This document provides information about local anesthesia techniques used in dentistry. It begins with introductions and qualifications of the author, Dr. Islam Kassem. It then discusses the properties and pharmacology of local anesthetics, as well as the anatomy of nerves relevant to dental anesthesia. The remainder of the document describes various techniques for achieving local anesthesia, including infiltration, nerve blocks, and alternative methods like intraosseous injections. Potential complications of local anesthesia are also reviewed. The document aims to inform dentists on best practices for effective and safe local anesthesia.

1. Local Anaesthesia
19 October 2017
I.Kassem,BDS,MSc,MFDS RCS Ed,MOMS RCPS Glasg,
FDSRCS
Consultant Oral & Maxillofacial surgeon

2. Islam Kassem
• BDS Alexandria Dental school 2002
• MSc Oral & Maxillofacial surgery 2008
• MFDS RCS Ed 2005
• MOMS RCPS Glasg 2009
• FFD RCSI OS OM 2011
• Laser Diploma ALD 2015
• Consultant Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon

3. ikassem@dr.com
Declaration
• There is no conflict of interest in this
course .
• I have no monetary benefit from this
course.
• No implied sponsorship by any company to
the speaker
• all photographed patients were treated by
the speaker and consented for
photographing and public publishing

4. And more
12 CME
4
online learning

5. Anaesthesia
Course

6. Content
• Introduction
• Dental pain
• pharmacology of local anaesthesia
• Anatomy of local anaesthesia
• Armemtrum of local anaesthesia
• Maxillary anaesthesia
• Mandibular anaesthesia
• Complication of local anaesthesia
6

8. Local Anesthetics
DEFINITION
■ Drugs which
– produce a REVERSIBLE loss of sensation …
– in a localized part of the body…..
– when applied directly onto nerve tissues or
mucous membranes
■ Local anesthetics are ‘local’ ONLY because of
how they are administered! (Selectivity)

9. Properties Desirable in a Local
Anesthetics
■ Non-irritating
■ Do not cause permanent damage to nerve structure
■ Systemic toxicity should be low
■ Effective
Injected
Applied locally
■ Onset of action as short as possible
■ DOA long enough to allow time for counter plated surgery

10. Rr. labiales sup.
N. buccalis
Rr. alveolares sup. ant.
et medii
Rr. alveolares sup. post.
N. nasopalatinus
Nn. palatini
MAXILLA

11. N. mentalis
N. alveolaris inf.
N. buccalis
N. lingualis
N. glossopharyngeus
N. vagus
MANDIBLE

12. ▪ Operative procedures require cutting through
sensitive structures, producing extreme discomfort
and pain
▪ Pain is a result of stimulation of nociceptors that
are receptors preferentially sensitive to a noxious
stimulus (Aδ, C fiber aferent axons)
▪ Local anesthetics (LA) cause:
reversible block sensory nerve conduction of
noxious stimuli from periphery to the CNS

13. ▪ increase - duration of action
- depth of anesthesia
▪ decrease - systemic toxic reactions
- local bleeding
The effectiveness of local anesthetics is improved
by the addition of a vasoconstrictor:

14. ▪ To minimize anesthetic failure,
the dentist must have a sound knowledge of the
anatomy of the head region, particularly the
neuroanatomy of the maxillary and mandibular
regions of the face !
▪ Onset of action of anesthesia!!!

15. General Potential Complications
1. Nerve injury
2. Injuries to blood vessels
3. Intraglandular injections
4. Trauma to muscles
5. Systematic reactions

16. 1) Paresthesia (loss of sensation)
- commonly involve the tongue and lower lip
2) Hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity to
painful stimuli)
3) Dysesthesia (pain following nonnoxious
stimuli)
4) Dysgeusia (impaired sense of taste)
1. Nerve Injury

17. 5) Xerostomia (reduced salivation)
- the chorda tympani is traumatized
6) Ocular and extraocular symptoms
The passive process of diffusion of anesthetic
through the orbit leads to ocular and extraocular
symptoms:
- paralysis extraocular muscle
- diplopia
- amaurosis (temporary blindness)
- Horner´s syndrome (enophthalmos, miosis,
palpebral ptosis)

18. 5) Intravascular injection → vascular damage →
hemorrhage with hematoma formation
▪ If the vein is engaged, the bleeding is minimal
and is usually evidenced a few day later
▪ Artery damage with significant hematoma
formation and extensive intra or extraoral swelling
▪ Potential anesthetizing sympathetic nerve may
result vasoconstriction
2. Bleeding

19. Transient paralysis of the ipsilateral facial
muscles - caused by anesthesia of the facial
nerve in parotid gland
3. Intraglandular injection

20. Muscle trismus = spasm of jaw muscles, which
restricts mouth opening (temporal and medial
pterygoid muscle)
4. Trauma of muscle
Failure of the cardiorespiratory system
Anaphylaxis
5. Systematic complication

21. Type of local anesthesia
I. Local Infiltration
Small nerve endings in the small area of soft tissue
or bone are flooded with small amount of local
anesthetic solution
II. Nerve Block
The local anesthetic solution is deposed within
close proximity to a main peripheral nerve
III. Field blocks
Local anesthetic is deposited near a larger nerve
trunks

22. The needle pervade at a height of insertion of
mucobuccal fold to the apex and ...
I. Local Infiltration

23. Correct Incorrect
the anesthetic agent is deposited supraperiostally !

24. Maxilla
Local infiltration is successful in all parts of
maxilla – both buccal and lingual
The problem may be only on buccal plate at the
1st molar, which his roots are covered by the
zygomatic process → the anesthetic usually
doesn´t diffuse through the bone
There is different composition of the cortical plate
of maxillary and mandibulary alveolar process

25. Mandible
The cortical plate of the mandible is sufficiently
dense to preclude effective infiltration anesthesia
Thus, local is infiltration is ineffective,
except mandibular incisors (buccal and lingual)

26. 1. Posterior superior alveolar - PSA
2. Middle superior alveolar - MSA
3. Anterior superior alveolar - ASA
4. Infraorbital
5. Greater palatine
6. Nasopalatine
7. Alveolar inferior (Halstead, Gow-Gates, Akinosi)
8. Mental
9. Lingual
10. Buccal
II. Nerve Block

27. Alternative delivery methods
1. Intraosseous injection
2. Intraligamentary injection
3. Intrapulpal injection
4. Topical anesthetic patches

28. 1. Intraosseous Injection
1. Involves the placement of anesthetic solution
directly into the cancellous bone adjacent to the
tooth to be anesthetized, and allows for rapid
onset of profound pulpal anesthesia
2. The site of injection involves the attached
gingiva 2mm apical to the gingival margin and
interproximal relative to the teeth
3. Provide anesthesia of a single tooth or multiple
teeth in a quadrant

29. The first step - to drill a
small hole through the soft
tissue and cortical bone to a
depth of 5 – 8mm
The second step - inserting
a needle to the same depth
and manually injected the
desired volume of
anesthetic solution into the
cancellous bone

30. 2. Intraligamentary Injection
1. Is occasionally used as the sole technique for
anesthesing a single tooth
1. The needle is inserted, directly along the long
axis and as apically as possible, through the
gingival sulcus and into the periodontal ligament
between the tooth and the alveolar bone
2. Slowly injected approximately 0,2ml of
anesthetic solution under pressure to control the
pain of the associated tooth

31. Contraindication:
- deciduous teeth
- periodontal infection

32. STA device

33. 3. Intrapulpal Injection
1. When pulp chamber has been exposed and
treatment can´t proceed
Technique - a small needle is insetred into the
pulp chamber until resistance is encountered →
injected under the pressure
1. As the injection is startes there will be a brief
moment of intense discomfort

34. 4. Topical anesthetic patches
1. Be indicated to minimize the sensation of
needle insertion or for very brief relief from painful
mucosal lesions
2. A bioadhesive patch impregnated with 10% or
20% lidocaine
3. Typically, is used to anesthetize only the outer
1-3 mm of mucosa, not deeper structures

35. Spray
Gel

36. Pterygomandibular Raphe

37. Maxilla
Infraorbital
nerve block
Nasopalatine
block
Greater
palatine
block
Posterior
superior
alveolar
block
Middle
superior
alveolar
block
Anterior
superior
alveolar
block

38. Mandible
Buccal
block
Inferior
alveolar
block
Incisive
block

39. Thank you
• Islam Kassem
• ikassem@dr.com
• 0097455118606
• 00201222209842
• 002034810481
• 00201091472244