Complimentary Roles of Quantitative & Qualitative Research Methods 2015.2.25Borwornsom Leerapan
Discussion of how we learn and create new knowledge. The difference between the implementation gap and the knowledge gap. Philosophy of science that leads to different approaches of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Skill for qualitative study, including deep listening.
Complimentary Roles of Quantitative & Qualitative Research Methods 2015.2.25
Complimentary Roles of Quantitative & Qualitative Research Methods 2015.2.25Borwornsom Leerapan
Discussion of how we learn and create new knowledge. The difference between the implementation gap and the knowledge gap. Philosophy of science that leads to different approaches of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Skill for qualitative study, including deep listening.
Complimentary Roles of Quantitative & Qualitative Research Methods 2015.2.25
An introductory lecture for 3rd year medical students, (RACM302: Community Medicine), Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol Univeristy, 2017.11.29
An introductory lecture for 3rd year medical students, (RACM302: Community Medicine), Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol Univeristy, 2017.11.28
The Last Mile of UHC in Thailand: Do We Reach the Vulnerable?Borwornsom Leerapan
PMAC 2017 Side meeting. The panel discussion on "The Last Mile of UHC in Thailand: Do We Reach the Vulnerable?" at Centara Grand & Bangkok Convention Centre, 2017.1.30
Strengthening Health Systems: Lessons Learned from 2nd Decade of Thailand’s U...Borwornsom Leerapan
Special Symposium "Celebrating The Legacy of HRH Prince Mahidol of Songkla: A Century of Progress in Public Health and Medicine in Thailand", presented at Harvard University 2016.8.25
Harmonizing Healthcare Financing for Health Equity: Case Studies of Cross-sub...Borwornsom Leerapan
Harmonizing Healthcare Financing for Health Equity: Case Studies of Cross-subsidization in Thai Public Hospitals. Presented in Joint Conference of Medical Sciences Chula-Rama-Siriraj (JCMS2015) 2015.6.6
Governance issues of health screening and the practice of periodic physical examination in Thailand. Presented in Joint Conference of Medical Sciences Chula-Rama-Siriraj (JCMS2015) 2015.6.4
Small group discussions on teamwork & leadership for the 3rd-year medical students, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 2015.2.24
Primary Care: Policies and Systems,
Panel Discussion,
The 15th ACMET: The Holistic Medical Education in 21st Century Phayao University, Phayao, Thailand,
December 17, 2014
The Future of Thai Health Systems: Healthcare Quality Management and Control ...Borwornsom Leerapan
Panel discussion on the future of Thai health systems: healthcare quality management and control according to the Statute on the National Health System B.E. 2552
สถานการณ์ระบบบริการสุขภาพและการควบคุมคุณภาพตามธรรมนูญว่าด้วยระบบสุขภาพแห่งชาติ พ.ศ. 2552", การอภิปราย “อนาคตระบบสุขภาพไทย สุขภาพคนไทยดีขึ้นหรือแย่ลง”, ประชุมวิชาการ การวิจัยระบบสาธารณสุข ครั้งที่ 3
1. Introduction to Mixed-methods Research: MMR
ผศ.ดร.นพ.บวรศม ลีระพันธ์
FM Morning Academic Activity
22 มิ.ย.60
Pix source: www.facebook.com/pmac2015worldartcontest/photos/
2. ØThe “Dictatorship” of research question
ØPhilosophy of science
–Quantitative study
–Qualitative study
–Qualifiers and limitations of study methods
ØMixed-methods study (MMR)
ØRoles of MMR for FM research
Outline
Pix source: online.wsj.com
7. Closed Question (Y/N) Open Questions (5W1H)
Is there?
Does it?
Could it?
Would it?
Should it?
What?
When?
Where?
Why?
Who?
How?
Type of Research Questions
8. 1. What
• When (=What time)
• Where (=What place)
• Who/For Whom/By Whom (=What persons)
• How Much/How Many (=What cost, What size)
• Is there (=What actually happens)
2. How (=By what process)
3. Why (=By what reason)
Type of Research Questions: Summarizing
9. The “Dictatorship” of the Research Question
Pix source: http://news.mthai.com/world-news/244643.html
Research
Paradigms &
Methods
Research
Questions
• Tashakkori & Toddlie, 1998
13. What is Our Philosophy of Science?
Objectivity (วัตถุวิสัย/ภววิสัย) Subjectivity (อัตวิสัย)
• ความจริงมีอยู่แล้วตามธรรมชาติ
และรอคอยการค้นพบของมนุษย์อยู่
(“Truth already exists
somewhere out there and is
waiting for our discovery.”)
• ดังนั้น ความรู้ (knowledge) คือ
ความจริงที่ถูกค้นพบโดยไม่มีอคติ
• ความจริงเป็นสิ่งที่มนุษย์สร้างขึ้น
(“Truth is being constructed”)
• ดังนั้น ความรู้ (knowledge) คือ
ความจริงที่ถูกสร้างขึ้นในบริบททาง
สังคมและวัฒนธรรมของมนุษย์ผู้
สร้้างความรู้นั้นๆ
14. Philosophy of Science
ØWe learn by so many ways: observation, experiment, etc.
ØBut, how we learn what is true and what is not,
depends on our “paradigm” (กระบวนทัศน์).
ØAnd, our “paradigm” depends on:
– Our “ontology” (ภววิทยา): how we see the nature of truth.
– Our “epistemology” (ญาณวิทยา): how we see the nature of
knowledge.
Very confusing?
18. Vincent van Gogh’s Vase with Twelve Sunflowers (1888); The Starry Night (1889)
19. Philosophy of Science
ØOur “paradigm” (กระบวนทัศน์) leads to our “methodology”
(วิธีวิทยา) and our “methods” (ระเบียบวิธีวิจัย): how we find
the truth and the knowledge:
• Study design
• Type of data & data collection methods
• Data analytic/synthetic methods
20. 1) Problem Identification (การระบุปัญหาที่ต้องการศึกษาวิจัย)
2) Research Questions (การตั้งคำถามวิจัย):
• What, Who, When, Where, How, Why, etc.
3) Study Design (การออกแบบการวิจัย):
• Cross-sectional, Retrospective Cohort, Prospective Case-Control, Clinical Trial, etc.
4) Data Collection (การเก็บข้อมูล):
• Primary vs. Secondary Data
• Quantitative (“Sampling”) vs. Qualitative Data (Selection of “Key Informants”)
5) Data Analysis/Synthesis (การวิเคราะห์/สังเคราะห์ข้อมูล):
• QUAN: Statistical Analysis, etc.
• QUAL: Content Analysis, Thematic Analysis, etc.
• MMR: Mixed-methods Research
Research Methods
21. 1) Problem Identification (การระบุปัญหาที่ต้องการศึกษาวิจัย)
2) Research Questions (การตั้งคำถามวิจัย):
• What, Who, When, Where, How, Why, etc.
3) Study Design (การออกแบบการวิจัย):
• Cross-sectional, Retrospective Cohort, Prospective Case-Control, Clinical Trial, etc.
4) Data Collection (การเก็บข้อมูล):
• Primary vs. Secondary Data
• Quantitative (“Sampling”) vs. Qualitative Data (Selection of “Key Informants”)
5) Data Analysis/Synthesis (การวิเคราะห์/สังเคราะห์ข้อมูล):
• QUAN: Statistical Analysis, etc.
• QUAL: Content Analysis, Thematic Analysis, etc.
• MMR: Mixed-methods Research
Design, Data Collection, Data Analysis
“3D of research”
24. Type of Research Questions
Source: Gilson, editor (2012). Health Policy and Systems Research: A Methodology Reader.
25. Quantitative Study Qualitative Study
• Objective
• Test theory; driven by hypothesis
• Measurable; report statistical
analysis; basic element of analysis
is numbers; establishes
relationships, causation
• Reasoning is logistic and deductive
• Uses instruments; researcher is
separate
• Strives for generalization; facts are
context-free and value-free
• Sample size is a concern: n
• Subjective
• Develops theory; driven by
research questions
• Interpretive; report rich narrative,
individual interpretation; basic
element of analysis is words/ideas;
describes meaning, discovery
• Reasoning is dialectic and inductive
• Uses communications/observation;
researcher is a part of process
• Strives for uniqueness; facts are
context-specific and value-laden
• Sample size is not a concern; seeks
informal-rich informants
Source: Adapated from Anderson (2006): www.icoe.org/webfm_send/1936
30. Skills for QUAN/QUAL Study
“สังเคราะห์ (synthesize)”
“วิเคราะห์ (analyze)”
QUAN/QUAL Data
• Theory/Hypothesis
• Theory/Hypothesis
QUAN/QUAL Data
“สังเกต (observe)”
32. Probably not this kind of observation!
Source: www.blueflashgames.net
33. Deep Listening & Learning
Source: Senge, P., Scharmer, C.O., Jaworski, J. & Flowers, B.S. (2004). Presence- Exploring Profound Change in People, Organizations and Society.
เปรียบเทียบกับสิ่งที่รู้ (“Downloading”)
ตัดสินคนพูด (“Judging”)
34. Deep Listening & Learning
Source: Senge, P., Scharmer, C.O., Jaworski, J. & Flowers, B.S. (2004). Presence- Exploring Profound Change in People, Organizations and Society.
เปิดความคิด
เปิดใจ
เปิดเจตจำนง
เรียนรู้จากปัจจุบันขณะ, “มหาสติ”
35. Deep Listening & Learning
• Multiple levels of how we can learn from listening:
① “Downloading” (ตัดสินคนพูด, เปรียบเทียบกับสิ่งที่เคยรู้):
e.g. to test our knowledge, to test our hypotheses
② “Observing”, “Open Mind” (เปิดความคิด, ได้มุมมองหรือข้อมูลใหม่):
e.g. to understand and gain new knowledge of why and
how do people think or behave in a certain way
③ “Sensing”, “Open Heart” (เปิดใจ, เอาใจเขามาใส่ใจเรา):
e.g. to empathize people we met
④ “Presencing”, “Open Will” (เปิดเจตจำนง, เรียนรู้จากปัจจุบันขณะ):
e.g to create our own insight or knowledge
43. How exactly the two methods are “mixed”?
Pix source: online.wsj.com
44. Planning MMR
Source: Creswell (2008).
• Topic: “pain diary” used by patients with chronic pain
• Research Qs:
– Q1: Is the use of pain diary (cost)-effective?
– Q2: In which groups of patients that the use of pain diary are
effective (e.g. patients with cancer pain vs. patients with non-cancer
chronic pain)?
– Q3: What are the experiences of patients using pain diary?
– Q4: How does pain diary help patients to cope with chronic pain?
By what mechanism(s)?
– Q5: Why is the pain diary not effective in some patients?
45. Considerations in Planning MMR
Source: Adapted from Creswell et al (2003).
Timing Weighting Mixing Theorizing
• No
sequence,
Concurrent
• Sequential,
Qualitative
first
• Sequential,
Quantitative
first
• Equal
• Qualitative
• Quantitative
• Integrating
• Connecting
• Embedding
• Explicit
• Implicit