Forensic scientist manage crime scene evidence for Police Department, Crime Branches, CBI, CID, Forensic Science Laboratories, IB, Banks, Defense/Army, Courts, Quality Control Bureau, Narcotics Dept., Universities, Hospitals, Organizations etc...also in Private Sector like Detective Agencies, Banks, Insurance Companies, Universities, Hospitals, Security Services Agencies, Helpful to Lawyers/Advocates, Law Firms, Private Companies, Own Private Practice etc... they play an integral role in the catching, conviction and acquittal of suspects in cases of all levels .

1. Piyush B. Thakur
(Pursuing PhD in Forensic Science)
Jr. Scientist

2.  …the application of science to those
criminal and civil laws that are enforced by
police agencies in a criminal justice system.

3.  Applied Science
 Often called “criminalistics”

4.  Chemistry
 Biology
 Physics
 Geology
Places physical evidence into a professional
discipline.
to civil and criminal law
}

6.  Popularized physical detection
methods in a crime scene
 Developed the character Sherlock
Holmes

7.  1887 published first novel, A Study in Scarlet
 "I've found it! I've found it," he shouted to my companion, running towards us
with a test-tube in his hand. "I have found a re-agent which is precipitated by
haemoglobin, and by nothing else . . . . Why, man, it is the most practical
medico-legal discovery for years. Don't you see that it gives us an infallible test
for blood stains? . . . . The old guaiacum test was very clumsy and uncertain. So
is the microscopic examination for blood corpuscles. The latter is valueless if the
stains are a few hours old. Now, this appears to act as well whether the blood is
old or new. Had this test been invented, there are hundreds of men now walking
the earth who would long ago have paid the penalty of their crimes. . . . Criminal
cases are continually hinging upon that one point. A man is suspected of a crime
months perhaps after it has been committed. His linen or clothes are examined
and brownish stains discovered upon them. Are they blood stains, or mud stains,
or rust stains, or fruit stains, or what are they? That is a question which has
puzzled many an expert, and why? Because there was no reliable test. Now we
have the Sherlock Holmes's test, and there will no longer be any difficulty."
→ had a considerable influence on popularizing scientific crime-detection methods

8.  Father of Forensic Toxicology
 1814 - Treatise on detection of poisons
& their effects on animals.

9.  Father of Criminal Detection
 Devised the first scientific system of
personal identification, using body
measurements known as anthropometry in
1879.

10.  Conducted the first definitive study of
fingerprints and their classification.
 1892 – Treatise entitled Finger Prints

11.  Devised a simple procedure for determining
the blood type (A,B,O,AB) of a dried
bloodstain

12.  Used a comparison microscope to
determine if a bullet was fired from a
specific gun
 Published study of “tool marks” on bullets

13.  Developed fundamental principles of
document examination
 1910 – Treatise Questioned Documents
 Was responsible for the acceptance of
documents as scientific evidence by the
courts

14.  Demonstrated how the principles
developed by Hans Gross could be
incorporated into a workable crime
lab.
 Locard's exchange principle states
that once contact is made between
two surfaces a transfer of material(s)
will occur.

16.  Since the 1960's the number of crime labs
increased due to the courts demanding
secure scientifically evaluated evidence.
 More crime
 More drug related crime
 Greater need for physical evidence
 Use of DNA profiling (1990’s)

17. Standard
Physical Science
Biology
Firearms
Documents
Photography
Optional
Toxicology
Fingerprints
Polygraph
Voice Print
Evidence

18.  Physical Science Unit:
 Applies the principles and techniques of Chemistry
Physics
Geology
to the identification and comparison of crime-scene
evidence
 Biology Unit:
 Identifies dried bloodstains and body fluids
 Compares hairs and fibers
 Identifes and compares botanical materials such as wood
and plants
 Performs DNA analysis

19.  Firearms Unit: examines
 Firearms
 Discharged bullets
 Cartridge cases
 Shotgun shells
 Ammunition of all types
 Document Examination Unit:
 Analyzes handwriting, paper and printers of documents
 Photography Unit:
 Examines and records physical evidence at the crime
scene and at suspects' locations

20.  Toxicology Unit:
 Examines body fluids and organs in order to determine
the presence and identification of drugs and poisons
 Latent Fingerprint Unit:
 Processes and examines evidence for latent fingerprints
 i.e. those found on surfaces
 Polygraph Unit:
 Uses lie detectors, an essential tool of the crime
investigator rather than the forensic scientist

21.  Voiceprint Analysis Unit:
 Involved in cases of telephone threats or tape-
recorded messages
 Investigators may be able to connect a voice to
a particular suspect
 Evidence-Collection Unit:
 Incorporates evidence collection into a total
forensic science service

22.  Analysis of Physical Evidence
 The forensic scientist must be skilled in applying the
principles and techniques of the physical and natural
sciences in order to identify the many types of evidence
that may be recovered during crime investigations.
 Expert witness
 An expert witness possesses a particular skill or has
knowledge in a trade or profession that will aid the
court in determining the truth.

23.  Specially trained evidence collection
technicians
□ Training in Proper Recognition,
Collection, and Preservation of
Evidence is required so that
the forensic pathologist, as the
medical examiner or coroner,
can determine the cause of
death via an autopsy.

24. Death can be classified into five
different categories: natural
death, homicide, suicide,
accident or undetermined
manner of death.
 Forensic Pathology
 The cause of death
can often be
determined by
performing an
autopsy

25.  Forensic Pathology – continued
 After a human body expires there are several stages of
death
▪ Rigor Mortis
▪ immediately following death, the muscles relax and then
become rigid, shortening of the muscles.
▪ Livor Mortis
▪ when the human heart stops pumping, due to the blood begins
to settle in the parts of the body closest to the ground due to
gravity. The skin will appear dark blue or purple in these lower
areas close to the ground.
▪ Algor Mortis
▪ the process in which the body temperature continually cools
after death until it reaches room temperature, enabling the
medical examiner to establish the general time of death.

26.  Forensic Anthropology:
 Primarily involves the identification and
examination of skeletal remains, in order to
determine if the remains are human or another
type of animal.
 If human, ethnicity, sex, approximate age, and
manner of death can often be determined by an
anthropologist.

27.  Forensic Entomology
 The study of insects and their developmental
stages
 Can help to determine the time of death by
knowing when those stages normally appear in
the insect's life cycle

28.  . Forensic Psychiatry
 The study of human behavior and legal
proceedings in both civil and criminal cases
 In civil and criminal cases, competency often
needs to be determined
 In criminal trials, the evaluation of behavior
disorders is often required in order to establish
the psychological profile of a suspect

29.  Forensic Odontology
 An odontologist can match bite marks to a
suspect's teeth, or match a victim to his dental x-
rays
 Results in an identification of an unknown
individual
 Forensic Engineering
 Used to analyze construction accidents, and the
causes and origins of fires or explosions

30.  Can include organic and inorganic
analytical techniques
 Organic analysis of unknown substances
▪ Includes analytical techniques such as
Chromatography, UV- visible and infrared
Spectrophotometry and Mass Spectrometry.
 Inorganic analysis
▪ Includes techniques such as the emission spectrum of
elements, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry,
Neutron Activation Analysis, and X-Ray Diffraction
Analysis.