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หลักการและแนวคิดเรื่อง “ความปลอดภัยของผู้ป่วย” 
ผศ.นพ.บวรศม ลีระพันธ์ 
การปฐมนิเทศนักศึกษาแพทย์ชั้นปีที่ 6 (ศิษย์แพทย์รามาธิบดี รุ่นที่ 46) 
คณะแพทยศาสตร์โรงพยาบาลรามาธิบดี ม.มหิดล ประจำปีการศึกษา 2558 
28 เมษายน 2558 
Pix source: Kittichai Sareetho “Health care on bicycle” (PMAC 2015 World Art Contest, 14-17 years old)
Presentation Outline 
Pix source: online.wsj.com 
1.  ทำไมแพทย์ต้องเรียนรู้เรื่องความปลอดภัยของผู้ป่วย? 
2.  ความผิดพลาดที่พบบ่อยในกระบวนการดูแลผู้ป่วยคืออะไร?
และเกิดขึ้นได้อย่างไร?  
3.  ในฐานะแพทย์ เราจะมีกลไกเพื่อป้องกันการความผิดพลาด
ในกระบวนการดูแลผู้ป่วยเหล่านี้ได้อย่างไร? 
Patient Safety: What & Why 
Pix source: online.wsj.com
นิยามของคุณภาพทางการแพทย์ 
IOM (2002) 
Healthcare should be “STEEP”: 
•  Safe 
•  Timely 
•  Effective 
•  Efficient 
•  Equitable 
•  Patient-centered 
Ø Definition of healthcare quality: “The degree to which health
services for individuals & populations increase the likelihood of
desired health outcomes and are consistent with current
professional knowledge” (IOM, 1990). 
Pix	
  source:	
  nap.edu	
  
•   ความปลอดภัย (Safety): ได้แก่ การออกแบบระบบบริการสุขภาพให้สามารถ
ป้องกันความผิดพลาดทางการแพทย์ (medical errors) หรือหลีกเลี่ยงการบาด
เจ็บของผู้ป่วยซึ่งเกิดจากการได้รับบริการสุขภาพ (iatrogenic injuries)	
  
Quality as Safety 
Source: Modified from IOM (2001); Pix source: thieme-connect.de/ejournals; tumblr.com 
Training in Quality & Patient Safety 
Pix	
  source:	
  www.who.int/pa5entsafety/en/	
  
Training in Quality & Patient Safety 
Pix	
  source:	
  www.hms.harvard.edu/hfpsq/	
  
Source:	
  www.hopkinsmedicine.org/armstrong_ins5tute	
  
Training in Quality & Patient Safety 
Source:	
  residency.medicine.duke.edu/duke-­‐program/training/management-­‐and-­‐leadership	
  
Training in Quality & Patient Safety 
Pix source: bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/biology 
หลุมพราง (Pitfalls) ในกระบวนการดูแลผู้ป่วย 
 
ความผิดพลาดทางการแพทย์ (Medical Errors) 
ความเสี่ยงในโรงพยาบาล 
Source:	
  Amalber5	
  et	
  al.	
  (2005):	
  Pix	
  source:	
  focusedehs.com;	
  alexhibbert.com	
  
Pix: B Leerapan. Lutsen Mountain, MN. Oct 2009.  
ฤดูใบไม้ร่วง! 
Examples of Common Medical Errors 
Diagnostic Errors 
•  Cognitive errors 
•  Issues in communication/info flow 
Transition and Handoff Errors 
•  Person-to-person 
•  Site-to-site handoff  
Hospital-associated Infections 
•  Ventilator-associated pneumonia 
•  Central line-associated bloodstream
infections 
•  MRSA Infections  
Preventable Complications/AEs 
•  Pressure ulcers 
•  Falls 
•  Delirium 
•  Venous Thromboembolism  
Surgical Errors 
•  Wrong-Site/Wrong-Patient 
•  Retained Sponges and instruments 
Medication Errors 
•  Wrong patient, wrong route,  
wrong dose, wrong time, wrong drug 
Pix source: kevin.lexblog.com 
“แค่ทำหน้าที่ตามมาตรฐานวิชาชีพให้ดีก็พอแล้ว” 
“แค่ทำงานแบบมืออาชีพไม่เพียงพอหรือ?” 
Pix	
  source:	
  devastatecharlie.blogspot.com;	
  uboat.net;	
  strangecosmos.com;	
  historylink101.com	
  
	
  
“แค่ทำงานแบบมืออาชีพไม่เพียงพอหรือ?” 
Pix	
  source:	
  devastatecharlie.blogspot.com;	
  uboat.net;	
  warbirdinforma5onexchange.org;	
  pwencycl.kgbudge.com	
  
	
  
Pix	
  source:	
  airportjournal.com;	
  pwencycl.kgbudge.com	
  
	
  
การพัฒนา (ระยะสั้น) 
Pix	
  source:	
  virtualphalcon.blogspot.com;	
  canitbesaturdaynow.com;	
  science.howstuffworks.com	
  
	
  
การพัฒนาอย่างยั่งยืน (ระยะยาว) 
Pix	
  source:	
  www.be2hand.com;	
  www.descoinstruments.com	
  	
  
การพัฒนาอย่างยั่งยืน (ระยะยาว) 
Modified from: Leap (1994) 
สาเหตุของความผิดพลาดทางการแพทย์ 
(Causes of Medical Errors) 
Cognitive Errors  
(“Slips”)  
Cognitive Errors
(“Mistakes”) 
Latent Errors 
•  Habit 
•  Interruptions 
•  Hurry 
•  Fatigue 
•  Anger 
•  Anxiety 
•  Boredom 
•  Fear 
•  Biases memory 
•  Overemphasis on
discrepant 
•  Availability of heuristic 
•  Confirmation bias 
•  Overconfidence 
•  Coning of attention 
•  Reversion under stress 
 
•  Design of work that
exceeds the capacity of
the human brain 
•  Condition of work that
generate known causes
of errors 
•  Poorly design &
maintenance of
equipment  
•  Inadequate training 
Modified from: Leap (1994); Pix source: free-ed.net/free-ed/HealthCare/Physiology/default.asp 
The Real Word
Healthy appearing decrepit 69 year old male, mentally
alert but forgetful
The skin was moist and dry.
Occasional, constant, infrequent headaches.
Patient was alert and unresponsive
Rectal examination revealed a normal sized thyroid.
She stated that she had been constipated for most of her
life, until she got a divorce.
Levels of Safety
Design, Management,
“Blunt” Training, Policies,
Regulations
Rules
Provider
“Sharp”
Accident Causation Model
Latent Systems Triggering Unsafe
ses
Errors
ses
Contributing Factors (Vincent)
กายวิภาคของความผิดพลาดทางการแพทย์ 
(Anatomy of Medical Errors) 
Error	
  
Accident Causation Model
ACCIDENT
Latent
Errors
Systems
Defects
Triggering
Factors
Unsafe
Acts
Defenses
Errors
Defenses
Co
Modified	
  from:	
  James	
  Reason	
  (1993):	
  Pix	
  source:	
  simula5on.londondeanery.ac.uk	
  	
  
Organizational Accidental Causation Model 
Accident	
  
Modified from: Reason (1993); Pix source: webmm.ahrq.gov 
“Swiss Cheese Model” 
Figure	
  Source:	
  medicexchange.com	
  	
  
	
  
Figure	
  Source:	
  ascribe.com	
  
Figure	
  Source:	
  nejm.org	
  
Source: amazon.com, matichonbook.com
•  By design, safe healthcare systems should prevent
medical errors and avoid iatrogenic injuries.  
Disclaimer: Yes, this is my self-advertisement! 
Levels of Health System vs. Policy 
Source: Gilson, editor (2012). Health Policy and Systems Research: A Methodology Reader. 
= Patient care teams"
= Health Centers, Hospitals"
= National systems"
How to avoid those pitfalls? 
Pix source: online.wsj.com
คาถากันตกหลุม #1: เข้าใจว่ามนุษย์ทุกคนมีโอกาสทำผิดพลาดได้  
หลุมพราง #1: มองว่าคนอื่นทำผิดพลาด แต่ฉันไม่มีวันพลาด! 
(I am careful, and I will never fail you!) 
มองเห็นทั้งศักยภาพและขีดจำกัดของตนเอง 
และมองหาระบบที่จะช่วยลดความผิดพลาดของตนเอง 
Pix source: bbs.playpark.com; siamhealth.net; utdclub.com  
คาถากันตกหลุม #2: เข้าใจว่าแก่นของคุณภาพคือ“ระบบงาน”  
หลุมพราง #2: มองเรื่องคุณภาพเป็นเพียง 
สมรรถภาพส่วนบุคคล (Is it individual competency?) 
มองเห็นทั้งปลายแหลม (sharp end) และปลายทื่อ (blunt end)  
ของงานที่ยังมีความผิดพลาดหรืองานที่ยังไม่ได้คุณภาพ 
Pix source: docblogs.wordpress.com; gearjunkie.com 
คาถากันตกหลุม #3: “รู้จักแก่นและกระพี้ เข้าใจความเหมือน 
และความแตกต่างของแนวคิดและเครื่องมือการบริหารจัดการ” 
Pix source: praphansarn.com; school.discoveryeducation.com/ 
หลุมพราง #3: มองระบบคุณภาพของรพ.ว่าไม่ใช่ธุระของแพทย์  
(Is it a job of clinicians?) 
ปรับเปลี่ยนแนวคิดจากการทำงานตามมาตรฐานวิชาชีพเท่านั้น 
ไปสู่การจัดการเพื่อพัฒนากระบวนการดูแลผู้ป่วยในโรงพยาบาล 
Conclusion: What externs can do? 
Pix source: online.wsj.com
Patient Safety in Hospital Settings 
What externs can do? 
①  เรียนรู้ศักยภาพและขีดจำกัดของตนเอง 
②  เข้าใจระบบที่เกี่ยวข้องกับกระบวนการดูแลผู้ป่วย 
③  ร่วมทำงานเป็นทีมดูแลผู้ป่วยและสร้างโอกาสเพื่อ
พัฒนากระบวนการดูแลผู้ป่วย 
“พัฒนาตน สนใจระบบ” 
Patient Safety at Ambulatory Settings 
What externs can do at OPDs? 
①  Reconcile medications for each patient regularly 
②  Write understandable and legible prescriptions
with indications, and also use an electronic
prescribing system when available  
③  Empower your patients, and yourself, to serve as
“safety double checkers”  
“RULE” 
Basic Principles of Patient Safety 
Concepts/Theories  Implications/Solutions 
•  Cognitive errors 
•  Slips vs. Mistakes 
•  Latent Errors 
•  Flaw designs of care delivery
systems 
•  Systems thinking 
•  Swiss Cheese model 
•  Complex Adaptive Systems  
	
  
•  Building in redundancies
and cross checks 
•  Standardization and
simplification 
•  Forcing functions 
•  Culture of safety, learning
from one’s mistakes 
•  Well-trained, well-staffed,
well-rested workforce 
Source: Wachter (2012). Understanding Patient Safety 
การพัฒนาคุณภาพรพ.ไม่ใช่งานเอกสารธุรการ แต่เป็นงานบริหารจัดการ 
ความปลอดภัยของผู้ป่วยเกิดขึ้นได้โดยการพัฒนาคน (People) 
กระบวนการ (Process) และสมรรถภาพองค์กร (Performance) 
Pix source: facebook.com/medicalhoumour 
การพัฒนาความปลอดภัยของผู้ป่วยต้องใช้ทั้งสมองและหัวใจ 
Pix source: facebook.com/pathtopeachandhappiness 
การพัฒนาความปลอดภัยของผู้ป่วย 
•  เปิดใจ การพัฒนาความปลอดภัยของ
ผู้ป่วยไม่ใช่เรื่องยาก แต่ก็ไม่ใช่เรื่อง
ง่ายจนทุกคนสามารถปฏิบัติได้ทันที  
•  ความรักองค์กร ความหวังดีต่อผู้ป่วย
และความต้องการพัฒนาการทำงาน
ของตนเองเป็นแรงจูงในที่สำคัญที่สุด
ของการทำงานพัฒนาคุณภาพ 
•  นักพัฒนาต้องเรียนรู้หลักคิด/ทฤษฎี
สามารถเชื่อมโยงแนวคิดต่างๆ ได้
เข้าใจการใช้เครื่องมือต่างๆ แต่ 
ไม่ยึดติด และมีการฝึกปฏิบัติเสมอ	
  
Q & A 
borwornsom.lee@mahidol.ac.th 
Pix source: online.wsj.com

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