This document provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), and remote sensing. It defines GIS as a computer system used to digitally represent and analyze geographic features on Earth and events occurring on it. The key components of GIS are hardware, software, data, people, and approaches for analysis. GPS is a satellite-based navigation system developed by the US Department of Defense. Remote sensing involves acquiring information about Earth's surface without direct contact by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing the data.

1. Introduction to GIS, GPS and remote
sensing
Neotech Institute of Technology 1

2. Introduction to GIS
• Geo:- EARTH
• Geography:- Study of earth and where things are.
• Information:- For capturing, managing, analyzing and
understanding Information.
• System:- A set of Software, hardware and Data
Neotech Institute of Technology 2

3. What Is GIS:-
Geographical Information System (GIS) is a computer based
information system used to digitally represent and
analyze the geographic features present on the Earth’s
surface and the events that taking place on it.
Geographic Information Systems provide a method for
integrating and analyzing spatial (digital map based)
information such as "where is the nearest movie theater?"
Objectives of GIS
• To collect, analyses and manipulate spatial data
• To produce map
• To support research activities
Neotech Institute of Technology 3

4. Key Components of GIS:-
Neotech Institute of Technology 4

5. 1. Hardware: it consist of the computer hardware system on which the
GIS software runs. It is used to obtain input, processing, output and
storage of data
2. Software: it provide the functions and tools that are necessary to
store, analyses and display geographical information
3. Approaches (analysis): it consist of hardware , software and
producers to support the data capture , storage and display of
geospatial data.
4. Data: GIS incorporates geographical features with data in
order to map, analyze, and assess real-world problems.
5. people: there must always be people to plan, implement and
operate the system as well as to make decisions based on the
output.
Neotech Institute of Technology 5

6. Application of GIS
• Engineering mapping
• Tax mapping
• Highway mapping
• Census mapping
• Land use planning
• Environmental impact studies
• Urban and regional planning
Neotech Institute of Technology 6

7. GPS (global positioning system)
• Satellite based navigation system.
• Based on a constellation of about
24 satellites
• Developed by the United States
Department of Defense (DOD)
Neotech Institute of Technology 7

8. • The GPS is comprised of three segment
1. Satellite constellation called space segment: it provide the ranging
signals and data messages to the user equipment.
2. Operational control segment: it track and maintain the satellite in the
space
3. User equipment segment: it performs the navigation, timing or other
related function
Space Segment Control Segment User Segment
Neotech Institute of Technology 8

9. Uses and applications:
AVIATION AGRICULTURE MARINE
TIMING
Neotech Institute of Technology 9

10. SPACE RAILWAYS
ROADWAYS DISASTER RELIEF
Neotech Institute of Technology 10

11. Remote sensing
Definition of Remote Sensing “ Remote sensing is the science (and to
some extent, art) of acquiring information about the Earth's surface
without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and
recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and
applying that information"
Neotech Institute of Technology 11

12. Remote sensing process
Neotech Institute of Technology 12

13. Neotech Institute of Technology 13

14. • Energy Source or Illumination (A) - the first requirement for remote
sensing is to have an energy source which illuminates or provides
electromagnetic energy to the target of interest.
• Radiation and the Atmosphere (B) - as the energy travels from its
source to the target, it will come in contact with and interact with the
atmosphere it passes through. This interaction may take place a second
time as the energy travels from the target to the sensor.
• Interaction with the Target (C) - once the energy makes its way to the
target through the atmosphere, it interacts with the target depending
on the properties of both the target and the radiation.
• Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D) - after the energy has been
scattered by, or emitted from the target, we require a sensor (remote -
not in contact with the target) to collect and record the electromagnetic
radiation.
Neotech Institute of Technology 14

15. • Transmission, Reception, and Processing (E) - the energy recorded by
the sensor has to be transmitted, often in electronic form, to a
receiving and processing station where the data are processed into an
image (hardcopy and/or digital).
• Interpretation and Analysis (F) - the processed image is interpreted,
visually and/or digitally or electronically, to extract information about
the target which was illuminated.
• Application (G) - the final element of the remote sensing process is
achieved when we apply the information we have been able to extract
from the imagery about the target in order to better understand it,
reveal some new information, or assist in solving a particular problem.
Neotech Institute of Technology 15

16. Neotech Institute of Technology 16

17. Neotech Institute of Technology 17