This document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines an embedded system as a dedicated computer system with embedded software and hardware to perform specific control functions within a larger system or product. Embedded systems have constraints on available memory, processor speed, and power consumption. They can be classified as small, medium, or sophisticated based on their hardware and software complexities. The document outlines the basic components and characteristics of embedded systems and discusses the different skills required for designers of small, medium, and sophisticated embedded systems.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
BY
BHARATH GK

2. SYSTEM
• A system is a way of working, organizing or
doing one or many tasks according to fixed
plan, program, or set of rules
• Example
– Time display system
– Automatic clothes-washing system

3. EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• Definition
– An embedded system is a system that has
embedded software and computer hardware, which
makes it a system dedicated for an application(s)
or specific part of an application or product or a
part of a larger system
• Various authors defines embedded system in
there own way

4. What is a computer?
• A computer is a system that has following or
more components
– A microprocessor
– A large memory
• Primary memory (Semiconductor memories)
• Secondary memory (Magnetic memory)
– I/O units
– Input units
– Output units
– Networking units
– An operating system

5. What is an embedded system?
• An embedded system is a system that has 3
main components embedded into it:
– It embeds hardware similar to a computer
– It embeds main application software
– It embeds a real-time operating system

6. The components of embedded system
hardware

7. Characteristics of embedded system
• Real-time and multirate operation defines the
ways in which the system works, reacts to
events, interrupts and schedules the system’s
functioning in real time
• Complex algorithms
• Complex GUIs and other user interfaces
• Dedicated functions

8. Constraints of an Embedded system
• An embedded system is designed keeping in
view 3 constraints
– Available system memory
– Available processor speed
– The need to limit power dissipation

9. Classification of embedded system
• Small scale embedded system
– Designed with a single 8 or 16 bit microcontroller
– Little hardware & software complexities
– Board-level design
– Battery operated
– When developing embedded software, an editor,
assembler & cross assembler, an IDE are used
– C language is used for compilation

10. • Medium scale embedded system
– Designed with a single or a few 10 or 32 bit
microcontroller, DSPs or RICSs
– It has both hardware and software complexities
– For complex software design C/C++/Visual
C++/Java, RTOS are used
– It may employ readily available single purpose
processors and IPs

11. • Sophisticated embedded systems
– It has enormous hardware and software
complexities and may need IPs, ASIPs & PLAs
– Used for cutting edge applications
– Certain software functions such as encryption &
deciphering algorithms, discrete cosine
transformation & inverse transformation
algorithms, TCP/IP protocol stacking and network
driver functions are implemented in hardware to
obtain additional speed

12. Skills required for an embedded
system designer
• Skills for small scale embedded system designer
– Good knowledge of microcontrollers
– Computer architecture & organization
– Memories, Memory allocation, Interfacing memories &
Burning
– Use of decoders & demultiplexers
– DMA, timers, ports mechanism
– C programming elements
– Debugging bugs

13. • Skills for Medium scale embedded system
designer
– Knowledge of C/C++/Java programming, RTOS
programming & program modeling skills
– Tasks or threads & their scheduling by RTOS
– Cooperative & preemptive scheduling
– Inter process communication functions
– Use of shared data & re-entrant functions
– Use of semaphores

14. • Skills for Sophisticated embedded system
designer
– A team is needed to co-design & solve high level
complexities of hardware and software design
– Embedded system hardware engineers should have
skills in hardware units and basic knowledge of
C/C++ and Java, RTOS etc
– Software engineer should have basic knowledge in
hardware and thorough knowledge of C, RTOS &
other programming tools

15. THANK YOU

16. QUESTIONS