
MPI_Init( &argc, &argv );
printf( "Hello, world!n" );
MPI_Finalize();
return 0;
}
Header File
– include "mpi.h"
– include 'mpif.h'
Initialize MPI Env.
– MPI_Init(..)
Terminate MPI Env.
– MPI_Finalize()
General MPI Program Structure
5. Environment Management Routines
Group of Routines used for interrogating and setting the
MPI execution environment.
MPI_Init
Initializes the MPI execution environment. This function
must be called in every MPI program
MPI_Finalize
Terminates the MPI execution environment. This function
should be the last MPI routine called in every MPI
program - no other MPI routines may be called after it.
6. MPI_Get_processor_name
Returns the processor name. Also returns the length of the name.
The buffer for "name" must be at least
MPI_MAX_PROCESSOR_NAME characters in size. What is
returned into "name" is implementation dependent - may not be the
same as the output of the "hostname" or "host" shell commands.
MPI_Get_processor_name (&name,&resultlength)
MPI_Wtime
Returns an elapsed wall clock time in seconds (double precision) on
the calling processor.
MPI_Wtime ()
Environment Management Routines
7. Communication
Communicator : All MPI communication occurs within a
group of processes.
Rank : Each process in the group has a unique
identifier
Size: Number of processes in a group or
communicator
The Default/ pre-defined communicator is the
MPI_COMM_WORLD which is a group of all
processes.
8. Environment / Communication
MPI_Comm_size
Returns the total number of MPI processes in the specified
communicator, such as MPI_COMM_WORLD. If the
communicator is MPI_COMM_WORLD, then it represents the
number of MPI tasks available to your application.
MPI_Comm_size (comm,&size)
MPI_Comm_rank
Returns the rank of the calling MPI process within the specified
communicator. Initially, each process will be assigned a unique
integer rank between 0 and number of tasks - 1 within the
communicator MPI_COMM_WORLD.
This rank is often referred to as a task ID. If a process becomes
associated with other communicators, it will have a unique rank
within each of these as well.
MPI_Comm_rank (comm,&rank)
9. MPI – HelloWorld Example
#include <mpi.h>
#include<iostream.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
int rank;
int size;
MPI_Init(&argc, &argv);
MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &size);
MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &rank);
cout << "Hello, I’m process "
<< rank << " of " << size << endl;
MPI_Finalize();
return 0;
}
MPI Init(int *argc, char ***argv);
MPI_init(NULL,NULL)
Hello, I’m process 0 of 3
Hello, I’m process 2 of 3
Hello, I’m process 1 of 3
Not necessarily sorted!
10. Communication
Point-to-point communications : Transfer
message from one process to another
process
❖ It involves an explicit send and receive,
which is called two-sided communication.
❖ Message: data + (source + destination +
communicator )
❖ Almost all of the MPI commands are built
around point-to-point operations.
11. MPI Send and Receive
The foundation of communication is built upon send and receive
operations among processes.
Almost every single function in MPI can be implemented with basic
send and receive calls.
1. process A decides a message needs to be sent to process B.
2. Process A then packs up all of its necessary data into a buffer for
process B.
3. These buffers are often referred to as envelopes since the data is
being packed into a single message before transmission.
4. After the data is packed into a buffer, the communication device
(which is often a network) is responsible for routing the message to
the proper location.
5. Location identifier is the rank of the process
12. MPI Send and Receive
6. Send and Recv has to occur in pairs and are Blocking functions.
7. Even though the message is routed to B, process B still has to
acknowledge that it wants to receive A’s data. Once it does this, the
data has been transmitted. Process A is acknowledged that the data
has been transmitted and may go back to work. (Blocking)
8. Sometimes there are cases when A might have to send many
different types of messages to B. Instead of B having to go through
extra measures to differentiate all these messages.
9. MPI allows senders and receivers to also specify message IDs with
the message (known as tags).
10. When process B only requests a message with a certain tag
number, messages with different tags will be buffered by the
network until B is ready for them.
15. More MPI Concepts
Blocking: blocking send or receive routines does not return until
operation is complete.
--blocking sends ensure that it is safe to overwrite the sent data
--blocking receives ensure that the data has arrived and is ready
for use
Non-blocking: Non-blocking send or receive routines returns
immediately, with no information about completion.
-- User should test for success or failure of communication.
-- In between, the process is free to handle other tasks.
-- It is less likely to form deadlocking code
-- It is used with MPI_Wait() or MPI_Test()
16. MPI Send and Receive
MPI_Send ( &data, count, MPI_INT, 1, tag, comm);
Parses memory based on the starting address, size, and count
based on contiguous data
MPI_Recv (void* data, int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, int
source, int tag, MPI_Comm communicator, MPI_Status* status);
Address of data
Number of Elements
Data Type
Destination
(Rank)
Message
Identifier (int)
Communicator
18. MPI Datatypes MPI datatype C equivalent
MPI_SHORT short int
MPI_INT int
MPI_LONG long int
MPI_LONG_LONG long long int
MPI_UNSIGNED_CHAR unsigned char
MPI_UNSIGNED_SHORT unsigned short int
MPI_UNSIGNED unsigned int
MPI_UNSIGNED_LONG unsigned long int
MPI_UNSIGNED_LONG_L
ONG
unsigned long long int
MPI_FLOAT float
MPI_DOUBLE double
MPI_LONG_DOUBLE long double
MPI_BYTE char
➢ MPI predefines its
primitive data types
➢ Primitive data types are
contiguous.
➢ MPI also provides facilities
for you to define your own
data structures based upon
sequences of the MPI
primitive data types.
➢ Such user defined
structures are called
derived data types
19. Compute pi by Numerical Integration
N processes (0,1….. N-1) Master Process: Process 0
Divide the computational task into N portions and each processor
will compute its own (partial) sum.
Then at the end, the master (processor 0) collects all (partial)
sums and forms a total sum.
Basic set of MPI functions used
◦ Init
◦ Finalize
◦ Send
◦ Recv
◦ Comm Size
◦ Rank
20. MPI_Init(&argc,&argv); // Initialize
MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &num_procs); // Get # processors
MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &myid);
N = # intervals used to do the integration...
w = 1.0/(double) N;
mypi = 0.0; // My partial sum (from a MPI processor)
Compute my part of the partial sum based on
1. myid
2. num_procs
if ( I am the master of the group )
{
for ( i = 1; i < num_procs; i++)
{
receive the partial sum from MPI processor i;
Add partial sum to my own partial sum;
}
Print final total;
}
else
{
Send my partial sum to the master of the MPI group;
}
MPI_Finalize();
21. int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int N; // Number of intervals
double w, x; // width and x point
int i, myid;
double mypi, others_pi;
MPI_Init(&argc,&argv); // Initialize
// Get # processors
MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &num_procs);
MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &myid);
N = atoi(argv[1]);
w = 1.0/(double) N;
mypi = 0.0;
//Each MPI Process has its own copy of every variable
Compute PI by Numerical Integration C code
22. /* --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Every MPI process computes a partial sum for the integral
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
for (i = myid; i < N; i = i + num_procs)
{
x = w*(i + 0.5);
mypi = mypi + w*f(x);
}
P = total number of Processes, N in the total number of rectangles
Process 0 computes the sum of f(w *(0.5)), f(w*(P+0.5)), f(w*(2P+0.5))……
Process 1 computes the sum of f(w *(1.5)), f(w*(P+1.5)), f(w*(2P+1.5))……
Process 2 computes the sum of f(w *(2.5)), f(w*(P+2.5)), f(w*(2P+2.5))……
Process 3 computes the sum of f(w *(3.5)), f(w*(P+3.5)), f(w*(2P+3.5))……
Process 4 computes the sum of f(w *(4.5)), f(w*(P+4.5)), f(w*(2P+4.5))……
Compute PI by Numerical Integration C code
23. if ( myid == 0 ) //Now put the sum together...
{
// Proc 0 collects and others send data to proc 0
for (i = 1; i < num_procs; i++)
{
MPI_Recv(&others_pi, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, i, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD, NULL);
mypi += others_pi;
}
cout << "Pi = " << mypi<< endl << endl; // Output...
}
else
{
//The other processors send their partial sum to processor 0
MPI_Send(&mypi, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, 0, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
}
MPI_Finalize();
}
Compute PI by Numerical Integration C code
24. Collective Communication
Communications that involve all processes in a group.
One to all
♦ Broadcast
♦ Scatter (personalized)
All to one
♦ Gather
All to all
♦ Allgather
♦ Alltoall (personalized)
“Personalized” means each process gets different data
25. Collective Communication
In a collective operation, processes must reach the same
point in the program code in order for the communication to
begin.
The call to the collective function is blocking.
26. Broadcast: Root
Process sends the same
piece of data to all
Processes in a
communicator group.
Scatter: Takes an array
of elements and
distributes the
elements in the order
of process rank.
Collective Communication
27. Gather: Takes elements
from many processes and
gathers them to one single
process. This routine is
highly useful to many
parallel algorithms, such
as parallel sorting and
searching
Collective Communication
28. Reduce: Takes an
array of input
elements on each
process and returns an
array of output
elements to the root
process. The output
elements contain the
reduced result.
Reduction Operation:
Max, Min, Sum,
Product, Logical and
Bitwise Operations.
MPI_Reduce (&local_sum, &global_sum, 1,
MPI_FLOAT, MPI_SUM, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD)
Collective Computation
30. All Gather: Just like
MPI_Gather, the elements from
each process are gathered in
order of their rank, except this
time the elements are gathered
to all processes
All to All: Extension to
MPI_Allgather. The jth block
from process i is received by
process j and stored in the i-th
block. Useful in applications
like matrix transposes or FFTs
31. If one process reads data from disc or the command line, it can use a
broadcast or a gather to get the information to other processes.
Likewise, at the end of a program run, a gather or reduction can be used
to collect summary information about the program run.
However, a more common scenario is that the result of a collective is
needed on all processes.
Consider the computation of the standard deviation :
Assume that every processor stores just one Xi value
You can compute μ by doing a reduction followed by a broadcast.
It is better to use a so-called allreduce operation, which does the reduction and
leaves the result on all processors.
Collectives: Use
32. MPI_Barrier(MPI_Comm comm)
Provides the ability to block the calling process until all processes
in the communicator have reached this routine.
#include "mpi.h"
#include int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int rank, nprocs;
MPI_Init(&argc,&argv);
MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD,&nprocs);
MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD,&rank);
MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD);
printf("Hello, world. I am %d of %dn", rank, procs); fflush(stdout);
MPI_Finalize();
return 0;
}
Synchronization
34. h = 1.0 / (double) n;
sum = 0.0;
for (i = myid + 1; i <= n; i += numprocs)
{
x = h * ((double)i - 0.5);
sum += f(x);
}
mypi = h * sum;
MPI_Reduce(&mypi, &pi, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_SUM, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
if (myid == 0){
printf("pi is approximately %.16fn", pi );
endwtime = MPI_Wtime();
printf("wall clock time = %fn", endwtime-startwtime);
}
MPI_Finalize()
Compute PI by Numerical Integration C code
35. Programming Environment
A Programming Environment (PrgEnv)
Set of related software components like
compilers, scientific software libraries,
implementations of parallel programming
paradigms, batch job schedulers, and other third-
party tools, all of which cooperate with each other.
Current Environments on Cray
PrgEnv-cray, PrgEnv-gnu and PrgEnv-intel
36. Implementations of MPI
Examples of Different Implementations
▪ MPICH - developed by Argonne National Labs (free)
▪ MPI/LAM - developed by Indiana, OSC, Notre Dame (free)
▪ MPI/Pro - commercial product
▪ Apple's X Grid
▪ OpenMPI
CRAY XC40 provides an implementation of the MPI-3.0
standard via the Cray Message Passing Toolkit (MPT), which
is based on the MPICH 3 library and optimised for the Cray
Aries interconnect.
All Programming Environments (PrgEnv-cray, PrgEnv-gnu and
PrgEnv-intel) can utilize the MPI library that is implemented
by Cray
37. Compiling an MPI program
Depends upon the implementation of MPI
Some Standard implementations : MPICH/ OPENMPI
Language Wrapper Compiler Name
C mpicc
C++ mpicxx or mpic++
Fortran mpifort (for v1.7 and above)
mpif77 and mpif90 (for older versions)
38. Running an MPI program
Execution mode:
Interactive Mode : mpirun -np <#Number of Processors>
<name_of_executable>
Batch Mode: Using a job script (details on the SERC webpage)
#!/bin/csh
#PBS -N jobname
#PBS -l nodes=1: ppn=16
#PBS -l walltime=1:00:00
#PBS -e /path_of_executable/error.log
cd /path_of_executable
NPROCS=`wc -l < $PBS_NODEFILE`
HOSTS=`cat $PBS_NODEFILE | uniq | tr 'n' "," | sed 's|,$||'`
mpirun -np $NPROCS --host $HOSTS /name_of_executable
39. Error Handling
Most MPI routines include a return/error code parameter.
However, according to the MPI standard, the default behavior of an MPI
call is to abort if there is an error.
You will probably not be able to capture a return/error code other than
MPI_SUCCESS (zero).
The standard does provide a means to override this default error
handler. Consult the error handling section of the relevant MPI Standard
documentation located at http://www.mpi-forum.org/docs/.
The types of errors displayed to the user are implementation
dependent.