basic of remote sensing

1. Fundamental of Remote
Sensing

2. What is remote sensing.
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or
phenomenon without making physical contact with the object,
computer system that analyzes and displays geographically referenced
information

3. Introduction to GIS
• Geo:- EARTH
• Geography:- Study of earth and where things
are.
• Information:- For capturing, managing, analyzing
and understanding Information.
• System:- A set of Software, hardware and Data

4. What Is GIS:-
Geographical Information System (GIS) is a computer based
information system used to digitally represent and analyze
the geographic features present on the Earth’s surface and
the events that taking place on it.
Geographic Information Systems provide a method for
integrating and analyzing spatial (digital map based)
information such as "where is the nearest movie theater"
Objectives of GIS
• To collect, analyses and manipulate spatial data
• To produce map
• To support research activities

5. Key Components of GIS:-

6. 1. Hardware: it consist of the computer hardware system
on which the GIS software runs. It is used to obtain
input, processing, output and storage of data
2. Software: it provide the functions and tools that are
necessary to store, analyses and display geographical
information
3. Approaches (analysis): it consist of hardware , software
and producers to support the data capture , storage
and display of geospatial data.
4. Data: GIS incorporates geographical features with
data in order to map, analyze, and assess real-
world problems.
5. people: there must always be people to plan,
implement and operate the system as well as to
make decisions based on the output.

7. Application of GIS
• Engineering mapping
• Tax mapping
• Highway mapping
• Census mapping
• Land use planning
• Environmental impact studies
• Urban and regional planning

8. GPS (global positioning system)
• Satellite based navigation system.
• Based on a constellation of about 24 satellites
• Developed by the United States Department
of Defense (DOD)

9. • The GPS is comprised of three segment
1. Satellite constellation called space segment: it provide the ranging
signals and data messages to the user equipment.
2. Operational control segment: it track and maintain the satellite in the
space
3. User equipment segment: it performs the navigation, timing or other
related function
Space Segment Control Segment User Segment

10. Uses and applications:
AVIATION AGRICULTURE MARINE
TIMING
Neotech Institute of Technology

11. SPACE RAILWAYS ROADWAYS
DISASTER RELIEF

12. Remote sensing
• Definition of Remote Sensing “ Remote sensing is the
science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring information
about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact
with it. This is done by sensing and recording reflected or
emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that
information"

13. Remote sensing process

15. • Energy Source or Illumination (A) - the first requirement
for remote sensing is to have an energy source which
illuminates or provides electromagnetic energy to the
target of interest.
• Radiation and the Atmosphere (B) - as the energy travels
from its source to the target, it will come in contact with
and interact with the atmosphere it passes through. This
interaction may take place a second time as the energy
travels from the target to the sensor.
• Interaction with the Target (C) - once the energy makes its
way to the target through the atmosphere, it interacts with
the target depending on the properties of both the target
and the radiation.
• Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D) - after the energy
has been scattered by, or emitted from the target, we
require a sensor (remote - not in contact with the target) to
collect and record the electromagnetic radiation.

16. • Transmission, Reception, and Processing (E) - the
energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted,
often in electronic form, to a receiving and processing
station where the data are processed into an image
(hardcopy and/or digital).
• Interpretation and Analysis (F) - the processed image is
interpreted, visually and/or digitally or electronically, to
extract information about the target which was
illuminated.
• Application (G) - the final element of the remote
sensing process is achieved when we apply the
information we have been able to extract from the
imagery about the target in order to better understand
it, reveal some new information, or assist in solving a
particular problem.

18. Advantages of remote sensing
• Large area coverage: Remote sensing allows coverage of very large areas
which enables regional surveys on a variety of themes and identification of
extremely large features.
• Remote sensing allows repetitive coverage which comes in handy when
collecting data on dynamic themes such as water, agricultural fields and so on.
• Remote sensing allows for easy collection of data over a variety of scales and
resolution
• 4. Remotely sensed data can easily be processed and analyzed fast using a
computer and the data utilized for various purposes.

19. Advantages of remote sensing
• Remote sensing is un obstructive especially if the sensor is passively
recording the electromagnetic energy reflected from or emitted by
the phenomena of interest. This means that passive remote sensing
does not disturb the object or the area of interest.
• Data collected through remote sensing is analyzed at the laboratory
which minimizes the work that needs to be done on the field.
• Remote sensing allows for map revision at a small to medium scale
which makes it a bit cheaper and faster.
• Colour composite can be obtained or produced from three separate
band images which ensure the details of the area are far much more
defined than when only a single band image or aerial photograph is
being

21. What is electromagnetic radiation
Radiation that has both electric and magnetic fields and travels in
waves. It comes from natural and man-made sources. Electromagnetic
radiation can vary in strength from low energy to high energy. It
includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light,
ultraviolet light, x-rays, and gamma rays
Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that propagates as both
electrical and magnetic waves traveling in packets of energy called
photons. There is a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation with variable
wavelengths and frequency, which in turn imparts different
characteristics.