A complete power point presentation to know how Public Switching Telephone Network works. Useful for those in the working field or for the ones who want to know more or submitting any project report..
A complete power point presentation to know how Public Switching Telephone Network works. Useful for those in the working field or for the ones who want to know more or submitting any project report..
Wireless communications is a type of data communication that is performed and delivered wirelessly. This is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
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Introduction for telecommunication technology basic terms and concepts.
Referring the wikipedia, Slideshare and lecture note of Fudan university.
I got a reference documents from Google.
PSTN is the global collection of interconnects originally designed to support circuit switched voice communication.
The PSTN provides traditional Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), also known as “landline phone” service , to residences & many other establishments.
Parts of the PSTN are also utilized for DSL, voIP & other Internet based network technologies.
Wireless communications is a type of data communication that is performed and delivered wirelessly. This is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
↓↓↓↓ Read More:
Watch my videos on snack here: --> --> http://sck.io/x-B1f0Iy
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
Introduction for telecommunication technology basic terms and concepts.
Referring the wikipedia, Slideshare and lecture note of Fudan university.
I got a reference documents from Google.
PSTN is the global collection of interconnects originally designed to support circuit switched voice communication.
The PSTN provides traditional Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), also known as “landline phone” service , to residences & many other establishments.
Parts of the PSTN are also utilized for DSL, voIP & other Internet based network technologies.
The extraordinary contribution of salt in the diet of animals is essential for proper growth, development and reproduction of livestock that intake very little salt in their natural diet.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Chapter 1 - Digital Telecommunication
1. BACIS OF COMMUNICATION
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
ANANG ARIS WIDODO - SKI 2
Magister Teknik Elektro - Universitas Brawijaya
2. BASIC OF COMMUNICATION
A very simple telecommunication system. The signal is sent over a transmission medium
and,at the receiving end, the transducer again converts the electrical signal into data and
is given to the destination (sink)
Slide 1
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
3. 5 Basic Component
Every communication system has 5 basic requirements
• Data Source (where the data originates)
• Transmitter (device used to transmit data)
• Transmission Medium (cables or non cable)
• Receiver (device used to receive data)
• Destination (where the data will be placed)
Slide 2
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
5. PC-to-PC communication
A communication system used to interconnect two computers The serial ports of two
computers can be connected directly using a copper cable.
However, due to the signal attenuation, the distance cannot be more than 100 meters
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 4
6. PC-to-PC communication over
telephone network
Two computers can communicate with each other through the telephone
network, using a modem at each end. The modem converts the digital signals
generated by the computer into analog form for transmission over the medium at
the transmitting end and the reverse at the receiving end.
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 5
7. Generic communication system
In a radio communication system, the electrical signal is transformed into a
high-frequency signal and sent over the air
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 6
9. Element Communication
• Multiplexer : Combines the signals from different sources to transmit on the
channel. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer is used to separate the signals
• Multiple access : When two or more users share the same channel, each user has
to transmit his signal only at a specified time or using a specific frequency band.
• Error detection and correction : Detection, and if possible correction, of the errors
has to be done at the receiving end. This is done through a mechanism called
channel coding
• Source Coding : the input signal has to be processed to reduce its bandwidth so
that it can be accommodated on the channel.
• Switching : If a large number of users has to be provided with communication
facilities, as in a telephone network, the users are to be connected based on the
numbers dialed. This is done through a mechanism called switching.
• Signaling : The information sent by the subscriber/switch for call setup,
disconnection, and management, such as billing
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 8
10. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
• Point-to-point communication
• Point-to-multipoint communication
• Broadcasting
• Simplex communication
• Half-duplex communication
• Full-duplex communication
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 9
11. TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS
While the electrical signal is traversing over the medium, the signal will be
impaired due to various factors. These transmission impairments can be classified
into three types :
- Atenuasi distorsi
- Delay Distorstion
- Noise
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 10
14. Thermal noise obtained from the
formula
N0 = kT
where No is noise power density, watts per Hz
Thermal noise for a bandwidth of B Hz is given by
If N is expressed in dB (decibels)
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 13
15. Intermodulation noise
When two signals of different frequencies are sent through the medium, due to
nonlinearity of the transmitters, frequency components such as f1 + f2 and f1 – f2
are produced, which are unwanted components and need to be filtered out
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 14
16. Crosstalk
Unwanted coupling between signal paths is known as crosstalk. In the telephone network,
this coupling is quite common. As a result of this, we hear other conversations. Crosstalk
needs to be eliminated by using appropriate design techniques.
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 15
17. Impulse noise
This is caused by external
electromagnetic disturbances such
as lightning. This noise is
unpredictable. When the signal is
traversing the medium, impulse
noise may cause sudden bursts of
errors. This may cause a temporary
disturbance in voice
communication. For data
communication, appropriate
methods need to be devised
whereby the lost data is
retransmitted.
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 16
18. ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
In a digital communication system, 1s and 0s are transmitted as voltage pulses. So,
even if the pulse is distorted due to noise, it is not very difficult to detect the pulses at
the receiving end. Hence, digital communication is much more immune to noise as
compared to analog communication.
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 17
19. Due to advances in digital electronics, digital systems
have become cheaper, as well. The advantages of digital
systems are:
• More reliable transmission because only discrimination between ones and zeros is
required
• Less costly implementation because of the advances in digital logic chips
• Ease of combining various types of signals (voice, video, etc.).
• Ease of developing secure communication systems
The advantages of digital communication are more reliable transmission, less
costly implementation, ease of multiplexing different types of signals, and secure
communication
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 18
20. Questions
• What are the advantages of digital communication over analog communication?
• Explain the different types of communication systems.
• What are the different types of transmission impairments?
• What is multiplexing?
• What is multiple access?
• What is signaling?
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 19
21. References
• G. Kennedy and B. Davis. Electronic Communication Systems. Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Limited, 1993.
• R. Horak. Communication Systems and Networks. Wiley-Dreamtech India Pvt. Ltd.,
2002.
CP : anangariswidodo@gmail.com
MK : TELEKOMUNIKASI-DIGITAL
Slide 20