This document provides an overview of human anatomy and different body systems. It defines anatomy as the study of the body's structure and function. The main body systems covered are the skeletal, muscular, nervous, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. For each system, the document outlines key components, functions and terminology. It also discusses muscle types, the anatomical position for describing body parts, and classifications of bones and joints. Overall, the summary provides foundational knowledge about the main human body systems.

1. 2010 1.2 Topic One
ANATOMY

2. What is Anatomy?
 Anatomy is the study of the body
 Its structure (what its made up of)
 Its function (how it all works)
 Knowledge of human anatomy allows us to
have a better understanding of how our body
works at rest and during exercise and allows
us to apply this knowledge to our sporting
interests.

3. Body Systems
 There are many different systems in your
body e.g. Digestive system or reproductive
system.
 During this topic we will look at 5 of them
 Skeletal system
 Muscular system
 Nervous system
 Respiratory system
 Cardiovascular system

4. The Skeletal System

5. The Skeletal System
 Is the foundation on which the body
structured.
 The skeleton is made up from 206 individual
bones that when put together create our
shape and form the base for which other
tissues, organs and muscles attach to.

6. Functions of Bones
Function
Definition
Example
Support
Bones provide a framework
that supports the body and
cradles the soft organs
Spine supports the head and
trunk
Protection
Provides protection for the
vital organs in the body
Cranium protects the brain,
ribs support lungs and heart

7. Movement
Skeletal muscles, which
are attached to bones
by tendons, use the
bones as levers to move
the body and its parts
Bones move because of
joints and muscles
e.g. Elbow joint is
moved by biceps and
triceps
Storage
Bone serves as a
reservoir for minerals
Calcium and potassium
Supply
The bulk of blood cell
formation occurs within
the bone marrow.
Red and white blood cells
are formed in the bones.

8. Bone Classifications
 Bones come in many shapes and sizes. The
unique shape of each bone allows it to
perform its different function.
 Bones are classified by their shape as follows;
 Long
 Short
 Flat
 Irregular

9.  Long Bones
 Are longer than the are wide e.g. Humerus, femur.
They provide movement
 Short Bones
 Are small cube shaped bones e.g. Carpals and
Tarsals. Allows small and fine movements
 Flat Bones
 Are thin, flat and sometimes curved bones e.g.
Bones in the cranium. They provide protection.
 Irregular Bones
 Are bones that fit into none of the other
categories are considered irregular e.g. Vertebrae
or pelvis. Allows for fine movement.

10. The Skeleton
 The word skeleton comes from a Greek word
meaning ‘dried up body’ or ‘mummy’
 The skeleton is made up of 206 bones and can be
divided into two skeletons:
 The Axial Skeleton
 This is the bones that form the central column of the
body e.g cranium, vertebral column and rib cage
 The Appendicular Skeleton
 This is the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the
shoulder and hip girdles the attach limbs to the axial
skeleton

12. The Anatomical Position
 It is important that when discussing parts of
the body; movement that happens;
positioning of internal organs, bones and
muscles that you apply the standardized
anatomical position.
 This means that there is a standard way of
describing where one body part is in relation
another regardless of what position the body
is in.

14. 4 Key Features of the
Anatomical Position
 Palms are facing forward
 Thumbs point away from the body
 Standing up straight
 Feet together

15. Terms of Reference
 When standing in the anatomical position
you can refer to body parts, bones or organs
in relation to each other by using the
different terms of reference.
 Usually we would say that ‘the ears are
located of each side of the head to the right
and left of the nose’. Using anatomical terms
of reference it would translate to ‘the ears are
lateral to the nose’
 Complete Terms of Reference worksheet

16. Joints

17. Joints and Movement
 Where two bones meet they form a Joint
 Movement can only happen where there is a
joint. The amount of movement that happens at
a joint is determined by what type of joint it is.
 There are 3 types of joints;
 Fibrous – immoveable, provide protection e.g. Skull
and Pelvis
 Cartilaginous – slightly moveable, shock absorption
e.g. Vertebrae, ribs
 Synovial – freely moveable, provides support and
stability e.g. Shoulder, knee

18.  Two key types of synovial joints are the
HINGE joint and the BALL AND SOCKET
joint.
 Hinge joints allow for movement in one
direction
 Ball and Socket joints allow for movement in
many directions

19. Movements of Synovial Joints
 Synovial joints are the freely moveable joints
we are only focusing on two of them – hinge
and ball and socket.
 The movements that occur at these joints
depends on the type of joint it is.

20. Movement
Definition
Example
Flexion
Is a bending action that
decreases the angle of the
joint and brings the bones
involved closer together.
Arm - Bending at the elbow
Hip – raising the thigh
towards the trunk
Knee – bending at the knee
Shoulder – moving the arm
forward
Extension
Is a straightening action
that increases the angle of
the joint.
Arm – straightening the
elbow
Hip – moving the leg
backward (or lowering the
thigh)
Knee – straightening the
knee
Shoulder – moving the arm
backward

21. Abduction
Moving a limb or part of a
limb away from the
midline of the body
Moving arms and legs out
wards when you do a star
jump
Adduction
Moving a limb or part of a
limb towards the midline of
the body
Bring arms and legs back
together when doing a star
jump
Supination
Movement of the hand into
a palm up position
Remember supination as in
a soup bowl.
Pronation
Movement of the hand into
a palm down position
The opposite of supination
Dorsiflexion
Pulling the toes up towards
the tibia
Toes come up like a dorsal
fin on a dolphin
Plantarflexion
Pointing toes downwards
Planting your foot on the
accelerator

22. Summary of Notes so far
 Skeleton consists of 206 bones
 Skeleton has 5 functions:





Protection
Storage
Supply
Support
Movement
 When describing body parts we always refer to them how they




are when in the Anatomical Position
Movement can only happen where there is a JOINT
The type of joint determines what kind of movement happens
Two key synovial joints are the HINGE and the BALL AND
SOCKET.
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Pronation, Supination,
Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion are all ways of describing the
movement that is taking place at a joint.

23. The Muscular System

24. Functions of the Muscular
System
 Provide movement
 Circulation of Blood
 Posture and support
 Heat production

25. Muscle Categories
 Voluntary Muscles
 Are muscles we have control over and choose
when to use e.g. Biceps or Quadriceps
 Involuntary Muscles
 Are muscles that we do not have control over and
do not decide when to use them e.g. heart

26. Types of Muscles
 There are 3 types of muscles in your body
 Smooth Muscle – Involuntary
 Found in arteries, intestines and organs. The
contractions of these muscle fibres are slow and
sustained.
 Cardiac Muscle – Involuntary
 Only occurs in the Heart
 Skeletal Muscle - Voluntary




Attached directly to the bone via tendons
Contraction and Extension
Works in pairs
Muscle fibres

27. Skeletal Muscles
 Skeletal muscles make up over 1/3 of your body’s
mass – over 650 muscles
 Muscles are attached to the skeleton by tendons
 Muscles work in pairs to produce movement with
one muscle contracting and one muscle relaxing.
 Muscles can only pull – they can’t push.
 The contracting muscle is the agonist or prime
mover, the relaxing muscle is the antagonist.

28.  Skeletal muscles lie over joints in the body. When
a muscle contracts (shortens) the bones that the
muscle are attached to are pulled in the direction
of the contraction.
 In the picture the biceps muscle is
contracting (agonist). This muscle
lies over the elbow joint. When the
bicep contracts it shortens and pulls
the bones in the lower arm up in the
same direction, causing flexion of the
arm at the elbow

29. Muscle structure

30. Muscle actions
Muscle
Main Action(s)
Deltiod
Shoulder abduction, flexion and extension
Pectorals
Shoulder adduction and flexion
Latissimus dorsi
Shoulder adduction and extension
Triceps
Elbow extension
Biceps
Elbow flexion
Abdominals
Trunk flexion and rotation
Gluteals
Hip abduction and extension
Hamstring
Knee flexion and hip extension
Quadriceps
Knee extension and hip flexion

31. The Nervous System

32. What does the Nervous System
do?
 The nervous system is the master controlling
and communicating system in your body
 It is responsible for all behaviour, every
thought, action and emotion.
 Cells of the nervous system communicate by
means of electrical signals which are rapid
and specific and create a response.

33. Functions of the Nervous
System
 Sensory Input – your body has millions of
sensory receptors that monitor change both
in and outside of the body and collect
information.
 Integration – it processes and interprets all of
the information and makes decisions about
what to do about it.
 Motor Output – creates a response in either
muscles or organs in response to changes

34. Nervous System in Action
 When you are driving in your car and see a
red light (sensory input), your nervous system
integrates this information (red light means
‘stop’) and sends a message to the muscles in
your leg and foot to contract and relax to
move the foot onto the brake (motor output).

35. Body Types
 There are (basically) three different body
types that we’ve found in human beings.
 Ectomorph
 Mesomorph
 Endomorph

36. Ectomorph
•Typically have smaller bone structure.
•Small frames.
•They are usually very lean.
•Have difficulty putting on lots of muscle.
•Are usually very strong
•The fashion model body type.
•Famous Ectomorphs include:
•Brad Pitt
•Edward Norton
•Kate Moss
•Cameron Diaz

37. Endomorph

Smooth, round body

Medium to large bones and joints

Short limbs

High fat content

Gains muscle quickly

Loses weight slowly

Famous Endomorphs:





Jack Black
Danny Devito
Jennifer Lopez
Beyonce
Marilyn Monroe

38. Mesomorph

Naturally lean

Naturally muscular

Naturally strong

Medium sized joints

Broad shoulders

Gains muscle easily

Loses fat easily

Responds quickly to exercise

Famous Mesomorphs include:





Arnold Schwqarzenegger
Sylvester Stalllone
Madonna
Halle Berry
Gloria Estefan

39. Find your body type
 Go to the following website:
 http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/becke
r3.htm
 Take the quiz and find out what your body
type is.
 Research what exercises you should do for
your body type.

40. Finally…
 Gym day tomorrow.
 Bring your PROPER gym clothes. No gym
clothes, no exercise.
 Role Play Videos due on Wednesday. Make
sure they are finished!
再见