This document provides an introduction to investments. It discusses what investments are, why individuals invest, and the basis of investment decisions. Key points include: - Investments involve committing money for a period of time to generate additional money in the future through interest, dividends, or price appreciation. - Individuals invest to improve future welfare by trading off current consumption for higher future consumption. All investment decisions involve balancing expected return and risk. - Understanding investments is important both for earning better returns and as a potential profession. The underlying decisions involve considering the tradeoff between risk and expected return. Risk is the possibility that the realized return differs from what is expected. - The investment decision process involves security analysis,

1. Introduction toIntroduction to
InvestmentsInvestments

2. Outline
• What is meant by “Investment”?
• Why do individuals invest?
• Basis of Investment Decisions
• Structuring the Decision Process
• New External Environment
– Globalization
– New versus Old Economy
– Technology

3. Meaning of Investments
• Commitment of money that is expected to
generate additional money
• Current commitment of money for a period
of time to desire future payments that will
compensate the investor for
– The time the funds are committed
– The expected rate of inflation, and
– The uncertainty of the future payments
• The investor can can be an individual, a
government, and/or a corporation

4. Why do individuals
invest?
• To achieve a higher level of consumption in
the future by forgoing consumption today
• To improve our welfare in the future
• Investments help us achieve tradeoff
between current consumption and future
consumption
• Basic element of all investment decisions:
trade-off between expected return and
risk

5. Why Study Investments?
• The Personal Aspects
– To earn better returns in relation to the risk we
assume when we invest
– Knowledge of investments help investors
understand the relationship between risk and
return
• Investment as a Profession
(Financial Advisor, Stock Broker, Stock
Trader)

6. • Underlying investment decisions: the
tradeoff between expected return
and risk
– Expected return is not usually the same
as realized return
• Risk: the possibility that the realized
return will be different than the
expected return
Investment Decisions

7. • Investors manage
risk at a cost -
lower expected
returns (ER)
• Any level of
expected return
and risk can be
attained
Risk
ER
Risk-free Rate
Bonds
Stocks
The Tradeoff Between
ER and Risk

8. • Two-step process:
– Security analysis and valuation
• Necessary to understand security
characteristics
– Portfolio management
• Selected securities viewed as a single unit
• How efficient are financial markets in
processing new information?
• How and when should it be revised?
• How should portfolio performance be
measured?
The Investment Decision
Process

9. • Uncertainty in ex post returns
dominates decision process
– Future unknown and must be estimated
• Foreign financial assets: opportunity to
enhance return or reduce risk
• Quick adjustments needed to a
changing environment
• The Internet and investment
opportunities
• Institutional investors important
Factors Affecting the
Process

10. Sources of Risk
(Assignment)
• Interest Rate Risk
• Purchasing Power Risk
• Bull-Bear Market Risk
• Default Risk
• Liquidity Risk
• Callability Risk
• Convertibility Risk
• Political Risk