2. Geoinformatics
• Geoinformatics is the science and technology dealing with the
structure and character of spatial information, its capture, its
classification and qualification, its storage, processing, portrayal and
dissemination, including the infrastructure necessary to secure
optimal use of this information.
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3. Geoinformatics – Contd.
• In simpler terms, it deals with the tools and technology used to
acquire, analyse and visualise our planet and its resources from space
– like the geographic location of Earth's boundaries, oceans, natural
features, man made structures, etc.
• This geospatial information (along with geographic information
systems) is used to tackle varied problems of geography, geosciences
and related branches of engineering.
• It includes remote sensing of images, mapping, modelling,
development of geospatial databases, information systems design,
and uses geocomputation and geo visualisation for analysing the
geoinformation.
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4. Branches of GeoInformatics
• Cartography
• Geodesy
• Geographic Information Systems
• Global Navigation Satellite Systems
• Photogrammetry
• Remote Sensing
• Web Mapping
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5. Branches of GeoInformatics
Cartography
Study and Practice of making maps
Geodesy
The scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and
representation of the Earth.
Geographic Information Systems
A system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages and presents
data with reference to geographic location data
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6. Branches of GeoInformatics
Global navigation Satellite Systems
A system of satellites that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning
with global coverage.
Photogrammetry The practice of determining the geometric
properties of objects from photographic images.
Remote Sensing
The acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon, without
making physical contact with the object.
WEB MAPPING
The process of designing, implementing, generating and delivering
maps on the World Wide Web.
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7. GIS
• GIS is a technological field that incorporates geographical features
with tabular data in order to map, analyze, and assess real-world
problems.
• The keyword for this technology is Geography - this means that
some portion of the data is spatial
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8. A Short History of GIS
• In the initial stages, the process of drawing the maps was lengthy since it
involved freehand but this changed later on with the introduction of the
computer.
• The first GIS was created by Dr. Roger Tomlinson and then
introduced in the early 1960s in Canada.
• During its inception, this system was mainly meant for collecting,
storing and then analyzing the capability & potential which the land in
the rural areas had
• Recently, designers came up with open source software for GIS so
that brilliant technology can be enhanced in a much simpler manner
while being made available to all.
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9. Applications of GIS
• Geoinformatics is an interdisciplinary field with wide-ranging
applications in almost all walks of life.
• It is most useful for government planning like urban and rural
planning, land use management, agriculture, forestry, public health,
natural resource management, infrastructure development and even
the defence sector. For transport, it proves nifty for in-car navigation
systems, automatic vehicle location systems, aviation, maritime
transport and traffic network planning and management.
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10. Applications of GIS
• Meteorology, oceanography, criminology and crime simulation also
benefit from geoinformatics. It holds great promise in climate change
studies, environmental modelling and analysis, disaster management
and preparedness and telecommunications. Business location
planning, architecture and archaeological reconstruction are also
hugely improved by the use of geoinformatics. Geography and Earth
Sciences rely on geoinformatic data as well.
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11. Components of GIS
• As seen in the graphic below, GIS is really a technology system, not
just one particular component. GIS is composed of These
components are:
Read notes for given slide
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12. Data models in GIS
• Data models are a set of
rules and/or constructs used
to describe and represent
aspects of the real world in a
computer.
• Two primary data models are
available to complete this
task:
• Raster data models and
• Vector data models.
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Hardware
Hardware is the computer on which a GIS operates. Today, GIS runs on a wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop computers used in standalone or networked configurations.
Software
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. Key software components are: • A database management system (DBMS) • Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information • Tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization • A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools
People/Professional
GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the system and to develop plans for applying it. GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain the system, to those who use it to help them do their everyday work.
Methods
A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and business rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to each organization.
Data
Both Spatial and Attribute Data . Maybe the most important component of a GIS is the data. Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or bought from a commercial data provider. Most GIS employ a DBMS to create and maintain a database to help organize and manage data. The data that a GIS operates on consists of any data bearing a definable relationship to space, including any data about things and events that occur in nature. At one time this consisted of hard-copy data, like traditional cartographic maps, surveyor’s logs, demographic statistics, geographic reports, and descriptions from the field. Advances in spatial data collection, classification, and accuracy have allowed more and more standard digital base-maps to become available at different scales.
Output. Analysis. Reports. Tracking. Decision Making. Planning and Work Flow Management
