Forensic science applies scientific knowledge and technology to define and enforce laws. Some important figures in the history of forensics include Mathieu Orfila, who established forensic toxicology, and Francis Galton, who proved the uniqueness of fingerprints. Modern forensic science involves several specialized services such as forensic pathology, anthropology, entomology, psychiatry, odontology, and engineering.

1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1

5. The NY State Bertillon Bureau in 1902 The first criminal identification card filed by the New York State Bertillon Bureau.

7. Dr. Karl Landsteiner in his laboratory, working on blood samples

18. Rigor Mortis Livor Mortis

20. Pallor Mortis Pallor mortis (paleness of death) is a postmortem paleness which happens almost instantaneously (in the 15–120 minutes after the death) because of a lack of capillary circulation throughout the body. Paleness develops so rapidly after death that it has little to no use in determining the time of death.

22. How long does food take in the GI tract? 30 to 40 hours Transit through the colon 2.5 to 3 hours 50% emptying of the small intestine 4 to 5 hours Total emptying of the stomach 2.5 to 3 hours 50% of stomach contents emptied

24. Ways to tell male pelvis from female: spread of ilium: female more flared and cradle-like with anterior iliac spines farther apart vs. more straight “up-and-down” in male shape of hole in ischium: smaller and triangular in female vs. larger and rounded in male angle across pubic symphysis: pubic arch: less than 90° (acute angle) and more sharply angled in male, greater than 90° (obtuse angle) and more rounded in female inner diameter and distance between ischia: larger in female--big enough for head of baby to pass through

26. http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/art/5.html

28. A Blowfly and its maggots

31. Susan Smith

34. Dental Impressions and Casts

37. THE END