Kinesiology is the study of human movement, encompassing biomechanics, anatomy, physiology, and psychology to enhance athletic performance and health. Key concepts include the center of gravity, anatomical planes of movement, and classifications of muscles. This discipline aids in motor skill development, injury prevention, and optimal sport equipment selection.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
KINSEIOLOGY
BY : Dr. DEV RAJ YADAV
(ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR)
MMH COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD, U.P

2. DEFINITION:
The study of the principles of mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement.
Or
The study of the anatomy, physiology, and mechanics of body movement, especially in humans.
MEANING:
Kinesiology is the study of human and nonhuman animal-body movements, performance, and function
by applying the sciences of biomechanics, anatomy, physiology, psychology, and neuroscience.
Adaptation through exercise is a key principle of kinesiology that relates to improved fitness in athletes as
well as health and wellness in clinical populations.

3. OBJECTIVES:
 It helps to improve motor qualities.
 It helps athlete’s for self evaluation and perfection.
 It helps in selection of players for particular game and sport.
It helps in prevention and protection from sports injuries.
Sports bio mechanics and kinesiology helps in development of new
technique and skill.
It helps in selection of sports equipment.

4. Fundamental concepts of sports bio mechanics and kinesiology:
Center of gravity:
• The center of gravity (COG) of the human body is a hypothetical point around which the force of
gravity appears to act.
• It is point at which the combined mass of the body appears to be concentrated. Because it is a
hypothetical point, the COG need not lie within the physical bounds of an object or person.
• One subjective way (there are objective measures) to approximate the COG of an object is to visualize it
balancing on one finger.
• In the anatomical position, the COG lies approximately anterior to the second sacral vertebra. However,
since human beings do not remain fixed in the anatomical position, the precise location of the COG
changes constantly with every new position of the body and limbs.
• The bodily proportions of the individual will also affect the location of the COG.

5. LINE OF GRAVITY:
• An imaginary line that extends from the center of gravity to the base of support.
• When the line of gravity falls outside the Base of support (BOS), then a reaction is
needed in order to stay balanced.
• When the line of gravity is within the BOS, an object or person is said to be stable.
When the line of gravity falls outside the BOS, the object or person is said to be
unstable.
• A larger BOS increases stability (the line of gravity must move a greater distance to fall
outside the BOS)
• A lower COG increases stability (it's unlikely that the line of gravity will fall outside the
BOS)

6. Planes:
Three basic reference planes are used in anatomy:
• A sagittal plane is perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into left and right.
The midsagittal or median plane is in the midline i.e. it would pass through the midline
structures (e.g. navel or spine), and all other sagittal planes (also referred to as
parasagittal planes) are parallel to it. Median can also refer to the midsagittal plane of
other structures, such as a digit.
• A coronal or frontal plane is perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into
dorsal (posterior or back) and ventral (anterior or front) portions.
• A transverse plane, also known as an axial plane or cross-section, divides the body into
cranial (head) and caudal (tail) portions. It is parallel to the ground, which (in humans)
separates the superior from the inferior, or put another way, the head from the feet.

7. AXIS:
An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates. Movement at the
joint take place in a plane about an axis. There are three axis of rotation.
• Sagittal axis - passes horizontally from posterior to anterior and is
formed by the intersection of the sagittal and transverse planes.
• Frontal axis - passes horizontally from left to right and is formed by
the intersection of the frontal and transverse planes.
• Vertical axis - passes vertically from inferior to superior and is formed
by the intersection of the sagittal and frontal planes.

8. MOVEMENTS:
Flexion and Extension
• Flexion is a movement in the sagittal plane, which decreases the angle at the moving
joint.
• Extension is the opposite movement, which increases the angle at the joint.
• Many types of synovial joint are capable of flexion and extension (hinge; ball and
socket; saddle; condyloid) including the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip and knee.
Abduction:
• These are movements in the frontal plane and involve moving the body part away or
towards an imaginary center line.
• Abduction is taking the body part away from the central line and adduction is moving it
towards (remember this by thinking adduction adds the body part to the center).

9. ADDUCTION:
• Adduction can also be moving the body part across the center line and to the other side
of the body, shown in the hip abduction video below.
• Amongst the joints capable of abduction and adduction are the shoulder and hip.
• Other abduction and adduction movements include the fingers. If you splay your fingers
and move them apart, this is abduction as they are moving away from the center
position. When you bring the fingers back together, this is adduction, as you are adding
them back to the center line.
Rotation
• Rotation movements are in the transverse plane and include any twisting motion. Joints
which permit rotation include the shoulder and hip.
• These are both ball and socket joints. We can also rotate our necks and backs due to a
series of smaller joints

10. Circumduction
• Circumduction is a combination of all of the movements above.
• It is possible at ball and socket, condyloid and saddle joints such as the shoulder, hip,
wrist and ankle. It involves moving the entire connecting limb through its full range of
motion.
Pronation and Supination:
• Pronation and supination are specialized movements of the forearm and ankle.
• In the forearm, pronation is the movement of turning the palm over to face downwards
(or backwards if starting in anatomical neutral).
• Supination is the opposite movement, of turning the palm up or forwards.

11. Inversion and Eversion:
• At the ankle, supination is the movement of turning the sole of the foot
inwards. This is sometimes called inversion.
• Pronation is the movement of turning the sole of the foot outwards,
sometimes called eversion.
• You will sometimes hear people saying they have over-pronated feet,
meaning their sole turns outwards slightly more than it should when they
walk or run, giving the appearance of a flat foot, without an arch

12. Classification of Muscles:
Muscle tissue may be classified according to a morphological classification or a functional
classification.
1. Morphological classification (based on structure). There are two types of muscle
based on the morphological classification system.
a. Striated
b. Non striated or smooth.
2. Functional classification: There are two types of muscle based on a functional
classification system
a. Voluntary
b. Involuntary

13. Types of muscle: there are generally considered to be three types of muscle
in the human body.
• Skeletal muscle: which is striated and voluntary
• Cardiac muscle: which is striated and involuntary
• Smooth muscle: which is non striated and involuntary
Characteristics of skeletal muscle - Skeletal muscle cells are elongated or
tubular. They have multiple nuclei and these nuclei are located on the
periphery of the cell. Skeletal muscle is striated.
Characteristics of Cardiac muscle - Cardiac muscle cells are not as long as
skeletal muscles cells and often are branched cells. Cardiac muscle cells may
be mononucleated or binucleated. In either case the nuclei are located
centrally in the cell. Cardiac muscle is also striated.

14. Characteristics of Smooth muscle –
Smooth muscle cell are described as spindle shaped. That is they are wide in the middle
and narrow to almost a point at both ends. Smooth muscle cells have a single centrally
located nucleus. Smooth muscle cells do not have visible striations although they do
contain the same contractile proteins as skeletal and cardiac muscle, these proteins are
just laid out in a different pattern.

15. Thank you