This document provides an overview of communication networks, including:
1. Communication networks are composed of nodes and branches to facilitate the movement of information. Nodes are connection points and branches are transmission mediums like wires or radio channels.
2. There are different types of communication networks including telephone networks, computer networks, broadcast networks, and integrated networks. Telephone networks traditionally used circuit switching while computer networks use packet switching.
3. Communication networks are organized hierarchically, with the core network carrying the most traffic and access networks connecting individual users. The core network uses high-capacity optical fiber transmission.
Basics of data communication and computer networking (262 kb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basics of data communication and computer networking. It introduces data communication as the process of transporting data from one point to another using networks. Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of destination. The key components of a data communication system include a transmitter that sends the message, a receiver that receives the message, a communication medium that carries the message, the message itself, and a communication protocol. Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources between connected computers.
Networks connect devices using common protocols to exchange data. They are large distributed systems that send information from one location to another through nodes, endpoints, and channels. Wireless networks evolved through generations from 1G analog networks to 2G digital networks with TDMA/CDMA to current 3G networks integrating voice and data and future 4G networks providing universal broadband access. Common network topologies include star, tree, ring, mesh, bus, and hybrid combinations of these.
Networks and telecommunication technologies basicsDavid Kibuki
The document provides an overview of network and telecommunication technologies. It discusses how networks have evolved from single-user PCs to complex multi-user systems connecting organizations. The main types of networks covered include local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), wireless networks, metropolitan area networks (MANs), and personal area networks (PANs). The document also describes common network structures like server-based, client/server, and peer-to-peer networks. Finally, it discusses popular network topologies such as bus, star, tree and mesh configurations.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and transmission. It defines data and describes how data is communicated from a source to a receiver. It explains the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. Protocols are defined as sets of rules that govern communication and their functions like data sequencing, routing, formatting, flow control, error control, and security are described. The modes of data transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex - are defined. Serial and parallel transmission methods are also explained along with asynchronous and synchronous serial transmission types.
This document provides information about data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the transmission of electronic data from one computer to another. It also defines internet and computer networks. It discusses reasons for computer networks like sharing files and accessing the internet. It describes different types of networks like LAN, WAN, WLAN and network topologies like star, ring and bus. It also includes activities like drawing network topologies and explaining the importance of computer networks.
The document discusses different types of transmission media, including guided (wired) media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable, as well as unguided (wireless) media like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, satellite microwave, and infrared. It provides details on each type of media such as its components, uses, advantages, limitations, and data transmission capabilities.
Data communication : entails electronically exchanging data or information. It is the movement of computer information from one point to another by means of electrical or optical transmission system. This system often is called data communication networks.
Data communication refers to the transmission of digital data between two or more computers or networks. It involves using computing and communication technologies to transfer data from one place to another. There are three key characteristics of an effective data communication system: delivery of data to the correct destination, accuracy in delivery, and timely delivery. The basic components of a data communication system are a sender that transmits a message or data, a receiver that obtains the message, a transmission medium that allows the message to travel between sender and receiver, and an encoder-decoder that establishes rules and formats for communication.
Basics of data communication and computer networking (262 kb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basics of data communication and computer networking. It introduces data communication as the process of transporting data from one point to another using networks. Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of destination. The key components of a data communication system include a transmitter that sends the message, a receiver that receives the message, a communication medium that carries the message, the message itself, and a communication protocol. Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources between connected computers.
Networks connect devices using common protocols to exchange data. They are large distributed systems that send information from one location to another through nodes, endpoints, and channels. Wireless networks evolved through generations from 1G analog networks to 2G digital networks with TDMA/CDMA to current 3G networks integrating voice and data and future 4G networks providing universal broadband access. Common network topologies include star, tree, ring, mesh, bus, and hybrid combinations of these.
Networks and telecommunication technologies basicsDavid Kibuki
The document provides an overview of network and telecommunication technologies. It discusses how networks have evolved from single-user PCs to complex multi-user systems connecting organizations. The main types of networks covered include local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), wireless networks, metropolitan area networks (MANs), and personal area networks (PANs). The document also describes common network structures like server-based, client/server, and peer-to-peer networks. Finally, it discusses popular network topologies such as bus, star, tree and mesh configurations.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and transmission. It defines data and describes how data is communicated from a source to a receiver. It explains the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. Protocols are defined as sets of rules that govern communication and their functions like data sequencing, routing, formatting, flow control, error control, and security are described. The modes of data transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex - are defined. Serial and parallel transmission methods are also explained along with asynchronous and synchronous serial transmission types.
This document provides information about data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the transmission of electronic data from one computer to another. It also defines internet and computer networks. It discusses reasons for computer networks like sharing files and accessing the internet. It describes different types of networks like LAN, WAN, WLAN and network topologies like star, ring and bus. It also includes activities like drawing network topologies and explaining the importance of computer networks.
The document discusses different types of transmission media, including guided (wired) media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable, as well as unguided (wireless) media like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, satellite microwave, and infrared. It provides details on each type of media such as its components, uses, advantages, limitations, and data transmission capabilities.
Data communication : entails electronically exchanging data or information. It is the movement of computer information from one point to another by means of electrical or optical transmission system. This system often is called data communication networks.
Data communication refers to the transmission of digital data between two or more computers or networks. It involves using computing and communication technologies to transfer data from one place to another. There are three key characteristics of an effective data communication system: delivery of data to the correct destination, accuracy in delivery, and timely delivery. The basic components of a data communication system are a sender that transmits a message or data, a receiver that obtains the message, a transmission medium that allows the message to travel between sender and receiver, and an encoder-decoder that establishes rules and formats for communication.
Overview of data communication and networkingSisir Ghosh
The document provides an overview of data communication and computer networks. It discusses the key components of data communication including senders, receivers, transmission media, messages, and protocols. It then describes different types of network connections and topologies including point-to-point, multipoint, bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid networks. Finally, it discusses network classification based on scale, including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). The document also covers protocols, standards, and reference models like OSI and TCP/IP.
This document defines basic concepts of telecommunications and networks. It describes different types of communication including synchronous, where the receiver gets the message immediately, and asynchronous, where there is a delay. It also defines telecommunications as electronic communication of signals like telephone, radio and television. The document outlines different types of telecommunications media including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, microwave transmission, and wireless transmission. It provides details on characteristics of each type of media such as speed and applications.
This document provides information about data communication, networking, and distributed processing. It discusses the five basic components of data communication: the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocol. It also describes local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Common network topologies like bus, star, and ring are explained. The document also covers transmission media, network models like TCP/IP and OSI, and distributed processing.
Lecture 3 network communication media and devicesAlbert Abbosey
The document discusses various types of network communication media and devices. It describes wired media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also covers wireless media such as radio waves, microwaves, cellular networks, satellite communication, and infrared transmission. The document explains how these different media transmit data and their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses common network devices that help transmit and direct data traffic, such as switches, routers, and network interface cards.
The document discusses telecommunication, defining it as the exchange of information over distance using electronic means. It outlines the basics of telecommunication systems, including transmitters, mediums, and receivers. The document also covers different types of communication: simplex (one-way), half-duplex (two-way but one direction at a time), and full-duplex (two-way simultaneously). Finally, it argues that telecommunication relies on artificial intelligence to extend human communication abilities like hearing and speaking beyond natural limits of distance.
A computer network allows multiple computers to be interconnected via transmission paths like telephone lines. Data communication is the exchange of digital data between two devices via a transmission medium like wires. There are two types of data communication: local, for communicating devices in the same building, and remote, for devices farther apart. A data communication system must effectively deliver data to the correct destination, do so accurately, and deliver it in a timely manner. The five basic components of data communication are: the message being communicated, the sender, the receiver, the transmission medium connecting them, and the communication protocols governing the exchange.
This document provides an overview of basic network devices and physical media used in computer networks. It defines and describes network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, wireless access points, modems, as well as different types of copper cabling (coaxial cable, twisted pair cable), and optical fiber cables (single mode and multimode fiber). The document is serving as part of an introduction to computer networks course.
The document summarizes networking and telecommunication topics, including:
1) The basics of computer networks including hardware, software, and people connecting computers locally and remotely.
2) Common network components like network interface cards, modems, and protocols that establish communication standards.
3) Types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building and wide area networks (WANs) connecting multiple sites over long distances.
4) Interpersonal communication technologies like email, teleconferencing, and instant messaging that allow synchronous and asynchronous interactions.
5) Converging technologies including online services, fax, voice mail, video conferencing, and digital payment systems.
Data communication involves the exchange of data between two devices via transmission media like wires or wireless signals. It can be local, involving devices in the same building, or remote, over longer distances. Effectiveness relies on accurate and timely delivery of data to the correct destination. The core components of any data communication system are the message being communicated, the sender and receiver devices, the transmission medium between them, and protocols governing the communication. Data is converted to signals and transmitted according to the agreed protocols.
This document provides an overview of a course on data communication. The course covers topics such as transmission media, signal characteristics, data codes, channel organization, and protocols. It aims to explain the concepts, tools, and techniques used to send data from one place to another, including wired and wireless transmission methods, analog and digital signals, standards organizations, the ASCII data code, parallel and serial channel organization, and asynchronous and synchronous protocols.
This document provides information about computer networks and networking concepts. It defines what a computer network is and some examples. It then discusses different types of networks including LAN, MAN, and WAN. It also covers topics like clients, servers, network devices, transmission media, protocols, and network topologies. The key points covered include the purpose of computer networks to share resources, examples of networks like the Internet, and definitions of fundamental networking components and concepts.
This document provides an overview of data communication and networking concepts including:
- The basic components of communication systems including senders, channels, and receivers.
- Different types of communication signals and how data is transmitted.
- Various transmission media including guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable as well as unguided media like wireless transmission.
- Short-range and long-distance wireless technologies.
The document discusses the key elements of data communication, including:
1) Devices that exchange data via a transmission medium, such as computers.
2) The medium that allows devices to connect and exchange data, such as cables or wireless signals.
3) Messages in the form of data (zeros and ones) that travel over the medium.
4) Protocols that govern how messages flow across networks by establishing rules for communication.
Data communication involves transmitting data from one location to another using transmission media. It requires a message, sender, receiver, medium/communication channel, and encoder/decoder. Communication media refers to the means of delivering and receiving data, including wired media like coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable, and wireless media like microwaves, satellite, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. Wired communication uses physical connections like cables while wireless uses technologies like radio frequencies.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in an Introduction to Computing course for a Bachelor of Science in Information Systems final term. The topics covered include computer networks, communication media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables and fiber optic cables. It also introduces Java programming, the Java Eclipse IDE, and how to write a simple "Hello World" program. The objectives are to understand computer networks, different communication media, and to learn about programming languages and how to write a basic Java program.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts and terms. It defines networking, LANs and WANs, server-based and peer-to-peer networks, network topologies including star, ring and bus, common network cabling types, Ethernet issues, layers of the internet, networking protocols, network addressing using MAC and IP addresses, and wireless networking basics. The document aims to explain core networking fundamentals and technologies.
This document discusses input/output interfaces and data communication basics. It describes two major types of I/O interfaces: serial and parallel. Serial interfaces exchange data one bit at a time and are slower but cheaper, while parallel interfaces handle multiple bits simultaneously and are faster but more expensive. The document also covers serial vs parallel communication, synchronous vs asynchronous serial data transfer, and their differences.
This document discusses communications, telecommunications, and computer networks. It defines key concepts such as analog and digital signals, different types of transmission media including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable and wireless transmission, and networking devices like modems, multiplexers, and front-end processors. It also covers network topologies, different types of computer networks, and client-server models.
Lesson 4 communication and computer network (123 kb)IMRAN KHAN
Communication between computers has increased with advancements in data communication facilities, allowing users to access computers remotely. A computer network connects multiple computers over communication channels to share data and programs across geographical locations. It consists of senders and receivers of messages connected by a medium like cables, wireless signals, or satellites. Protocols define how computers transmit data over the network by sequencing packets, routing them efficiently, and detecting and correcting errors.
Information Systems Ind. Assignment 3 (1).pdfDiogoHansen1
This document provides an overview of telecommunications, networks, and internet technologies. It discusses analog and digital signals, communication channels such as wired, wireless, and fiber optic networks. It also covers network topologies including point-to-point, bus, star, and mesh configurations. Additional sections explore electronic commerce, enterprise networking, standards for integration, internet services, and tools for searching information online.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including network architecture, evolution of networking technologies, common network devices, transmission media, network topologies, wireless technologies, types of networks, standards organizations like IEEE, common network models, important network protocols, and types of servers. It covers fundamental topics in a comprehensive manner suitable for an introductory course on computer networks.
Overview of data communication and networkingSisir Ghosh
The document provides an overview of data communication and computer networks. It discusses the key components of data communication including senders, receivers, transmission media, messages, and protocols. It then describes different types of network connections and topologies including point-to-point, multipoint, bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid networks. Finally, it discusses network classification based on scale, including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). The document also covers protocols, standards, and reference models like OSI and TCP/IP.
This document defines basic concepts of telecommunications and networks. It describes different types of communication including synchronous, where the receiver gets the message immediately, and asynchronous, where there is a delay. It also defines telecommunications as electronic communication of signals like telephone, radio and television. The document outlines different types of telecommunications media including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, microwave transmission, and wireless transmission. It provides details on characteristics of each type of media such as speed and applications.
This document provides information about data communication, networking, and distributed processing. It discusses the five basic components of data communication: the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocol. It also describes local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Common network topologies like bus, star, and ring are explained. The document also covers transmission media, network models like TCP/IP and OSI, and distributed processing.
Lecture 3 network communication media and devicesAlbert Abbosey
The document discusses various types of network communication media and devices. It describes wired media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also covers wireless media such as radio waves, microwaves, cellular networks, satellite communication, and infrared transmission. The document explains how these different media transmit data and their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses common network devices that help transmit and direct data traffic, such as switches, routers, and network interface cards.
The document discusses telecommunication, defining it as the exchange of information over distance using electronic means. It outlines the basics of telecommunication systems, including transmitters, mediums, and receivers. The document also covers different types of communication: simplex (one-way), half-duplex (two-way but one direction at a time), and full-duplex (two-way simultaneously). Finally, it argues that telecommunication relies on artificial intelligence to extend human communication abilities like hearing and speaking beyond natural limits of distance.
A computer network allows multiple computers to be interconnected via transmission paths like telephone lines. Data communication is the exchange of digital data between two devices via a transmission medium like wires. There are two types of data communication: local, for communicating devices in the same building, and remote, for devices farther apart. A data communication system must effectively deliver data to the correct destination, do so accurately, and deliver it in a timely manner. The five basic components of data communication are: the message being communicated, the sender, the receiver, the transmission medium connecting them, and the communication protocols governing the exchange.
This document provides an overview of basic network devices and physical media used in computer networks. It defines and describes network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, wireless access points, modems, as well as different types of copper cabling (coaxial cable, twisted pair cable), and optical fiber cables (single mode and multimode fiber). The document is serving as part of an introduction to computer networks course.
The document summarizes networking and telecommunication topics, including:
1) The basics of computer networks including hardware, software, and people connecting computers locally and remotely.
2) Common network components like network interface cards, modems, and protocols that establish communication standards.
3) Types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building and wide area networks (WANs) connecting multiple sites over long distances.
4) Interpersonal communication technologies like email, teleconferencing, and instant messaging that allow synchronous and asynchronous interactions.
5) Converging technologies including online services, fax, voice mail, video conferencing, and digital payment systems.
Data communication involves the exchange of data between two devices via transmission media like wires or wireless signals. It can be local, involving devices in the same building, or remote, over longer distances. Effectiveness relies on accurate and timely delivery of data to the correct destination. The core components of any data communication system are the message being communicated, the sender and receiver devices, the transmission medium between them, and protocols governing the communication. Data is converted to signals and transmitted according to the agreed protocols.
This document provides an overview of a course on data communication. The course covers topics such as transmission media, signal characteristics, data codes, channel organization, and protocols. It aims to explain the concepts, tools, and techniques used to send data from one place to another, including wired and wireless transmission methods, analog and digital signals, standards organizations, the ASCII data code, parallel and serial channel organization, and asynchronous and synchronous protocols.
This document provides information about computer networks and networking concepts. It defines what a computer network is and some examples. It then discusses different types of networks including LAN, MAN, and WAN. It also covers topics like clients, servers, network devices, transmission media, protocols, and network topologies. The key points covered include the purpose of computer networks to share resources, examples of networks like the Internet, and definitions of fundamental networking components and concepts.
This document provides an overview of data communication and networking concepts including:
- The basic components of communication systems including senders, channels, and receivers.
- Different types of communication signals and how data is transmitted.
- Various transmission media including guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable as well as unguided media like wireless transmission.
- Short-range and long-distance wireless technologies.
The document discusses the key elements of data communication, including:
1) Devices that exchange data via a transmission medium, such as computers.
2) The medium that allows devices to connect and exchange data, such as cables or wireless signals.
3) Messages in the form of data (zeros and ones) that travel over the medium.
4) Protocols that govern how messages flow across networks by establishing rules for communication.
Data communication involves transmitting data from one location to another using transmission media. It requires a message, sender, receiver, medium/communication channel, and encoder/decoder. Communication media refers to the means of delivering and receiving data, including wired media like coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable, and wireless media like microwaves, satellite, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. Wired communication uses physical connections like cables while wireless uses technologies like radio frequencies.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in an Introduction to Computing course for a Bachelor of Science in Information Systems final term. The topics covered include computer networks, communication media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables and fiber optic cables. It also introduces Java programming, the Java Eclipse IDE, and how to write a simple "Hello World" program. The objectives are to understand computer networks, different communication media, and to learn about programming languages and how to write a basic Java program.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts and terms. It defines networking, LANs and WANs, server-based and peer-to-peer networks, network topologies including star, ring and bus, common network cabling types, Ethernet issues, layers of the internet, networking protocols, network addressing using MAC and IP addresses, and wireless networking basics. The document aims to explain core networking fundamentals and technologies.
This document discusses input/output interfaces and data communication basics. It describes two major types of I/O interfaces: serial and parallel. Serial interfaces exchange data one bit at a time and are slower but cheaper, while parallel interfaces handle multiple bits simultaneously and are faster but more expensive. The document also covers serial vs parallel communication, synchronous vs asynchronous serial data transfer, and their differences.
This document discusses communications, telecommunications, and computer networks. It defines key concepts such as analog and digital signals, different types of transmission media including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable and wireless transmission, and networking devices like modems, multiplexers, and front-end processors. It also covers network topologies, different types of computer networks, and client-server models.
Lesson 4 communication and computer network (123 kb)IMRAN KHAN
Communication between computers has increased with advancements in data communication facilities, allowing users to access computers remotely. A computer network connects multiple computers over communication channels to share data and programs across geographical locations. It consists of senders and receivers of messages connected by a medium like cables, wireless signals, or satellites. Protocols define how computers transmit data over the network by sequencing packets, routing them efficiently, and detecting and correcting errors.
Information Systems Ind. Assignment 3 (1).pdfDiogoHansen1
This document provides an overview of telecommunications, networks, and internet technologies. It discusses analog and digital signals, communication channels such as wired, wireless, and fiber optic networks. It also covers network topologies including point-to-point, bus, star, and mesh configurations. Additional sections explore electronic commerce, enterprise networking, standards for integration, internet services, and tools for searching information online.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including network architecture, evolution of networking technologies, common network devices, transmission media, network topologies, wireless technologies, types of networks, standards organizations like IEEE, common network models, important network protocols, and types of servers. It covers fundamental topics in a comprehensive manner suitable for an introductory course on computer networks.
This document discusses data communication and networks. It defines data communication as the process of transferring data electronically from one place to another. The basic elements are a sender, receiver, and medium. Communication protocols establish rules for exchanging information and perform functions like data sequencing, routing, flow control, and error control. Data transmission can be digital, analog, asynchronous, or synchronous. Wired transmission media include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optics, while wireless includes radio waves, microwaves, and infrared.
1. Data communication refers to the exchange of data between two or more connected devices via a communication medium. It involves a sender, receiver, message, communication media, and protocols.
2. Components of data communication systems include the sender, receiver, message, communication media used to transmit the message, and protocols that govern communication.
3. Transmission media can be wired (guided) like twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable or wireless (unguided) through air using electromagnetic waves.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including network topologies, physical transmission mediums like twisted pair, coaxial cable and optical fiber, wireless transmission methods like radio waves and infrared, networking devices, internet protocols, and the growth and structure of the internet. It provides information on common network architectures, technologies, and software used to connect devices globally.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and their classification. It discusses the key components of data communication systems and different types of networks including personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). The document also covers different network topologies such as bus, ring, star, and mesh along with examples of each.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in computer networks and communication. It defines what a network is, discusses the need for networking and sharing of resources, and outlines the evolution of early networks like ARPANET and NSFNET into the modern Internet. It also covers network topologies, transmission media, switching techniques, common network devices, and communication protocols.
A computer network allows interconnected devices to share resources and exchange information. It connects two or more computers or devices together using cables or wireless technology and follows a set of rules called protocols. Devices on a network can share data, software, printers and other resources regardless of their physical location. This reduces costs while improving communication and reliability of data storage.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks and describes different types of networks. It discusses wired networks, which use cables to connect devices, and wireless networks, which connect devices using radio waves. It also describes mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), which are wireless networks that can be formed between mobile nodes without any infrastructure. MANETs allow nodes to self-configure and connect dynamically, making them suitable for environments where wired networks are not feasible.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and their components. It begins with an introduction that describes how wireless sensor networks provide sensory data to smart environments from distributed sensor locations. It then discusses the key components of wireless sensor networks, including network topologies (mesh, star, ring, bus), communication protocols, routing techniques, power management, and hierarchical network structures. The goal is to outline the basic concepts and challenges in designing wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses networking technology and computer networks. It defines key concepts like data communication, transmission modes, communication media, computer network components and services. Data can flow in simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex transmission modes. Communication media includes bounded media like twisted pair cables and coaxial cables, and unbounded media like wireless transmission methods. Computer networks allow interconnected computers to share resources and communicate. Basic network services include file, print, message and application services.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the key components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different data transmission modes such as simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. The document also covers computer network types including LANs, MANs, and WANs, as well as network topologies like mesh, star, bus, and ring configurations. Finally, it discusses some common uses of computer networks for businesses and homes.
The document is a presentation submitted by Harpreet Kaur on data communications. It contains information on various topics related to data communications including an introduction to data communication, components of data communication such as sender, receiver, message, transmission medium and protocol. It also discusses data flow modes, analog and digital signals, types of transmission media including guided media such as coaxial cable, twisted pair cable and fiber optic cable, and unguided media. Finally, it covers networking devices such as modem, hub, switch and router.
Communication and networking for class 12.pptxnesia7885
Network and Communication refer to the interconnected systems and devices that enable the transfer of data and information between various endpoints. The main components of a network and communication system include hardware devices such as computers, routers, switches, and modems, and software protocols that govern the flow of data between these devices.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in telecommunication systems and transmission. It begins with definitions of telecommunication networks and the basic purpose of transmitting information from one user to another. It then discusses different types of transmission media that can be used including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optics. The document also covers elements of transmission systems including modulation, line coding, and conversion of voice signals to digital. It introduces concepts of PDH and SDH digital carrier systems, including E1 and STM-1 frame structures. In summary, the document provides foundational information on telecommunication networks, transmission media, and digital signal transmission standards.
INFORMATION PRACTICES CBSE CLASS 12 UNIT 3NIMISHMUTYAPU
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines a computer network as interconnected devices that can share resources and communicate. The main advantages of networks are resource sharing, collaboration, cost savings, and increased storage. It then describes the four main types of networks - PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN - based on their size and scope. The document proceeds to define various network devices like switches, hubs, routers and gateways and their functions. It also covers network topologies, protocols, internet applications and the basic components of websites.
Introduction for telecommunication technology basic terms and concepts.
Referring the wikipedia, Slideshare and lecture note of Fudan university.
I got a reference documents from Google.
The document discusses signals carried over telecommunications networks. It covers:
1) Different types of information transmitted including voice, video, text, and files with varying bandwidth and loss tolerance requirements.
2) Analog and digital signals, with digital transmission becoming more common due to advantages like reliability and cost.
3) Pulse code modulation is introduced as the standardized digital encoding method used in telephone networks to convert analog signals to digital for transmission.
This document summarizes different aspects of data communication including analogue vs digital signals, the basic needs of data communication like messages and protocols, different transmission mediums like cables, microwaves and satellites. It also discusses computer networks based on geographical area like LAN, WAN, MAN and the internet. Finally, it covers different network topologies like hierarchical, bus, star, ring and hybrid along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides an introduction to optical transmission in communications networks. It begins with definitions of transmission and an overview of how transmission fits within a telecommunications network. It then discusses the history and benefits of optical transmission over metal transmission. Key topics covered include transmission signal parameters, different types of transmission networks for metro and long-haul environments, an overview of multiplexing techniques like TDM and WDM, and different types of network elements like fixed point-to-point links versus flexible networks using cross-connects.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
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- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
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- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
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Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
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1.1 lesson 1
1. Version 1 ECE , IIT Kharagpur
Module
1
Communication
Networks
2. Version 1 ECE , IIT Kharagpur
Lesson
1
Communication
Networks–An
Introduction
and Overview
3. Version 1 ECE , IIT Kharagpur
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
General
This lesson is designed to give the reader the concept and definition
of a telecommunication network vis-à-vis other networks.
Specific
On completion of this lesson, the learner shall be able to
1. Define Communication networks.
2. Identify the constituents of a communication network.
3. List at least two examples of communication networks.
4. Outline the hierarchy of networks.
5. Specify the features of the various types of networks.
1.1.1 INTRODUCTION
A network is an interconnection of many nodes through which a desired
entity flows or travels. The nodes are the points where more than two
branches or links through which the entity moves, meet. Figure1.1 shows
the topography of a network having 5 nodes A, B, C, D, and E. These
nodes are interconnected by various links/branches such as LAB, LBC, LCD,
LBD, etc.
In electrical engineering a simple example of a network is an electrical
network where the links/branches are the electrical components like
resistors, capacitors, inductors, and active devices. These branches carry
charge/current through them and meet at various nodes. The carried
charge reaches a node through some branch and leaves the node through
some other branch. In the context of transportation a road network is an
illustrative example. The different roads meet at a junction or crossing,
which can be termed as a node. The roads act as branches/links and the
vehicular traffic travel through them in the road network. At a crossing a
vehicle coming from one road goes to the desired road. In a similar fashion
we have rail networks and airline networks. Postal network is an example
of a network through which messages are sent from source to destination.
With the invention of electrical communication, today we have telephone,
data and broadcast networks. In this lesson the characteristics and
Page Lesson 1.1
4. Version 1 ECE , IIT Kharagpur
organization of communication network will be discussed step-by-step.
Thus a network is composed of nodes and branches to facilitate movement
of a physical entity.
It may be noted that the source and the destination that is the users are
considered to be outside the network for simplicity.
An entity from a source enters the network through a node which for that
entity is called the source node. Similarly an entity leaves the network from
node serving the destination. This node for the given entity is called the
destination node. Any node can be a source and a destination nose and
can serve many users.
Fig. 1.1 A generic network topology
1.1.2 COMPONENTS OF A COMMUNICATION NETWORK
Node
In a communication network a node is a point where more than two
branches meet. A general communication network may have a large
number of nodes and it is not necessary that each of them is connected to
all others. The function of a network node is to connect the output path
with an incoming path so that the signal can be switched to the desired
path for onward transmission. Conventionally, for a telephone network the
telephone exchange, which is a circuit switch basically, acts as a node. For
a data network, the node is a packet switch and is commonly referred to as
a router. Some of the nodes, particularly the message and packet
Page Lesson 1.2
5. Version 1 ECE , IIT Kharagpur
switching ones, have buffers and storage for messages. Such nodes
function as store-and-forward switches. There are other functions like
identifying the incoming message, testing the free outlet, signaling etc
which the node performs.
Branch
The branch of communication network is basically a transmission medium
which is either a wire or a radio channel. Wired transmission medium can
be any one of the forms such as pair of copper wires, a multi-pair cable, a
co-axial cable or an optical fiber. These wires take the signals from one
node to the other. The wireless channel is a portion electromagnetic
spectrum of ranging from very low frequency to ultra high frequency
including millimeter and optical waves. The bandwidth of both the wire and
wireless channels has a very wide range and can support data rates
ranging from a few bits per second to several Giga/Peta bits per second.
The lengths of these transmission links are limited due to various reasons
such as attenuation and dispersion. In a versatile communication network
all the links need not be of the same type. Some of these can be wired
while some other may be wireless.
Network
A communication network can now be defined as a collection of switches
(nodes) interconnected by transmission media (links/branches) carrying
information bearing signals (entity) in electrical/optical form.
So the nodes, links and the transmission of information are the
fundamental attributes of any network.
Some of the commonly known and widely used message networks are the
postal network, the telegraph network, the telephone network (fixed,
cellular mobile), the data/computer network (Internet) and the
entertainment network (audio/TV broadcast, cable-TV). We shall talk about
each of them in brief later.
It may be worth while to note the fundamental difference between the two
message networks namely the postal and electrical/optical communication
networks. In the postal network the medium carrying the message (letter)
moves from source to destination whereas in the electrical/optical network
the message moves. It is necessary that the switches should be fast
enough and the transmission media should have sufficient bandwidth to
support a particular type of traffic.
Page Lesson 1.3
6. Version 1 ECE , IIT Kharagpur
1.1.3 NETWORK EXAMPLES
Depending on the application for which a network is designed and
deployed, there are different types of networks. The telegraph network has
been used to send telegrams from one place to another. It uses message
switches as the nodes and basically provides a very low speed service.
The telex network, on the other hand, works like a telephone network and
the users can directly send text messages to the desired destination
without the help of any operator. Telephone network is used for voice
communication between two users. Conventionally it uses circuit switching.
A computer network allows computer data to be sent from one computer to
another. Thus two computers can communicate using a computer network.
Packet switching is normally used in computer networks. Audio and video
information can be sent from one source simultaneously to a large number
of users through a broadcast network. Since it is one-to-many transmission
service there is no switching involved.
TELEPHONE NETWORK
Telephone network usually called Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN), has been one of the most popular types of network facilitating
voice communication between two persons. This network employs circuit
switches as nodes and the branches consist of variety of the transmission
media. Conventionally, the network was designed to support analog voice,
but now-a-days it has largely become digital. The switches now a days are
digital and the traffic between switches is digitally multiplexed voice
signals. The subscribers can send/receive either analog or digital voice
to/from the telephone exchange. If the user has an analog instrument the
voice signals are converted to the digital form at the telephone exchange.
For the digital user, the analog to digital conversion of voice is done at the
user’s telephone instrument called the digital telephone. In the telephone
network first a source-destination path is established using signaling and
then only the voice communication takes place. A telephone network can
carry data as well as facsimile traffic using suitable modems ( modulation-
demodulation devices) at users’ ends. With advances in technology the
circuit switches may be replaced by packet switches using Internet
Protocol (IP) leading to the emerging voice over IP (VoIP) technique in
telephone networks.
Page Lesson 1.4
7. Version 1 ECE , IIT Kharagpur
COMPUTER/DATA NETWORKS
Data/computer network including the Internet primarily carries digital data
from source to destination. Here the nodes are packet switches and use
the store and forward mechanism. A packet switch receives information in
form of packets, stores them and forwards the packets to a free outgoing
link. The packet switches are called routers and they transmit the packets
onward identifying the address of the packet. The branches are the similar
to the ones used in telephone networks. The data networks carry data
traffic varying from very low bit rates to extremely high bit rates such as
Giga/Tera/Peta bits per second. The internet is a network of networks
which interconnects multiple of networks and primarily designed to carry
text messages. But today the internet has advanced considerably to
support multimedia traffic as well. Telephone, music and video traffic are
supported by Internet. The Internet also provides the Web facility through
which a user can access variety of information stored at different sites. A
computer network
• is primarily a digital network (streams of 1s and 0s flow through
the network).
• supports variable bit rates/bandwidth as ‘data’ is bursty in nature.
The traffic is said to be bursty when data on-time is much shorter
than no-data period.
• was originally designed to carry non-real time traffic.
• is generally non-interactive (non-conversational).
• is full Duplex.
• has to have switches with storage capabilities (buffer).
According to ARPA the switches were earlier called IMP (Interface
Message Processors). They are now called PSE (Packet Switching
Exchanges). In case of Internet they are termed routers.
ENTERTAINMENT/DISTRIBUTION/BROADCAST NETWORK
Classically, a very popular network is the broadcast network. It provides
the recipient with news, entertainment, educational health and many other
similar services. Earlier the broadcast network was supporting only the
audio signal but today we have TV broadcast networks. This is basically a
Page Lesson 1.5
8. Version 1 ECE , IIT Kharagpur
receive-only network where user normally can’t transmit. Because of the
TV transmission the bandwidth of the network is very high compared to
conventional telecommunication networks. The advances in technology
and concepts are making this network interactive where the user will be
able to send some messages also. The broadcasting can be wireless as
in radio and terrestrial TV networks. It can be using satellites as well. With
the help of satellites broadcast can be over much larger areas. For quite
some time cable TV and Optical fibre cables are also used for distribution
of information/message. This mode has become very popular because it
provides a large number of channels to the users
UNIFIED/INTEGRATED NETWORK
Historically, the three networks viz the telephone, the data and the
entertainment networks were developed independently for specific
purposes. Their design and evolution were all separate and they catered
for different kind of services to their users. Generally the telephone
network has been designed to provide a fixed narrow bandwidth, half
duplex, real time interactive call to call basis service. The broadcast
network on the other hand provided a broadband, like TV, one way non-
interactive receive-only service where user can access the message if it is
being broadcast but the broadcasters keep on transmitting without
bothering about the presence of receivers. The computer networks provide
variable bit rate generally non-real time services such as e-mail, file
transfer, remote log-in and web services. The network and service
providers for these services have been traditionally different. The
underlying technologies for these services are also quite different.
However the digital revolution enabled representation of all types of
information in the same form using ones and zeros. This lead to the
development of the concept and appropriate technologies for integrating
the three different types of networks as mentioned above. Advances in the
computer and the digital communication fields resulted in the Integrated
Digital Networks (IDN) and later the Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN). ISDN supports voice, data and slow scan video from the same
vendor. A user need not subscribe to different service providers for
different services. Due to some limitations with the ISDN, broadband ISDN
(BISDN) was developed in course of time to provide high quality full-
bandwidth video service in addition to the voice and the data services.
Communications and computers converged to give birth to a really unified
/integrated network. Such an all-encompassing network should be
transparent to the users enabling them single point of access. Whatever
they send or receive is accommodated by the network. The services may
Page Lesson 1.6
9. Version 1 ECE , IIT Kharagpur
be differentiated by the end users but internally all of them are available
through the same network. All the services thus may be converged into a
single network.
MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORK
The requirement of the users to communicate even when they are on the
move and the advances in the wireless/radio communication technology
has propelled the emergence of the mobile telephone network, called the
Cellular Mobile Telephone Network. Initially intended primarily for
telephone communication, the mobile network now provides data as well
as multimedia services to the mobile users on a global basis. A given
geographical are is subdivided into small cells each with a fixed base
station which in turn is connected to a switching centre by wired or wireless
media. Switching centre ( known as the mobile switching centre) in fact
connects the mobile user with rest of the telecommunication infra-structure
and vice-versa. The mobile user is connected to the respective base
station on a duplex radio link. Thus communication between a mobile and
a fixed user is via the base station and the switching centre. The radio link
between the mobile user and the base station allows the mobile user to
move. Adjacent cells are given different frequencies but the far-off cells
can be assigned the same frequencies for the radio links. This way the
frequencies can be reused relaxing the constraint on limited spectrum.
Mobile communication has evolved from the original first generation
(analog) to the second generation (digital) like the GSM and the CDMA. It
supports data in addition to voice communication. The third generation of
mobile communication known as the IMT-2000 and the UMTS are rolling
out. They are able to support data up to 2Mbps and have many advanced
features. Wireless local area networks (WLAN) provide access to the
Internet at speeds of 54 Mbps. Advances in cellular mobile
telecommunicatins, WLAN’s and mobile computing are paving the way for
the ubiquitous global broadband mobile communications.
1.1.4 NETWORK HIERARCHY
Telecommunication networks usually have a hierarchy which depends on
the traffic, connectivity and control. Bulk of the traffic is carried by the
backbone or the core network, which interconnects heavy traffic nodes.
The links in the core network have extremely high capacity and the nodes
are also very powerful. The backbone is mainly optical fiber based and in
future it is going to be packet switched network with IP and/or ATM. The
optical fibers are employing DWDM technology, providing Terabits per
second (Tbps) / Petabits per second (Pbps) traffic speeds. It can support a
variety of protocols and use optical cross-connects and optical add-drop
Page Lesson 1.7
10. Version 1 ECE , IIT Kharagpur
multiplexers. Photonic switches are also expected to be employed. This
network feeds and is fed by the edge networks which carry the traffic in a
region. Edge networks also have architecture similar to the core network.
Then there are the metro networks, serving large cities and many local
networks. Metro networks are connected to the edge networks. The local
networks serve the users in a given area/locality. The users access the
local networks ( sometimes the metro networks also ) directly through what
are known as Access Networks. The local, metro, edge and core networks
constitute the network hierarchy. The metro, the edge and the core
networks are basically trunk networks and carry the bulk traffic from node
to node. The access network connects the individual or corporate users to
the telecommunication networks. The traffic originating at source is carried
through the access network to the telecommunication network and vice-
versa. The access network may be implemented using a variety of media
and technology, starting from the simple copper wire, X-DSL, wireless
including mobile and optical fibers. The data rates in the access networks
varies over a wide range depending on the user requirements/applications.
All these networks have to be supported by advanced intelligent
networking and telecommunication management networks for providing a
variety of services with quality and user control. Figure 1.2 shows the
hierarchy of the telecommunication networks.
Core/Backbone Network
Edge Network
Metro Network
Local Network
Access Network
Fig. 1.2 Telecommunication network
hierarchy
Page Lesson 1.8
11. Version 1 ECE , IIT Kharagpur
Objective Questions
1. Early computer networks were designed to handle non-real time
communication. (True /False )
2. In circuit switched PSTN it is essential first to store voice message
and then forward it to the next node. (True / False )
3. The data networks are analog/digital in nature.
4. Internet employs circuit/packet switching.
5. The users are directly connected to the local / core network.
6. The core network is completely wireless /primarily optical fiber based
/ coaxial cable based / only satellite based.
Subjective Questions
1. Enlist the different types of communication networks and mention
their features.
2. What are the important components of a communication network?
Specify their characteristics.
3. Discuss the feature of a core network.
4. Describe different switching techniques and discuss their role.
5. Specify characteristics of a broadcast network?
6. What do you understand by convergence in telecommunication
networks?
7. Mention at least 3 types of transmission media. Give their
characteristics, capabilities, applications, and limitations.
Level 2 Questions
1. What are differences between data, voice and video traffic?
2. Explain the differences between Half Duplex and Full Duplex
communication.
3. Using a 2 X 2 switch design a 4 X 4 switch. Show its application with
an example.
Page Lesson 1.9