This document provides an overview of data communication and networking concepts. It discusses how data communication is changing how business is conducted and how people live. It then covers various data communication topics like computer networks, technological advancements enabling faster communication, different modes of communication (local vs. remote), definitions of data and data communication, factors affecting effectiveness of communication systems, and modulation techniques for broadband transmission. It also discusses transmission media including guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber optic cable, as well as unguided or wireless media like radio waves, microwaves and infrared signals.
Introduction for telecommunication technology basic terms and concepts.
Referring the wikipedia, Slideshare and lecture note of Fudan university.
I got a reference documents from Google.
Introduction for telecommunication technology basic terms and concepts.
Referring the wikipedia, Slideshare and lecture note of Fudan university.
I got a reference documents from Google.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
Introduction to Data Communication.pdf
1. Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon-423 603
(An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
NACC ‘A’ Grade Accredited, ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Department of Computer Engineering
(NBA Accredited)
Prof. S.A.Shivarkar
Assistant Professor
E-mail : shivarkarsandipcomp@sanjivani.org.in
Contact No: 8275032712
Subject- Digital Electronics and Data Communications(CO204)
Unit 6- Data Communication
2. 1. Data communication changing the way we do business and we live.
2. Quick decision!!
3. Why to wait for report?
4. Business rely on
1. Computer Network
5. Revolution is occurring in data communication.
6. Technological advancement make it possible for communication link
to carry more and faster signals.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 2
3. • Communication can be a
• Local or
• Remote
• Local communication
• Face to face
• Remote communication
• Communication over a long distance.
• The term telecommunication includes
• Telephony
• Telegraphy
• Television
• Tele is a Greek for “far”..
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 3
4. • Data refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed
upon by the parties creating and using the data.
• Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices
via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.
• The effectiveness of data communication system depends on..
• Delivery
• Accuracy
• Timeliness
• Jitter
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 4
6. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 6
• Indicate how data flow on transmission link..
• It indicate direction of data flow between two devices.
• There are 3 mode
• Simplex
• Half Duplex
• Full Duplex
7. • Communication is unidirectional..
• Data can flow only in one direction.
• Example
• One way street
• Only one device on link can transmit and
other can only receive.
• Keyboard, Traditional monitor are
example of simplex devices.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 7
8. • Communication is bidirectional but not
at same time..
• Each station can both transmit as well as
receive but not at same time
• Entire capacity of channel is taken over
by the device which is transmitting at
given time.
• Walkie-talkies is a example of half duplex
devices.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 8
9. • Communication is bidirectional and
occurs at same time..
• Both station can transmit and receive
simultaneously.
• Capacity of channel is shared between
signals flowing in both direction.
• Telephone network is a example of full
duplex devices.
• When two people are communicating by a
telephone line, both can talk and listen at the
same time.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 9
10. • Data Element is smallest entity that can represent a piece of
information.
• This is bit.
• In digital data communication a signal element carries the data
element.
• A signal element is shortest unit of digital signal.
• Data elements are being carried.
• Signal elements are carriers.
• Let us define ratio r which is number of data elements carried by each
signal element.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 10
12. • The data rate defines the number of data elements (bits) sent in 1 s.
• The unit is bits per second (bps).
• The data rate is sometimes called the bit rate;
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 12
13. • The signal rate is the number of signal elements sent in 1 s.
• The unit is the baud.
• The signal rate is sometimes called the pulse rate, the modulation
rate, or the baud rate.
• Goal in data communications is to increase the data rate while
decreasing the signal rate.
• Increasing the data rate increases the speed of transmission.
• Decreasing the signal rate decreases the bandwidth requirement.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 13
14. • Signals travel through transmission media, which are not perfect. The
imperfection causes signal impairment. This means that the signal at
the beginning of the medium is not the same as the signal at the end
of the medium. What is sent is not what is received. Three causes of
impairment are attenuation, distortion, and noise.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 14
16. • It means loss of energy.
• When signal travels through the medium it loses some of its energy..
But why??
• in overcoming resistance of the medium.
• That is why wire carrying electric signals gets warm after a while..
• Some of its electrical energy gets converted into heat..
• So to compensate this loss we need amplifier.
18. Decibel
• To show that a signal has lost or gained strength, engineers use the
unit of the decibel. The decibel (dB) measures the relative strengths
of two signals or one signal at two different points.
• Note that the decibel is negative if a signal is attenuated and positive
if a signal is amplified.
• dB=10log10(P2/P1)
21. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 21
• Several types of noise
• Thermal noise
• Random motion of electron in wire creates extra signal which is not part of signal sent by
transmitter.
• Induced noise
• Comes from sources such as motors, appliances..
• Crosstalk
• It is effect of one wire on the other wire.
• Impulse noise
• It is a spike that comes from power lines, lightening etc.
22. • SNR = (average signal power) / (average noise power)
• SNR is actually the ratio of what is wanted (signal) to what is not
wanted (noise).
• A high SNR means the signal is less corrupted by noise.
• A low SNR means the signal is more corrupted by noise.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 22
23. • Baseband transmission means sending digital signal over a channel
without changing the digital signal to analog signal.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 23
25. • Baseband transmission of a digital signal that preserves the
shape of the digital signal is possible only if we have a low-pass
channel with an infinite or very wide bandwidth.
• An example of a dedicated channel where the entire bandwidth of
the medium is used as one single channel is a LAN. Almost every
wired LAN today uses a dedicated channel for two stations
communicating with each other. In a bus topology LAN with
multipoint connections, only two stations can communicate with each
other at each moment in time (timesharing); the other stations need
to refrain from sending data. In a star topology LAN, the entire
channel between each station and the hub is used for communication
between these two entities.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 25
26. • If the available channel is a band pass channel, we cannot send
the digital signal directly to the channel;
we need to convert the digital signal to an analog signal before
transmission.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 26
28. • An example of broadband transmission using modulation is the
sending of computer data through a telephone subscriber line, the
line connecting a resident to the central telephone office. These lines
are designed to carry voice with a limited bandwidth. The channel is
considered a bandpass channel. We convert the digital signal from
the computer to an analog signal, and send the analog signal. We can
install two converters to change the digital signal to analog and vice
versa at the receiving end. The converter, in this case, is called a
modem
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 28
29. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 29
• Located below Physical layer.
• It is anything that carry information from source to destination.
• Example
• Two people talking to one another. Which is transmission medium?
• Air
• For written message
• Truck, Airplane
30. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 30
• In data communication transmission medium is usually
• Free space
• Metallic cable
• Fiber-optic cable
• The use of electrical signals for long distance communication started with invention of
telegraphy.
• This communication was slow and dependent on metallic medium.
• Extending the range of human voice become possible after invention of telephone in
1869.
• This communication required metallic medium to carry electrical signals.
• Communication was unreliable due to poor quality of wires.
• Lines were often busy.
• Wireless communication started in 1895.
31. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 31
• Today huge change in communication..
• Better metallic media.
• Optical fibers
• Free space (air, water, vacuum)
• Signals to represent data!
• These signals are transmitted from one device to other in form of electromagnetic energy
which is propagated through transmission media.
33. Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to
another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.
• Twisted-Pair Cable, Coaxial Cable
• Use metallic conductor that accept and
transport signals in form of electric signals..
• Fiber-Optic Cable
• Accept and transport signals in form of light..
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 33
34. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 34
• Consist of two conductors / wires(normally copper)..
• Each conductor has insulation..
• Twisted together..
• One wire carries signal to receiver!!
• Other wire is used as ground reference!!
• The receiver use difference between the two..
• Why Twisted??
• Noise may affect both wire and create unwanted signals..
• If wires parallel then effect of noise signals is not same in both
wires because they will be at different location relative to the
noise. So receiver will not get correct data..
• By twisting pairs, balance is maintained..
• Suppose in one twist one wire is closer to noise source and other is
farther. In next twist the reverse is true.
• So both wire are equally affected..
49. Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a
physical conductor. This type of communication is often referred to as
wireless communication.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 49
54. Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and
television, and paging systems.
They can penetrate through walls.
Highly regulated.
Use omni directional antennas.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 54
56. Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular
telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs.
Higher frequency ranges cannot penetrate walls.
Use directional antennas - point to point line of sight
communications.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 56
58. Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a
closed area using line-of-sight propagation.
58
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon
59. Are subject to a lot more errors than guided media channels.
Interference is one cause for errors, can be circumvented with high
SNR.
The higher the SNR the less capacity is available for transmission
due to the broadcast nature of the channel.
Channel also subject to fading and no coverage holes.
59
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon
60. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 60
1. Fourauzan B., "Data Communications and Networking", Tata
McGraw- Hill.