This document provides an introduction to embedded computing and ARM processors. It discusses complex systems and microprocessors, embedded system design processes, and provides an example design of a model train controller. It introduces instruction sets and describes the ARM processor, including its CPU, programming input/output, supervisor mode, exceptions and traps, co-processors, and memory system mechanisms. It also discusses CPU performance and power consumption considerations for embedded systems.
The document discusses the architecture of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the 8051's central processing unit, memory organization, input/output ports, timers/counters, serial port, and interrupts. The 8051 has a CPU, RAM, ROM, and I/O ports integrated into a single chip. It can be programmed to perform control and sensing tasks in embedded systems.
Ec6703 embedded and real time systems(1)viswnathan
This document contains a question bank for the subject EC6703 - Embedded and Real Time Systems. It includes questions divided into two units:
Unit I focuses on introduction to embedded computing, ARM processors, and real time systems. It includes 20 short answer and long answer questions related to these topics.
Unit II focuses on embedded computing platform design. It includes 20 more short answer and long answer questions related to topics like CPU buses, memory systems, programming models, debugging tools, and performance optimization.
The document provides a detailed question bank to test students' understanding of key concepts from the course on embedded and real time systems.
The document discusses various input/output interfacing components used with microprocessors, including parallel and serial communication interfaces, analog to digital and digital to analog converters, timers, and interrupt controllers. It describes the 8255 parallel interface chip, 8251 serial interface chip, and programming of ports and modes. Memory interfacing is also covered briefly. Application examples discussed include traffic light control, LED displays, and keyboard/display interfaces.
The document discusses the 8086 microprocessor. It provides details on the architecture of the 8086 including its functional units, registers, addressing modes, instruction set, and interrupts. Specifically, it notes that the 8086 has a 16-bit data bus and 20-bit address bus, 14 registers including 4 general purpose 16-bit registers, and 24 operand addressing modes. The document also describes the different types of instructions in the 8086 instruction set and the purpose of interrupts.
The document discusses the 8086 system bus structure. It describes the minimum and maximum modes of operation for the 8086 microprocessor. In minimum mode, the 8086 issues control signals directly to memory and I/O devices. In maximum mode, control signals are issued by the Intel 8288 bus controller to support multiprocessor systems. The document also covers programmed and interrupt-driven I/O techniques for data transfer with input/output devices.
Topic 5 Digital Technique basic computer structureBai Haqi
This document provides an overview of basic computer structure and components. It discusses:
1. The main components of a computer including the CPU, memory, interface, and input/output.
2. Types of memory including ROM, RAM, static RAM, and dynamic RAM.
3. The operation of the bus system which connects the central components.
4. Single and multi-address instruction words.
5. Applications of computers in aircraft systems such as the flight management computer.
This document outlines the syllabus for the course EE6008 Microcontroller Based System Design. It covers 5 units:
1. Introduction to PIC microcontrollers including architecture of PIC16C6x and PIC16C7x families.
2. Interrupts and timers in PIC microcontrollers including external interrupts, timer programming.
3. Peripherals and interfacing including I2C, serial EEPROM, ADC, UART, LCD interfacing.
4. Introduction to ARM processor architecture including programmer's model, development tools, memory hierarchy.
5. ARM organization including pipeline, instruction set, coprocessor interface, embedded applications.
The
The document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses the basic architecture of microprocessors, including the Von Neumann and Harvard architectures. It compares RISC and CISC instruction sets. Microcontrollers are defined as single-chip computers containing a CPU, memory, and I/O ports. Common PIC microcontrollers are described along with their characteristics such as speed, memory types, and analog/digital capabilities. The document also outlines best practices for selecting a suitable microcontroller for a project, including identifying hardware interfaces, memory needs, programming tools, and cost/power constraints.
The document discusses the architecture of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the 8051's central processing unit, memory organization, input/output ports, timers/counters, serial port, and interrupts. The 8051 has a CPU, RAM, ROM, and I/O ports integrated into a single chip. It can be programmed to perform control and sensing tasks in embedded systems.
Ec6703 embedded and real time systems(1)viswnathan
This document contains a question bank for the subject EC6703 - Embedded and Real Time Systems. It includes questions divided into two units:
Unit I focuses on introduction to embedded computing, ARM processors, and real time systems. It includes 20 short answer and long answer questions related to these topics.
Unit II focuses on embedded computing platform design. It includes 20 more short answer and long answer questions related to topics like CPU buses, memory systems, programming models, debugging tools, and performance optimization.
The document provides a detailed question bank to test students' understanding of key concepts from the course on embedded and real time systems.
The document discusses various input/output interfacing components used with microprocessors, including parallel and serial communication interfaces, analog to digital and digital to analog converters, timers, and interrupt controllers. It describes the 8255 parallel interface chip, 8251 serial interface chip, and programming of ports and modes. Memory interfacing is also covered briefly. Application examples discussed include traffic light control, LED displays, and keyboard/display interfaces.
The document discusses the 8086 microprocessor. It provides details on the architecture of the 8086 including its functional units, registers, addressing modes, instruction set, and interrupts. Specifically, it notes that the 8086 has a 16-bit data bus and 20-bit address bus, 14 registers including 4 general purpose 16-bit registers, and 24 operand addressing modes. The document also describes the different types of instructions in the 8086 instruction set and the purpose of interrupts.
The document discusses the 8086 system bus structure. It describes the minimum and maximum modes of operation for the 8086 microprocessor. In minimum mode, the 8086 issues control signals directly to memory and I/O devices. In maximum mode, control signals are issued by the Intel 8288 bus controller to support multiprocessor systems. The document also covers programmed and interrupt-driven I/O techniques for data transfer with input/output devices.
Topic 5 Digital Technique basic computer structureBai Haqi
This document provides an overview of basic computer structure and components. It discusses:
1. The main components of a computer including the CPU, memory, interface, and input/output.
2. Types of memory including ROM, RAM, static RAM, and dynamic RAM.
3. The operation of the bus system which connects the central components.
4. Single and multi-address instruction words.
5. Applications of computers in aircraft systems such as the flight management computer.
This document outlines the syllabus for the course EE6008 Microcontroller Based System Design. It covers 5 units:
1. Introduction to PIC microcontrollers including architecture of PIC16C6x and PIC16C7x families.
2. Interrupts and timers in PIC microcontrollers including external interrupts, timer programming.
3. Peripherals and interfacing including I2C, serial EEPROM, ADC, UART, LCD interfacing.
4. Introduction to ARM processor architecture including programmer's model, development tools, memory hierarchy.
5. ARM organization including pipeline, instruction set, coprocessor interface, embedded applications.
The
The document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses the basic architecture of microprocessors, including the Von Neumann and Harvard architectures. It compares RISC and CISC instruction sets. Microcontrollers are defined as single-chip computers containing a CPU, memory, and I/O ports. Common PIC microcontrollers are described along with their characteristics such as speed, memory types, and analog/digital capabilities. The document also outlines best practices for selecting a suitable microcontroller for a project, including identifying hardware interfaces, memory needs, programming tools, and cost/power constraints.
www.jwjobs.net
1. An embedded system is a dedicated computer system that performs specific tasks and is embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and software.
2. Main components of an embedded system include a microprocessor or microcontroller, memory, and input/output components. Common microprocessors include general purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, and application-specific integrated circuits.
3. Embedded software is programmed on read-only memory (ROM) or flash memory and provides the core functionality of the embedded system. Real-time operating systems also help manage tasks and system resources.
The document discusses the architecture of PIC18 microcontrollers. It begins by introducing the PIC microcontroller family and noting their popularity. It then explains key aspects of the PIC18 architecture, including that it uses a Harvard architecture with separate memory spaces for instructions and data. The document outlines the main components of the PIC18 architecture, including the CPU, program ROM, data memory, I/O ports, and special function registers. It provides details on the registers used in the PIC18, including the working register WREG, general purpose registers, and special function registers.
Arduino (/ɑːrˈdwiːnoʊ/) is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC-BY-SA license, while software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official website or through authorized distributors.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a course on microprocessors and assembly language programming. The course will introduce microprocessors and their architecture, how to interface memory and input/output devices, instruction sets, and how to write assembly language programs. It will also cover developing applications using microprocessors and microprocessor system design. Key aspects that will be discussed include the components of a microprocessor-based system, microprocessor evolution, and how a microprocessor operates by fetching, decoding, and executing instructions.
This document discusses system design techniques and networks for embedded systems. It covers topics like design methodologies, requirement analysis, specifications, system analysis and architecture design. It discusses different design flows like waterfall model, spiral model and successive refinement model. It also discusses quality assurance techniques important for delivering quality embedded systems. Specific techniques covered include concurrent engineering, requirements analysis, different specification languages like SDL and state charts, system analysis using CRC cards and ensuring quality throughout the design process.
The document provides an overview of computer architecture topics according to Pokhara University's course syllabus. It discusses the expanded structure of the IAS computer, including components like the memory buffer register, memory address register, instruction register, and central processing unit. It also covers the IAS instruction format and flow, different scales of integration, and the differences between computer organization and architecture. In addition, it summarizes central processing unit components like the ALU and describes data representation methods, arithmetic operations, floating point representation, and the IEEE 754 standard format.
The document describes the fetch-execute cycle of a microprocessor. It has the following key points:
1. The CPU fetches instructions one at a time from memory and executes them. This involves a fetch cycle to retrieve the instruction from memory followed by an execute cycle to perform the operation.
2. During the fetch cycle, the CPU places the memory address on the address bus and activates control signals to retrieve the instruction opcode.
3. The execute cycle involves fetching any required data and performing the operation specified by the instruction, such as moving data between registers or memory. The time taken can vary depending on the instruction type.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from William Stallings' Computer Organization and Architecture textbook. It defines architecture as the attributes visible to a programmer, such as instruction set and data representation, while organization refers to how features are implemented internally, like control signals and memory technology. It notes that while instruction sets may be compatible across systems from the same manufacturer, the internal organization can differ between versions. The document also gives a high-level overview of the book's chapter topics and provides some recommended Internet resources for additional information on computer architecture topics.
This document provides an overview of input/output organization. It discusses peripheral devices, input and output interfaces, asynchronous data transfer, modes of transfer, interrupts, direct memory access, I/O processors, and serial communication. It describes common input devices like keyboards and optical scanners and output devices like printers and displays. It also covers I/O interfaces, buses, isolated versus memory mapped I/O, and programmable I/O interfaces.
This document describes an office security system that uses face recognition for access control. It involves the following:
1) Capturing images of visitors using a web camera and comparing the images to a database of authorized employees' faces using discrete cosine transform coefficients and Euclidean distance calculations to identify matches.
2) If a match is found, a signal is sent to open the door. Otherwise, the unknown image is transmitted over LAN to staff for identification and potential door opening.
3) An LPC1768 cortex microcontroller is used to control door access and transmit images over LAN due to its processing power and communication capabilities. The system provides contactless security access control for offices.
The document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses the history of microprocessors from early 4-bit processors to modern 64-bit processors. A microprocessor contains a central processing unit while a microcontroller contains additional components like memory and input/output interfaces integrated into a single chip. Microcontrollers require less external hardware than microprocessors. The document describes the basic architecture of microprocessors and microcontrollers including components like registers, buses, and memory. It compares the von Neumann and Harvard architectures. Interrupts and memory-mapped I/O are also discussed.
ARM Microcontroller and Embedded Systems (17EC62) – ARM – 32 bit Microcontrol...Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for ARM Microcontroller and Embedded Systems (17EC62) – ARM – 32 bit Microcontroller (Module 1) for VTU Students
Contents
Thumb-2 technology and applications of ARM, Architecture of ARM Cortex M3, Various Units in the architecture, Debugging support, General Purpose Registers, Special Registers, exceptions, interrupts, stack operation, reset sequence.
Textbook: Joseph Yiu, “The Definitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M3”, 2nd Edition, Newnes (Elsevier), 2010
UML is used to model a model train controller system. The system includes a console to control up to 8 trains and receive input from knobs. It formats and transmits messages to a receiver on each train. The trains interpret the messages to control speed using pulse width modulation of the motor. Classes are defined for the console components like the knobs, transmitter, and formatter. Classes are also defined for the train components like the receiver, detector, motor interface and controller. Sequence diagrams show transmitting a control from the console and receiving a set speed command on the train.
This document discusses different input/output techniques for computer systems. It describes three main I/O techniques: programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access. Programmed I/O involves the CPU waiting for I/O operations to complete, interrupt-driven I/O uses interrupts to notify the CPU when an operation is done, and DMA allows data transfers without CPU involvement. The document also outlines functions of I/O modules, which connect I/O devices to system buses, and different addressing and mapping schemes for I/O devices.
BY VIEWING THIS SLIDES YOU ABLE TO KNOW
-WHAT IS EMBEDDED SYSTEM?
-WHAT ARE PROS AND CONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM?
-WHERE IT IS USED?
-WHAT IS FGPA,MICROPROCESSOR,CRYPTOGRAPHY,JTAG,SPI, SERIAL AND PARALLEL COMMUNICATION?
AND MUCH MORE.
This document provides an overview of a training session on PLC programming introduction. It discusses the most common PLC programming language, ladder logic, which was developed to mimic relay logic wiring to reduce retraining. Ladder logic uses graphic symbols resembling relay circuits with rungs connecting vertical power rails. While there are five languages, ladder diagrams are predominant due to their similarity to electrical schematics familiar to engineers. The document also briefly outlines other languages like sequential function charts and structured text.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Programmable Logic Controllers Paper (PLC) SM54Subhash Mahla
This document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It begins by defining a PLC as a digitally operating electronic apparatus that uses programmable memory to implement logic, sequencing, timing and other functions to control machines and processes. The document then describes the basic components of a PLC, including I/O modules, a processor, power supply, memory unit and network interface. It explains how PLCs are programmed using programming units connected to computers and the transfer of programs to PLC memory using EEPROM chips.
Embedded Systems (18EC62) - ARM Cortex-M3 Instruction Set and Programming (Mo...Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for Embedded Systems (18EC62) - ARM Cortex-M3 Instruction set and Programming (Module 2) for VTU Students
Contents
Assembly basics, Instruction list and description, Thumb and ARM instructions, Special instructions, Useful instructions, CMSIS, Assembly and C language Programming
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and microcontrollers including the 8051 and 8086. It discusses key aspects of embedded systems such as they combine both hardware and software to perform a specific task. Examples are given of microcontrollers that control functions like engine control. The document then focuses on details of the 8051 microcontroller including its features, pins, and ports. It also provides details on the architecture and components of the 8086 microprocessor such as its execution unit, registers, bus interface unit, and segment registers.
This document discusses the embedded system design process. It describes design methodologies that help structure the design process and allow for effective communication between team members. The major steps in the design process are discussed as top-down or bottom-up approaches, with goals of minimizing cost, maximizing performance and efficiency. Key aspects covered include establishing requirements, creating specifications, designing the system architecture, individual components, and integrating the full system. Examples of requirements, specifications, block diagrams and architectures are provided for a GPS moving map system.
1. The document discusses the unit ITEL01 - Embedded Systems which covers introduction to embedded computing, instruction sets, textbooks and reference books.
2. It defines what an embedded system is, discusses the hardware and software components, and classification of microprocessors.
3. The challenges in embedded system design process are also summarized which includes meeting specifications within constraints of cost, power and size.
www.jwjobs.net
1. An embedded system is a dedicated computer system that performs specific tasks and is embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and software.
2. Main components of an embedded system include a microprocessor or microcontroller, memory, and input/output components. Common microprocessors include general purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, and application-specific integrated circuits.
3. Embedded software is programmed on read-only memory (ROM) or flash memory and provides the core functionality of the embedded system. Real-time operating systems also help manage tasks and system resources.
The document discusses the architecture of PIC18 microcontrollers. It begins by introducing the PIC microcontroller family and noting their popularity. It then explains key aspects of the PIC18 architecture, including that it uses a Harvard architecture with separate memory spaces for instructions and data. The document outlines the main components of the PIC18 architecture, including the CPU, program ROM, data memory, I/O ports, and special function registers. It provides details on the registers used in the PIC18, including the working register WREG, general purpose registers, and special function registers.
Arduino (/ɑːrˈdwiːnoʊ/) is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC-BY-SA license, while software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official website or through authorized distributors.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a course on microprocessors and assembly language programming. The course will introduce microprocessors and their architecture, how to interface memory and input/output devices, instruction sets, and how to write assembly language programs. It will also cover developing applications using microprocessors and microprocessor system design. Key aspects that will be discussed include the components of a microprocessor-based system, microprocessor evolution, and how a microprocessor operates by fetching, decoding, and executing instructions.
This document discusses system design techniques and networks for embedded systems. It covers topics like design methodologies, requirement analysis, specifications, system analysis and architecture design. It discusses different design flows like waterfall model, spiral model and successive refinement model. It also discusses quality assurance techniques important for delivering quality embedded systems. Specific techniques covered include concurrent engineering, requirements analysis, different specification languages like SDL and state charts, system analysis using CRC cards and ensuring quality throughout the design process.
The document provides an overview of computer architecture topics according to Pokhara University's course syllabus. It discusses the expanded structure of the IAS computer, including components like the memory buffer register, memory address register, instruction register, and central processing unit. It also covers the IAS instruction format and flow, different scales of integration, and the differences between computer organization and architecture. In addition, it summarizes central processing unit components like the ALU and describes data representation methods, arithmetic operations, floating point representation, and the IEEE 754 standard format.
The document describes the fetch-execute cycle of a microprocessor. It has the following key points:
1. The CPU fetches instructions one at a time from memory and executes them. This involves a fetch cycle to retrieve the instruction from memory followed by an execute cycle to perform the operation.
2. During the fetch cycle, the CPU places the memory address on the address bus and activates control signals to retrieve the instruction opcode.
3. The execute cycle involves fetching any required data and performing the operation specified by the instruction, such as moving data between registers or memory. The time taken can vary depending on the instruction type.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from William Stallings' Computer Organization and Architecture textbook. It defines architecture as the attributes visible to a programmer, such as instruction set and data representation, while organization refers to how features are implemented internally, like control signals and memory technology. It notes that while instruction sets may be compatible across systems from the same manufacturer, the internal organization can differ between versions. The document also gives a high-level overview of the book's chapter topics and provides some recommended Internet resources for additional information on computer architecture topics.
This document provides an overview of input/output organization. It discusses peripheral devices, input and output interfaces, asynchronous data transfer, modes of transfer, interrupts, direct memory access, I/O processors, and serial communication. It describes common input devices like keyboards and optical scanners and output devices like printers and displays. It also covers I/O interfaces, buses, isolated versus memory mapped I/O, and programmable I/O interfaces.
This document describes an office security system that uses face recognition for access control. It involves the following:
1) Capturing images of visitors using a web camera and comparing the images to a database of authorized employees' faces using discrete cosine transform coefficients and Euclidean distance calculations to identify matches.
2) If a match is found, a signal is sent to open the door. Otherwise, the unknown image is transmitted over LAN to staff for identification and potential door opening.
3) An LPC1768 cortex microcontroller is used to control door access and transmit images over LAN due to its processing power and communication capabilities. The system provides contactless security access control for offices.
The document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses the history of microprocessors from early 4-bit processors to modern 64-bit processors. A microprocessor contains a central processing unit while a microcontroller contains additional components like memory and input/output interfaces integrated into a single chip. Microcontrollers require less external hardware than microprocessors. The document describes the basic architecture of microprocessors and microcontrollers including components like registers, buses, and memory. It compares the von Neumann and Harvard architectures. Interrupts and memory-mapped I/O are also discussed.
ARM Microcontroller and Embedded Systems (17EC62) – ARM – 32 bit Microcontrol...Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for ARM Microcontroller and Embedded Systems (17EC62) – ARM – 32 bit Microcontroller (Module 1) for VTU Students
Contents
Thumb-2 technology and applications of ARM, Architecture of ARM Cortex M3, Various Units in the architecture, Debugging support, General Purpose Registers, Special Registers, exceptions, interrupts, stack operation, reset sequence.
Textbook: Joseph Yiu, “The Definitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M3”, 2nd Edition, Newnes (Elsevier), 2010
UML is used to model a model train controller system. The system includes a console to control up to 8 trains and receive input from knobs. It formats and transmits messages to a receiver on each train. The trains interpret the messages to control speed using pulse width modulation of the motor. Classes are defined for the console components like the knobs, transmitter, and formatter. Classes are also defined for the train components like the receiver, detector, motor interface and controller. Sequence diagrams show transmitting a control from the console and receiving a set speed command on the train.
This document discusses different input/output techniques for computer systems. It describes three main I/O techniques: programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access. Programmed I/O involves the CPU waiting for I/O operations to complete, interrupt-driven I/O uses interrupts to notify the CPU when an operation is done, and DMA allows data transfers without CPU involvement. The document also outlines functions of I/O modules, which connect I/O devices to system buses, and different addressing and mapping schemes for I/O devices.
BY VIEWING THIS SLIDES YOU ABLE TO KNOW
-WHAT IS EMBEDDED SYSTEM?
-WHAT ARE PROS AND CONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM?
-WHERE IT IS USED?
-WHAT IS FGPA,MICROPROCESSOR,CRYPTOGRAPHY,JTAG,SPI, SERIAL AND PARALLEL COMMUNICATION?
AND MUCH MORE.
This document provides an overview of a training session on PLC programming introduction. It discusses the most common PLC programming language, ladder logic, which was developed to mimic relay logic wiring to reduce retraining. Ladder logic uses graphic symbols resembling relay circuits with rungs connecting vertical power rails. While there are five languages, ladder diagrams are predominant due to their similarity to electrical schematics familiar to engineers. The document also briefly outlines other languages like sequential function charts and structured text.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Programmable Logic Controllers Paper (PLC) SM54Subhash Mahla
This document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It begins by defining a PLC as a digitally operating electronic apparatus that uses programmable memory to implement logic, sequencing, timing and other functions to control machines and processes. The document then describes the basic components of a PLC, including I/O modules, a processor, power supply, memory unit and network interface. It explains how PLCs are programmed using programming units connected to computers and the transfer of programs to PLC memory using EEPROM chips.
Embedded Systems (18EC62) - ARM Cortex-M3 Instruction Set and Programming (Mo...Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for Embedded Systems (18EC62) - ARM Cortex-M3 Instruction set and Programming (Module 2) for VTU Students
Contents
Assembly basics, Instruction list and description, Thumb and ARM instructions, Special instructions, Useful instructions, CMSIS, Assembly and C language Programming
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and microcontrollers including the 8051 and 8086. It discusses key aspects of embedded systems such as they combine both hardware and software to perform a specific task. Examples are given of microcontrollers that control functions like engine control. The document then focuses on details of the 8051 microcontroller including its features, pins, and ports. It also provides details on the architecture and components of the 8086 microprocessor such as its execution unit, registers, bus interface unit, and segment registers.
This document discusses the embedded system design process. It describes design methodologies that help structure the design process and allow for effective communication between team members. The major steps in the design process are discussed as top-down or bottom-up approaches, with goals of minimizing cost, maximizing performance and efficiency. Key aspects covered include establishing requirements, creating specifications, designing the system architecture, individual components, and integrating the full system. Examples of requirements, specifications, block diagrams and architectures are provided for a GPS moving map system.
1. The document discusses the unit ITEL01 - Embedded Systems which covers introduction to embedded computing, instruction sets, textbooks and reference books.
2. It defines what an embedded system is, discusses the hardware and software components, and classification of microprocessors.
3. The challenges in embedded system design process are also summarized which includes meeting specifications within constraints of cost, power and size.
1. The document discusses the unit ITEL01 - Embedded Systems which covers introduction to embedded computing, instruction sets, textbooks and reference books.
2. It defines what an embedded system is, discusses the hardware and software components, and classification of microprocessors.
3. The document covers advantages of programmable CPUs, functionality of embedded systems, challenges in design, performance aspects, and formalisms for system design including UML.
The document describes the syllabus for the course EC8791 - Embedded and Real Time Systems. The objectives of the course are to understand embedded system design concepts, learn ARM processor architecture and programming, understand basic embedded programming concepts, and learn about real-time operating systems. The course covers topics such as introduction to embedded computing and ARM processors, embedded system design process, real-time operating systems, and performance analysis of embedded systems. It also discusses formalisms for embedded system design such as the Unified Modeling Language.
EC 308 Embedded Systems Module 1 Notes APJKTUAgi George
The document provides information about embedded systems and the ARM 9 microprocessor. It discusses:
1. The definition and components of an embedded system, including the real-time operating system (RTOS).
2. The features of RTOS compared to non-real time operating systems.
3. An overview of the ARM 9 microprocessor, including its 5-stage pipeline, cache memory, and support for both ARM and Thumb instruction sets.
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as computing systems with tightly coupled hardware and software that are designed to perform dedicated functions. Embedded systems have characteristics like reliability, efficiency, constrained resources, single-functionality, complex functionality where safety is critical. Common applications include automotive, telecommunications, consumer electronics, industrial equipment, medical devices, and more. The document outlines the design process for embedded systems including hardware/software partitioning and discusses processing engines like microprocessors and microcontrollers. It provides details on memory types, CPU architectures, and concludes with an overview of the software development process.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems with the following key points:
1. Embedded systems are computer systems that are part of larger machines or devices to control or monitor them. They are designed to perform specific tasks, often in real-time.
2. Examples of embedded systems include network printers, mobile phones, satellites, washing machines, and more.
3. Embedded system design involves selecting hardware components like the CPU and memory, designing the hardware and software, testing and debugging, and loading the software onto the system. Real-time operating systems are often used to facilitate software development.
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed to perform a specific function. It has three main components - hardware, application software, and an optional real-time operating system. Embedded systems are used in devices like fire alarms, cruise control systems, and digital cameras where they perform specialized tasks in real-time. Common characteristics include being single-purpose, constrained by tight design requirements like size and power consumption, and reactive to changes in their environment.
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines an embedded system as a dedicated computer system with embedded software and hardware to perform specific control functions within a larger system or product. Embedded systems have constraints on available memory, processor speed, and power consumption. They can be classified as small, medium, or sophisticated based on their hardware and software complexities. The document outlines the basic components and characteristics of embedded systems and discusses the different skills required for designers of small, medium, and sophisticated embedded systems.
- Embedded systems are dedicated computer systems that perform specific tasks. They contain embedded software and hardware components like processors, memory, and I/O devices.
- The software is preloaded into memory like ROM or flash. Embedded systems must operate in real-time with deterministic responses. They are constrained by available memory, processor speed, and power requirements.
- The build process for embedded systems involves selecting a processor, compiling and linking software, and programming the final binary image into memory to load on the target hardware. Common hardware components include power sources, clocks, timers, memory, and I/O devices.
The document provides information about embedded systems and microprocessors. It defines embedded systems and gives examples. It discusses microprocessors and microcontrollers, their components, and differences between the two. It describes characteristics of embedded computing applications like sophisticated functionality, real-time operation, cost, power, and design teams. It also covers topics like instruction sets, ARM and Texas Instruments C55x processors, assembly language, and the ARM programming model.
1) Embedded systems are computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electrical systems, often with real-time computing constraints.
2) Hardware platforms for embedded systems include microcontrollers optimized for control applications, digital signal processors for data-intensive applications, and programmable hardware or ASICs.
3) System specialization is important for embedded systems, through techniques like application-specific instruction sets, optimized memory architectures, and heterogeneous registers. This improves properties like performance, power efficiency, and predictability.
1. An Introduction to Embed Systems_DRKG.pptxKesavanGopal1
This document provides an overview of embedded systems. It defines an embedded system as an electronic system designed to perform a specific function, combining both hardware and software. Embedded systems are distinguished from general purpose systems in that they have application-specific hardware and software designed for a dedicated function. The document classifies embedded systems based on generation, complexity/performance, deterministic behavior, and triggering. It discusses key aspects of embedded systems like purpose, applications, design challenges involving cost, size, power and more. Overall, the document introduces the basic concepts of embedded systems.
This document provides an overview of an embedded systems programming course. It defines what an embedded system is, including that it is a microcontroller designed for a specific task rather than general computing. It discusses the hardware and software aspects of embedded systems and microcontrollers. It also outlines the topics that will be covered in the course, such as interrupts, timers, analog-digital conversion, and serial communication interfaces. Evaluation will be based on a midterm, quizzes and labs, a final project, and a final exam.
introduction to embedded system presentationAmr Rashed
An embedded system is a type of electronic system programmed to perform specific tasks. It contains hardware and software components that work together to perform functions like displaying time on a watch or washing clothes in a washing machine. Key components of an embedded system include a processor, memory, input/output interfaces and application software. Embedded systems have become more advanced over time, evolving from using vacuum tubes and transistors to today's microcontrollers and microprocessors. They provide advantages like small size, low power consumption and low cost. Common applications include consumer electronics, automobiles, industrial automation and medical devices.
The document discusses key aspects of embedded system design. It describes embedded systems as single-functioned, tightly-constrained, and reactive in real-time. An example of a digital camera is provided. Key design challenges involve optimizing metrics like cost, size, performance and power. The document outlines three key embedded system technologies: processor technology including general-purpose, single-purpose and application-specific processors; integrated circuit technologies like full-custom ASICs, semi-custom ASICs and programmable logic devices; and design technologies.
Embedded systems are application-specific systems that contain both hardware and software tailored for a particular task. Good hardware/software codesign involves representing the system functionality using unified models that can be partitioned between hardware and software implementations. There are various partitioning algorithms that aim to optimize metrics like performance, cost and power consumption by assigning functional objects to either hardware or software components. The choice of modeling language and partitioning approach depends on the application and design constraints.
The document describes the architectural design of the avionics system for the A-7E Corsair II aircraft. Three key architectural structures were used: module structure to achieve modifiability, uses structure to define subsets for production, and process structure to achieve performance and portability. Information hiding was a new design principle at the time and was demonstrated to be effective for building real-time embedded software through the module structure. While the design did not meet the 32K memory requirement, it validated information hiding as a viable software architecture technique.
The document discusses two approaches to embedded firmware design:
1) The super loop approach, which executes tasks in a continuous loop without an OS. It has low overhead but is not real-time.
2) The embedded OS approach, which uses an RTOS or customized GPOS to schedule tasks. It has more overhead but provides real-time capabilities. Both approaches have pros and cons for different application needs.
This document discusses hardware/software codesign. It introduces codesign concepts and benefits over traditional design processes. Codesign allows concurrent development of hardware and software to optimize design tradeoffs. The document outlines topics on codesign fundamentals, tradeoffs, past approaches, and future directions like multiprocessor system-on-chip applications. Codesign moves parts between software and hardware to improve performance while meeting design constraints like cost, power, and time-to-market.
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
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- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
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- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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3. Introduction to Embedded Computing and
ARM Processors
• Complex systems and microprocessors
• Embedded system design process
• Design example: Model train controller
• Instruction sets preliminaries
• ARM Processor
• CPU: programming input and output
• Supervisor mode, Exceptions and Traps
• Co-processors
• Memory system mechanisms
• CPU performance
• CPU power consumption
5. Introduction to Embedded Computing
• What is Embedded Systems ???
– An embedded system is a system that has
embedded software in a computer hardware.
– The system is dedicated for either an
application(s) or specific part of an application
Eg.
– Washing machine
– Cooking machine
– Automative chocolate vending machines
– Multitasking toys
6. Introduction to Embedded Computing
• Three main components of Embedded
Systems ???
– Hardware
– Application Software
– RTOS – Supervises application software and
provides mechanism to the processor run a
process as per scheduling and do context
switching between various processes. It organize
the access of resources for sequence of series
task.
8. Introduction to Embedded Computing
• Constraints of Embedded Systems ???
– Hardware
– Available System Memory
– Available Processor speed
– Deadlines
– Power Consumption
– Upgradeability
9. Complex Systems and Microprocessors
• Embedding Computers
• Characteristics of Embedded computing
application
• Why use microprocessors?
• Challenges in embedded computing system
design
• Performance of embedded computing systems
10. Embedding Computers
• It is any device that includes a programmable
computer but is not itself intended to be a general
purpose computer
• Whirlwind – 1940’s (aircraft simulator) was first
computer support real time operation.
• Levels of Microprocessors based on their word size
(8,16,32 bit )
• Application of Microprocessors (car, washing
machine, Digital television )-High end car contains
more than 100 microprocessors ,low end contains
only 40 processors.
11. BMW 850i Brake and Stability control system
• ASC +T – it improves car stability during
maneuvering
• ABS – It temporarily release the break on the
wheel when it rotates too slowly.
12. • Characteristics of Embedded Systems ???
– Complex Algorithms
– User Interface
– Real Time
– Multirate
– Size and Weight
– Manufacturing Cost
– Power and Energy
13. Why Use Microprocessors?
• Alternatives: field-programmable gate arrays
(FPGAs), custom logic, etc.,
• Microprocessors use much more logic to
implement a function than does custom logic
• Flexible – Easy to design families of products
• Efficient to implement digital system
• It execute programs efficiently
• Programmability
• Real time
• Low power and low cost
14. Challenges…
• How much hardware need
• How to meet deadlines
• How to minimize power consumption
• How to upgrade
• Does it really work?
– Is the specification correct?
– Does the implementation meet the specification?
– How do we test for real-time characteristics?
– How do we test on real data?
• How do we work on the system?
– Observability, controllability?
– What is our development platform?
15. Performance in embedded computing :
• Embedded system designers, in contrast, have a very clear
performance goal in mind—their program must meet its deadline.
At the heart of embedded computing is real-time computing,
which is the science and art of programming to deadlines.
• The program receives its input data; the deadline is the time at
which a computation must be finished.
CPU: The CPU clearly influences the behavior of the program,
particularly when the CPU is a pipelined processor with a cache.
■ Platform: The platform includes the bus and I/O devices. The
platform components that surround the CPU are responsible for
feeding the CPU and can dramatically affect its performance.
■ Program: Programs are very large and the CPU sees only a small
window of the program at a time. We must consider the structure
of the entire program to determine its overall behavior.
16. ■Task: We generally run several programs
simultaneously on a CPU, creating a multitasking
system. The tasks interact with each other in ways
that have profound implications for performance.
■ Multiprocessor: Many embedded systems have more
than one processor—they may include multiple
programmable CPUs as well as accelerators. The
interaction between these processors adds yet more
complexity to the analysis of overall system
performance
18. Design methodologies
• It is a procedure for designing a system.
• It allows us to keep a scorecard on a design to
ensure that we have done everything we need
to do.
• It allows us to develop computer-aided design
tools.
• A design methodology makes it much easier
for members of a design team to
communicate.
19. Embedded System Design Process
Top-down design:
start from most abstract
description;
work to most detailed.
Bottom-up design:
work from small components to
big system.
20. Requirements
• Plain language description of what the user
wants and expects to get.
• May be developed in several ways:
– talking directly to customers;
– talking to marketing representatives;
– providing prototypes to users for comment.
21. Requirements
• Functional requirements:
– output as a function of input.
• Non-functional requirements:
– time required to compute output;
– size, weight, etc.;
– power consumption;
– reliability;
– etc.
23. Specification
• It serves as the contract between the customer and the
architects. As such, the specification must be carefully written
so that it accurately reflects the customer’s requirements and
does so in a way that can be clearly followed during design.
• The specification should be understandable enough so that
someone can verify that it meets system requirements and
overall expectations of the customer.
24. Architecture design
• Architecture is the plan for the overall structure
of the system that will be used later to design the
components that make up the architecture.
• Architecture design must give an idea about
– What major components need for satisfying the
specification?
– What hardware components: like CPUs, peripherals,
etc.
– What Software components
– Must take into account functional and non-functional
specifications.
25. Designing hardware and software
components
• The component design effort builds those
components to satisfy architecture and
specification.
• The components will in general include both
hardware—FPGAs, boards, and so on and
software modules.
• Some components are ready-made, some can be
modified from existing designs, others must be
designed from scratch( that is new design).
26. System integration
• System integration is Putting together the components.
– Many bugs appear only at this stage.
• Bugs are typically found during system integration, and good
planning can help us find the bugs quickly.
• System integration is difficult because it usually uncovers
problems. It is often hard to observe in the system, to
determine exactly what is wrong—the debugging facilities for
embedded systems are usually much more limited than what
you.
• Inserting appropriate debugging facilities during design can
help ease system integration problems would find on desktop
systems.
27. GPS moving map requirements
name GPS moving map
purpose consumer-grade
moving map for driving
inputs power button, two
control buttons
outputs back-lit LCD 400 X 600
functions 5-receiver GPS; three
resolutions; displays
current lat/lon
performance updates screen within
0.25 sec of movement
manufacturing cost $100 cost-of-goods-
sold
power 100 mW
physical size/weight no more than 2: X 6:,
12 oz.
lat: 40 13 lon: 32 19
I-78
ScotchRoad
28. GPS Specification
• Should include:
– What is received from GPS;
– map data;
– user interface;
– operations required to satisfy user requests;
– background operations needed to keep the
system running.
33. FORMALISMS FOR SYSTEM DESIGN
• UML – Unified Modeling Language
• UML was designed to be useful at many levels
of abstraction in the design process.
• UML is useful because it encourages design by
successive refinement(removing unwanted
things) and progressively adding detail to the
design, rather than rethinking the design at
each new level of abstraction.
34. FORMALISMS FOR SYSTEM DESIGN
• Many graphical elements in UML diagram
• UML design emphasis on
– Design is described as number of interacting
objects rather than a few large monolithic blocks of
code
– Objects will correspond to real pieces of S/W and
H/W
• The choice of an interface is a very important
decision in object-oriented design.
37. A Class in UML notation
Display
pixels
elements
menu_items
mouse_click()
draw_box
operations
class name
Attributes
38. An object in UML notation
d1: Display
pixels: array[] of pixels
elements
menu_items
object name
class name
attributes
39. There are several types of relationships that can
exist between objects and classes:
■ Association - occurs between objects that
communicate with each other but have no
ownership relationship between them.
■ Aggregation - describes a complex object made
of smaller objects.
■ Composition - is a type of aggregation in which
the owner does not allow access its objects.
■ Generalization - allows us to define one class in
terms of another.
40. Class derivation
– Derived class inherits attributes, operations of
base class.
Derived_class
Base_class
UML
generalization
53. • The user sends messages to the train with a control box
attached to the tracks. The control box may have controls
such as a throttle (a device controlling the flow of fuel or
power to an engine), emergency stop button, and so on.
• Train receives its electrical power from the two rails( steel bar
or continuous line of bars laid on the ground) of the track, the
control box can send signals to the train over the tracks by
modulating the power supply voltage.
• The control box sends packets over the tracks to the receiver
on the train.
• The train includes analog electronics to receive bits and a
control system to set the train motor’s speed and direction
based on those commands.
54. • Each packet includes an address, so that the console
can control several trains on the same track; the packet
also includes an error correction code (ECC),to guard
against transmission errors.
• Console can control 8 trains on 1 track.
• Throttle has at least 63 levels.
• Inertia control adjusts responsiveness with at least 8
levels.
• Emergency stop button.
55. Requirement Form
name Model train controller
purpose Control speed of 8 model trains.
inputs Throttle, inertia, emergency stop,
train number
outputs Train control signals
functions Set engine speed. inertia; emergency
stop
performance Can update train speed at least 10
times/sec
manufacturing cost $50
power 10W (wall powered)
Size/Weight console comfortable for 2 hands
56. DCC
• Digital Command Control
• National Model Railroad Association
• Defines a way in which model trains, controllers
communicate
• Standard S-9.1, DCC Electrical Standard.
• Standard S-9.2, DCC Communication Standard
57. DCC Electrical Standard
• The Electrical Standard deals with voltages
and currents on the track.
• Bits are encoded in the time between
transitions, not by voltage levels. A 0 is at least
100 µs while a 1 is nominally 58 µs.
time
logic 1 logic 0
58 µs >= 100 µs
58. DCC Communication Standard
• Basic packet format: PSA(sD)+E
• P: preamble = 1111111111.
• S: packet start bit = 0.
• A: Address data byte, An address is eight bits long. The
addresses 00000000, 11111110, and 11111111 are reserved.
• s: data byte start bit =0.
• D: data byte (data payload),which includes eight bits. A data
byte may contain an address, instruction, data, or error
correction information.
• E: packet End bit = 1.
59. DCC Packet Types
• Baseline packet: minimum packet that must
be accepted by all DCC implementations.
– Address data byte gives receiver address.
– Instruction data byte gives basic instruction.
– Error correction data byte gives ECC
61. Conceptual Specification
• Before we create a detailed specification, we
will make an initial, simplified specification.
command name parameters
set-speed speed
(positive/negative)
set-inertia inertia-value (non-
negative)
estop none
64. Console system classes
console
panel formatter transmitter
Knob* sender*
1
1
1
11 1
1 1 1 1
• The console needs to perform three functions: read the state of the front
panel on the command unit, format messages, and transmit messages.
• The train receiver must also perform three major functions: receive the
message, interpret the message (taking into account the current speed ,
inertia setting, etc.),and actually control the motor
* = physical object
65. Console system classes
• Panel: describes analog knobs and interface
hardware.
• Formatter: turns knob settings into bit
streams.
• Transmitter: sends data on track.
66. Train system classes
train set
train
receiver controller
motor
interface
detector*
pulser*
1
1..t
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
67. Train class roles
• Receiver: digitizes signal from track.
• Controller: interprets received commands and
makes control decisions.
• Motor interface: generates signals required by
motor.
68. Detailed Specification
• Refining for more detailed specification
• Not complete specification, but will add detail
to the classes and major decisions in the
specification.
71. Panel and motor interface classes
panel
train-number() : integer
speed() : integer
inertia() : integer
estop() : boolean
new-settings()
motor-interface
speed: integer
panel class defines the controls.
new-settings() behavior reads the controls
motor-interface class defines the motor speed
held as state
72. Transmitter and receiver classes
transmitter
send-speed(adrs: integer,
speed: integer)
send-inertia(adrs: integer,
val: integer)
set-estop(adrs: integer)
receiver
current: command
new: boolean
read-cmd()
new-cmd() : boolean
rcv-type(msg-type:
command)
rcv-speed(val: integer)
rcv-inertia(val:integer)
Transmitter class has one behavior for each
type of message sent.
Receiver function provides methods to
Detect a new message;
Determine its type;
Read its parameters (estop has no
parameters).
73. Control input sequence diagramchangeinspeed/
inertia/estop
changein
trainnumber
:knobs :panel :formatter :transmitter
change in
control
settings
read panel
panel settings
panel-active
send-command
send-speed,
send-inertia.
send-estop
read panel
panel settings
read panel
panel settings
change in
train
number
set-knobs
new-settings
78. Processor and Memory organization
• Follows RISC Architecture
• Both in Von Neumann and Harvard Architecture
• 32 bit address line
• Both Little endian and Big endian
79. Von Neumann and Harvard Architecture
• The memory holds both data and instructions, and can be read or written when
given an address. A computer whose memory holds both data and instructions is known as
a von Neumann machine.
• Harvard machine has separate memories for data and program. The program counter
points to program memory, not data memory. As a result, it is harder to write self-
modifying programs (programs that write data values, then use those values as
instructions) on Harvard machines.
Follows RISC Architecture
Both in Von Neumann and Harvard
Architecture
32 bit address line
Both Little endian and Big endian
80. Data Operations
• Arithmetic and logical operations in C are performed in
variables. Variables are implemented as memory locations.
• In the ARM processor, arithmetic and logical operations
cannot be performed directly on memory locations. ARM is a
load-store architecture—data operands must first be loaded
into the CPU and then stored back to main memory to save the
results.
• ARM has 16 general-purpose registers, r0 through r15. The
r15 register has the same capabilities as the other registers, but
it is also used as the program counter.
82. • The other important basic register in the programming model is the
current program status register (CPSR).
• This register is set automatically during every arithmetic, logical, or
shifting operation.
■ The negative (N) bit is set when the result is negative in two’s-
complement arithmetic.
■ The zero (Z) bit is set when every bit of the result is zero.
■ The carry (C) bit is set when there is a carry out of the operation.
■ The overflow(V) bit is set when an arithmetic operation results in an
overflow.
Data Operations…..
92. Flow of Control
• The B (branch) instruction is the basic mechanism
in ARM for changing the flow of control.
• The address that is the destination of the branch
is often called the branch target.
• The offset is in words, but because the ARM is
byte addressable, the offset is multiplied by four
(shifted left two bits, actually) to form a byte
address.
• Thus, the instruction
B #400
• will add 400 to the current PC value.
95. Programming Input and Output
• Input and Output devices
• Input and Output primitives
• Busy-wait I/O
• Interrupts
96. Input and Output devices
The CPU talks to the device by reading and writing the registers. Devices
typically have several registers:
■ Data registers hold values that are treated as data by the device, such as the
data read or written by a disk.
■ Status registers provide information about the device’s operation, such as
whether the current transaction has completed.
97. Input and Output primitives
• I/O mapped I/O (IN, OUT inst)
• Memory Mapped I/O (LDA, STA inst)
98. Busy-wait I/O
The simplest way to communicate with the
device in a program in busy-wait I/O
Asking an I/O device whether it is finished by
reading its status register in often called as
polling
99. Interrupts
The program that runs when no interrupt is being handled is
often called the foreground program; when the interrupt handler
finishes, it returns to the foreground program, wherever processing
was interrupted.
100. Interrupts
• Maskable / Non maskable Interrupts
• interrupt priorities: allow the CPU to recognize
some interrupts as more important than others.
• interrupt vectors :allow the interrupting device
to specify its handler.
104. Interrupt Vectors
• Priorities
• determine which device is serviced first,and
vectors determine what routine is
• used to service the interrupt.The combination
of the two provides a rich interface
• between hardware and software.
Interrupt Priorities - determine which device is serviced first, and
interrupt vectors - determine what routine is used to service the
interrupt.
The combination of the two provides a rich interface between
hardware and software.
105. Interrupts in ARM ARM7 supports two types of interrupts:
• Fast interrupt requests(FIQs) and interrupt requests (IRQs)
FIQ takes priority over an IRQ
• The interrupt table is always kept in the bottom memory
addresses,starting at location 0. The entries in the table
typically contain subroutine calls to the appropriate
handler.
The ARM7 performs the following steps when responding to
an interrupt
■ saves the appropriate value of the PC to be used to return,
■ copies the CPSR into a saved program status register (SPSR),
■ forces bits in the CPSR to note the interrupt, and
■ forces the PC to the appropriate interrupt vector.
When leaving the interrupt handler, the handler should:
■ restore the proper PC value,
■ restore the CPSR from the SPSR, and
■ clear interrupt disable flags.
108. Supervisor Mode
• Supervisor mode have more privileges than user
mode
SWI CODE_1
• It causes the CPU to go into supervisor mode
• It allows the program to request various services
from the supervisor mode
• The old value of CPSR is stored to SPSR.
• SPSR of supervisor mode is referred to as SSR_svc
• To return from supervisor mode, PC is restored
form r14 and CPSR is restored from SPSR_svc
109. Supervisor Mode
• The various functions of ARM processor in
supervisor modes are:
– Exception
– Prioritization
– Vectoring
– Traps.
110. Exception
• An exception is a internally detected error
– Division by zero
• The exception mechanism provides a way for the
program to react to such unexpected events
– Resets, undefined instructions, illegal memory
accesses
111. Traps
• It is an software interrupt
• It is an exception generated by an instruction.
• It enters in to supervisor mode.
• ARM uses SWI instruction for traps.
113. Co-processors
• A coprocessor is a special set of circuits in a
microprocessor chip that is designed to
manipulate numbers or perform some other
specialized function more quickly than the basic
microprocessor circuits could perform the same
task.
• A coprocessor offloads specialized processing
operations, thereby reducing the burden on the
basic microprocessor circuitry and allowing it to
work at optimum speed.
• It allows flexibility in instruction set level.
• Ex, floating point operations
114. Co-processors
• In ARM some instructions are reserved for
coprocessor
• Coprocessor is tightly coupled with CPU
• If coprocessor is not present, and if CPU
receives coprocessor instruction, then illegal
instructions traps are used to handle these
situations
• 16 co-processors are supported by ARM
architecture
117. • A cache controller mediates between the CPU and the main
memory. The cache controller sends a memory request to the
cache and main memory.
• If the requested location is in the cache, the cache controller
forwards the location’s contents to the CPU and aborts the
main memory request; this condition is known as a cache hit.
• If the location is not in the cache, the controller waits for the
value from main memory and forwards it to the CPU; this
situation is known as a cache miss.
118. Caches
• Catch miss are several types :
– Compulsory miss (cold miss) : occurs the first time
a location is used
– Capacity miss : is caused by a too large working
set
– Conflict miss: happens when two location map to
the same location in the cache
tav = htcahce + (1-h)tmain
119. Two level Cache system
tav = h1tL1 + (h2-h1) tL2 +(1-h2)tmain
120. Direct mapped cache
The cache consists of cache blocks, each of which includes a
tag to show which memory location is represented by this block, a
data field holding the contents of that memory, and a valid tag to show
whether the contents of this cache block are valid.
121. • An address is divided into three sections. The index is used to
select which cache block to check.
• The tag is compared against the tag value in the block
selected by the index. If the address tag matches the tag value
in the block, that block includes the desired memory location.
• If the length of the data field is longer than the minimum
addressable unit, then the lowest bits of the address are used
as an offset to select the required value from the data field.
122. Writing is more complicated than reading
Write-through
• Every write changes both the cache and the corresponding
main memory location (usually through a write buffer). This
scheme ensures that the cache and main memory are
consistent, but may generate some additional main memory
traffic.
123. Set Associative cache
• A set-associative cache is characterized by the number of banks.A set is
formed by all the blocks that share the same index.
• Each set is implemented with a direct-mapped cache. A cache request is
broadcast to all banks simultaneously. If any of the sets has the location, the
cache reports a hit
124. Set associative cache generally provides
higher hit rates than the direct mapped cache
because conflicts between a small set of
locations can be resolved with in the cache
125.
126.
127.
128. Memory management unit and address
translation
• A MMU translates addresses between the CPU and physical memory. This
translation process is often known as memory mapping since addresses are
mapped from a logical space into a physical space.
• MMUs allowed software to manage multiple programs in a single physical
memory.
• MMU accepts logical addresses from the CPU. Logical addresses refer to the
program’s abstract address space but do not correspond to actual RAM
locations.The MMU translates them from tables to physical addresses that do
correspond to RAM.
129. • In a virtual memory system, the MMU keeps track of
which logical addresses are actually resident in main
memory; those that do not reside in main memory
are kept on the secondary storage device.
• When the CPU requests an address that is not in
main memory, the MMU generates an exception
called a page fault.
• The handler for this exception executes code that
reads the requested location from the secondary
storage device into main memory.
130. • There are two styles of address translation: segmented and
paged. Each has advantages and the two can be combined to
form a segmented paged addressing scheme.
• Segmenting is designed to support a large, arbitrarily sized
region of memory, while pages describe small, equally sized
regions.
• A segment is usually described by its start address and size,
allowing different segments to be of different sizes. Pages are
of uniform size, which simplifies the hardware required for
address translation.
132. Address translation for a segment
• The MMU would maintain a segment register that describes the currently
active segment.(Current segment)
• The address extracted from an instruction would be used as the offset for the
address
• The physical address is formed by adding the segment base to the offset
133. Address translation for a page
• In this ,logical address is divided into two sections, including a page number
and an offset. The page number is used as an index into a page table, which
stores the physical address for the start of each page.
• The MMU simply needs to concatenate the top bits of the page starting
address with the bottom bits from the page offset to form the physical
address.
134. • The page table may be organized in several ways, The simplest scheme is a flat
table. The table is indexed by the page number and each entry holds the page
descriptor. A more sophisticated method is a tree. The root entry of the tree holds
pointers to pointer tables at the next level of the tree; each pointer table is
indexed by a part of the page number.
135. ARM two stage address translation
• The efficiency of paged address translation may be increased by caching page
translation information. A cache for address translation is known as a translation
lookaside buffer (TLB).
• The MMU reads the TLB to check whether a page number is currently in the
TLB cache and, if so, uses that value rather than reading from memory.
139. Pipelining
Modern CPUs are designed as pipelined machines in which several
instructions are executed in parallel. Pipelining greatly increases the efficiency of
the CPU.
Fetch the instruction is fetched from memory.
Decode the instruction’s opcode and operands are decoded to determine
what function to perform.
Execute the decoded instruction is executed.
140. Pipelining
• In load multiple (LDMIA) instruction, there are two registers to load, the
instruction must stay in the execution phase for two cycles.
• In a multiphase execution, the decode stage is also occupied, since it must
continue to remember the decoded instruction.
• As a result, the SUB instruction is fetched at the normal time but not decoded
until the LDMIA is finishing.
144. CPU Power Consumption
• Power Supply Voltage
– CPU can be used at reduced voltage levels
• Capacitive toggling
– CPU can be operated at a lower clock frequency
– Eliminating unnecessary changes to the inputs
• Leakage
• CPU may internally disable certain function units that
are not required for currently executing function
• CPU may allow parts of the CPU to be totally
disconnected from the power supply to eliminate
leakage currents.
145. CPU Power Consumption
• Two Types of power management features
– Static Power Management
– Dynamic Power Management
• Static power management
• Power down mode
• Dynamic power management
• CPU may turnoff certain sections of the CPU when the
instructions being executed do not need them
146. Introduction to Embedded Computing and
ARM Processors
• Complex systems and microprocessors
• Embedded system design process (GPS)
• Design example: Model train controller
• Instruction sets preliminaries
• ARM Processor
• CPU: programming input and output
• Supervisor mode, Exceptions and Traps
• Co-processors
• Memory system mechanisms
• CPU performance
• CPU power consumption
147. Reference :
• Marilyn Wolf, “Computers as Components - Principles of
Embedded Computing System Design”, Third Edition
“Morgan Kaufmann Publisher (An imprint from Elsevier),
2012.
• David. E. Simon, “An Embedded Software Primer”, 1st
Edition, Fifth Impression, Addison-Wesley Professional, 2007.