experiment of
1. isolation of microbes from soil
2. enumeration of microorganism
3. identification of microorganism
(must includes background, topic, objective, research question , ways to solve it)
Microbes were isolated from two types of soil, normal soil and chicken farm soil, using a spread-plate method to explore the different microbes inhabiting each soil. More bacterial colonies formed from chicken farm soil compared to normal soil, and more diverse colony morphologies were observed from chicken farm soil. Bacterial growth was favored on nutrient agar containing 7.5% NaCl. Four samples with distinct colony morphologies were selected for staining to identify the bacteria, which were found to be gram-negative bacillus bacteria and one colony with vegetative cells containing endospores.
Blue Team MCDB 150AL-Poster Presentation (2)Hung Dang
The document summarizes a study that isolated bacteria from soil in the Mojave Desert to identify microbes that could help plants grow under arid conditions. Thirty unique bacterial colonies were characterized through assays testing for plant growth promoting traits like phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, antibiotic production, and cellulase activity. Many isolates exhibited siderophore production while fewer showed phosphate solubilization or cellulase activity. One isolate produced antibiotics. A trapping experiment found that soil samples effectively nodulated legume plants, indicating nitrogen fixation. The results suggest that the desert microbial community can help native plants survive harsh environments.
This study aimed to screen soil samples for bacteria producing antimicrobial compounds. 34 soil samples from various locations in Minnesota were collected and tested for antimicrobial activity by spreading diluted samples on nutrient agar plates and observing zones of inhibition. Over 50 bacterial isolates were identified from zones of inhibition and tested against various safe tester strains of bacteria. To date, 14 isolates have shown ability to inhibit the growth of one or more tester strains. Isolate A produced the largest zone of inhibition at 24 mm against Staphylococcus epidermidis.
The metabolic diveristy of microorganisms in Eisenia fetida abstractJeremy Balster
The document discusses a study of the metabolic diversity of bacteria found in cocoons of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Six bacterial isolates from the cocoons were tested for various metabolic traits. Most isolates tested positive for oxidase and citrate utilization, while one tested negative for oxidase and showed facultative anaerobic growth. This indicates there is metabolic diversity among the symbiotic bacteria in E. fetida cocoons. Further tests will help characterize each isolate and better understand their roles in the fitness and development of E. fetida.
11.charlene 12. monica phages first revisionMonica Rivera
The document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteriophages from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico. Soil samples were enriched with Mycobacterium smegmatis bacteria to encourage phage growth. Plaques indicating phage presence were observed after three rounds of purification on agar plates. While some purifications were successful, others required multiple attempts due to issues like bacterial defects or fungal growth. Ultimately a phage named Monchar was isolated but further purification was not completed. The isolated phage will be subject to future characterization.
This document discusses the characteristics of fungi and their roles in ecology. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to describe fungal characteristics, explain why they are not classified as multicellular heterotrophs, their role as decomposers, and their symbiotic relationships. It then provides information about fungal anatomy and taxonomy before discussing their ecological roles as decomposers, predators, pathogens, symbionts, and their human benefits. Specific examples provided are chytrid fungi, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, and lichens which are a symbiotic relationship between fungal hyphae and algal cells.
Earthworm reaction to chemical stimulus of ammoniaamangill94
The students tested earthworms' reactions to the chemical stimulus of ammonia versus water by placing paper towels soaked in each liquid on a tray with earthworms in the center. In all 3 trials, the earthworms moved to the side with the water-soaked paper towel. In the third trial, one worm died after coming into contact with the ammonia. The conclusion is that earthworms can detect chemicals through chemoreceptors and do not respond well to ammonia, which can even cause death upon direct contact.
All living things are made of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function. Cells can be as tiny as bacteria or joined together to form complex multicellular organisms across different kingdoms. Living things must carry out vital functions like nutrition, response to the environment, and reproduction to survive and thrive as individuals or populations.
Microbes were isolated from two types of soil, normal soil and chicken farm soil, using a spread-plate method to explore the different microbes inhabiting each soil. More bacterial colonies formed from chicken farm soil compared to normal soil, and more diverse colony morphologies were observed from chicken farm soil. Bacterial growth was favored on nutrient agar containing 7.5% NaCl. Four samples with distinct colony morphologies were selected for staining to identify the bacteria, which were found to be gram-negative bacillus bacteria and one colony with vegetative cells containing endospores.
Blue Team MCDB 150AL-Poster Presentation (2)Hung Dang
The document summarizes a study that isolated bacteria from soil in the Mojave Desert to identify microbes that could help plants grow under arid conditions. Thirty unique bacterial colonies were characterized through assays testing for plant growth promoting traits like phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, antibiotic production, and cellulase activity. Many isolates exhibited siderophore production while fewer showed phosphate solubilization or cellulase activity. One isolate produced antibiotics. A trapping experiment found that soil samples effectively nodulated legume plants, indicating nitrogen fixation. The results suggest that the desert microbial community can help native plants survive harsh environments.
This study aimed to screen soil samples for bacteria producing antimicrobial compounds. 34 soil samples from various locations in Minnesota were collected and tested for antimicrobial activity by spreading diluted samples on nutrient agar plates and observing zones of inhibition. Over 50 bacterial isolates were identified from zones of inhibition and tested against various safe tester strains of bacteria. To date, 14 isolates have shown ability to inhibit the growth of one or more tester strains. Isolate A produced the largest zone of inhibition at 24 mm against Staphylococcus epidermidis.
The metabolic diveristy of microorganisms in Eisenia fetida abstractJeremy Balster
The document discusses a study of the metabolic diversity of bacteria found in cocoons of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Six bacterial isolates from the cocoons were tested for various metabolic traits. Most isolates tested positive for oxidase and citrate utilization, while one tested negative for oxidase and showed facultative anaerobic growth. This indicates there is metabolic diversity among the symbiotic bacteria in E. fetida cocoons. Further tests will help characterize each isolate and better understand their roles in the fitness and development of E. fetida.
11.charlene 12. monica phages first revisionMonica Rivera
The document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteriophages from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico. Soil samples were enriched with Mycobacterium smegmatis bacteria to encourage phage growth. Plaques indicating phage presence were observed after three rounds of purification on agar plates. While some purifications were successful, others required multiple attempts due to issues like bacterial defects or fungal growth. Ultimately a phage named Monchar was isolated but further purification was not completed. The isolated phage will be subject to future characterization.
This document discusses the characteristics of fungi and their roles in ecology. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to describe fungal characteristics, explain why they are not classified as multicellular heterotrophs, their role as decomposers, and their symbiotic relationships. It then provides information about fungal anatomy and taxonomy before discussing their ecological roles as decomposers, predators, pathogens, symbionts, and their human benefits. Specific examples provided are chytrid fungi, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, and lichens which are a symbiotic relationship between fungal hyphae and algal cells.
Earthworm reaction to chemical stimulus of ammoniaamangill94
The students tested earthworms' reactions to the chemical stimulus of ammonia versus water by placing paper towels soaked in each liquid on a tray with earthworms in the center. In all 3 trials, the earthworms moved to the side with the water-soaked paper towel. In the third trial, one worm died after coming into contact with the ammonia. The conclusion is that earthworms can detect chemicals through chemoreceptors and do not respond well to ammonia, which can even cause death upon direct contact.
All living things are made of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function. Cells can be as tiny as bacteria or joined together to form complex multicellular organisms across different kingdoms. Living things must carry out vital functions like nutrition, response to the environment, and reproduction to survive and thrive as individuals or populations.
Plants evolved from green algae and share characteristics like chloroplasts, cellulose cell walls, and photosynthesis. Key adaptations for living on land included a cuticle and stomata to retain water and exchange gases. Plants diversified into bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and ultimately angiosperms. Angiosperms reproduce through double fertilization within flowers, protecting the embryo in seeds and enabling widespread dispersal. Plants play vital roles in ecosystems and for humanity through food, oxygen, medicines, and more.
This study examined the arthropod species consuming pig carcasses in Florida to document their role in decomposition rates. Four pig carcasses were caged and exposed to sunlight to allow arthropod access. Insect larvae were collected after two days and reared to adulthood in the lab. Preliminary results found skeletonization within 10 days, much faster than expected. Only fly species were present on the carrion, not dermestid beetles as anticipated. The collected flies are awaiting identification to determine which species inhabited the carcasses and their role in the accelerated decomposition in Florida's climate.
1. The document discusses protists, the most diverse eukaryotic kingdom. It describes how endosymbiosis led to the evolution of multicellular organisms from prokaryotic ancestors through the incorporation of membrane-bound organelles.
2. Protists are classified based on evolutionary lineages revealed by DNA analysis, though classification remains a work in progress. They exhibit a wide range of motility and fulfill important ecological roles as phytoplankton and zooplankton.
3. Examples like choanoflagellates, Chlamydomonas, and Dictyostelium are used to study the origins of multicellularity and cellular processes like sex determination, communication,
This document discusses the classification of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It outlines the key characteristics biologists use to classify animals, including specialized tissues, body symmetry, germ layers, embryonic development, and DNA. Animals are classified into major groups including deuterostomes, protostomes, radiata, and parazoa based on these traits. The document specifically focuses on 10 animal phyla that will be covered in lecture, including chordates, echinoderms, arthropods, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, flatworms, cnidarians, sponges, and bacteria and archaea as outgroups.
The document summarizes an experiment to identify mycobacteriophages from soil samples. Soil samples were taken from different locations and enriched with bacteria to isolate any phages present. However, the testing of samples did not pass the enrichment phase due to issues with the bacteria. One sample from Gurabo was retested successfully, allowing the experiment to progress to plaque purification. The identification process is currently in the third purification step. The experiment highlights the challenges of phage identification but the potential benefits of understanding phage behavior and using phages in applications like phage therapy.
All cells share common features including DNA, RNA, proteins, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. Prokaryotes are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells. As cell size increases, surface area to volume ratio decreases, making exchanges with the environment more difficult. Prokaryotes are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria. They reproduce through binary fission and can undergo horizontal gene transfer. Examples are given of how antibiotics target different cellular processes in bacteria.
15. camille and 3. justin final version bacteria reportJustinCotto
This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria from soils in Puerto Rico. Two soil samples were collected from different locations, diluted and plated. Three distinct bacterial colonies grew and were purified. Gram staining showed one was gram-positive coccus and two were gram-positive bacillus. PCR/electrophoresis positively identified one coccus sample. No bacteria produced antibiotics but two samples showed resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, bacitracin and vancomycin while the other did not resist any antibiotics tested. The goal was to identify properties of isolated bacteria including antibiotic production and resistance.
توێژینهوهیهك له زانكۆی سۆران له بهشی بایۆلۆجی لهبارهی قهوزه و پارامیتهری ئاوی سێ
سهرچاوهی سروشتی له گهلی عهلی بهگدا
ئامادهكردنی:
محمود خلیل پیرانی
شۆرش شاكر گهردی
بهسهرپهرشتی:
م.بهلقیس حاجی رهسول
*********************************************************************
پێشكهشه به ههموو پێشمهرگه قارهمانهكانی كوردستان و ههموو ماله شههیده نهمر و سهربهرزهكان
*********************************************************************
Kurdistan Regional Government
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Soran University
Faculty of Science-Biology Department
*******************************************************************
A study of algal species with some water parameters in three springs within Gali Ali-bag valley
******************************************************************
Summary:
In the present study, three spring locations were selected in Gali Ali-Bag valley,
within Arbil province for limnological and phycological studies.
The ranges of physico-chemical parameters for studied springs were as follows:
17.7 -12°C for water temperature. The pH values never fall below 7.3 and with
maximum value of 7.9. Specific electrical conductivity was varied form 200 –
370 μs.cm -1 , the alkalinity was in range of 95-136 mg.CaCO 3. l -1 . Acidity values
were at levels of 1.8 -3.3 mg.CaCO 3. l -1 . The Chloride was varied form 4.9-8.9
mg.l -1 .
A total of 25 non diatom algal species belong to 3 divisions, 5 classes, 8 orders, 9
families, 12 genera were identified.
*****************************************************************
By
Shoreh Sh. Yaseen
Mahmoud Kh. Mahmoud
*******************************************************
Supervised by
Balqis H. Rasul
*********************************************************
Dedications:
Dedicate to all Peshmarga, immortal Peshmarga martyrs and their proud families
*********************************************************
Acknowledgment:
Of course, we are satisfied with our subject in this project, however it is our first
experience, but we could pass our tasks successfully with the help of some
teachers and friends for which we appreciate them especially head of the biology
department Mr. Shoresh who let us do this project.
Our special thanks to:
- Mrs. Balqis who was our supervisor and helped us to develop and complete
the thesis by her advices, guidance and comments.
- All friends who helped us in this project.
***************************************************************
Email: mahmoud_pirani@yahoo.com
mahmud.khalil.p@gmail.com
Mobile Phone: (00964) 0750 412 8959
www.facebook.com/mahmoud.shab3
**************************************************************
The document discusses bacteria and their classification. It begins with an introduction to bacteria, noting they evolved 4 billion years ago. It then covers the discovery of bacteria under a microscope in the 1600s. The document outlines where bacteria can be found, including in air, water, soil, plants, animals, and the human body. It classifies bacteria by shape and other characteristics, and discusses both useful and harmful bacterial species. It concludes by thanking the reader for their cooperation.
In this monograph I present my experience with the extremely halotolerant ciliate Fabrea salina. It is an organism able to be kept or cultured in the laboratory under a wide range of salinities (from normal to >200 ppt). It can grow filtering all kinds of microalgae and reach high desnsities (>100 ind./ml). It can serve as live food in marine fish hatcheries.
This document describes the development and evaluation of a new medium called Makka medium for screening gram negative bacteria like coliforms in drinking water samples. The researchers developed Makka medium as an economical and safer alternative to the commonly used m-Endo agar medium. Makka medium uses methylene blue as an indicator to inhibit gram positive bacteria and allow growth of gram negatives. Tests showed that Makka medium was comparable to m-Endo agar in detecting coliforms, with coliforms appearing as blue-green colonies on Makka medium. The researchers concluded that Makka medium is recommended for use instead of m-Endo agar for detection of coliforms and gram negative bacteria in water samples due to its low cost
1. What is pathogen variability?
2. Significance of pathogen Variability
3. Stages of variation
4. Mechanism of Variability in fungi
5. Characterization of variability among plant pathogens
This document summarizes key information about the kingdom Monera. It discusses that Monera are prokaryotic organisms that do not have a nucleus membrane and includes bacteria and cyanobacteria. The taxon Monera was first proposed in 1866 and was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925. In modern taxonomy, bacteria and archaea are divided into separate domains. Bacteria have a well-developed cell structure not found in archaea or eukaryotes. The document also summarizes different genera of cyanobacteria like Nostoc, Anabaena, and Rivularia. Bacteria can be grouped based on their response to oxygen as aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative anaerobic. They can also be
1. The document discusses various aspects of fungal genetics including the life cycles, modes of reproduction, and nuclear states of fungi.
2. It notes that fungi typically have haploid vegetative states and undergo plasmogamy and karyogamy during sexual reproduction, followed immediately by meiosis.
3. The document also discusses asexual reproduction in fungi through spores, as well as parasexual reproduction which involves nuclear fusion without meiosis.
This document summarizes several studies conducted by James Meadow and colleagues on personal microbial clouds and the indoor microbiome. The studies found that:
1) Indoor bacterial communities are influenced by factors like ventilation, occupancy, and outdoor air sources. Human-associated bacteria account for differences between occupied and unoccupied indoor spaces.
2) The type of indoor surface predicts the bacterial communities found on it, and how people interact with surfaces influences which bacteria are present.
3) An occupied room and the individual occupying it have distinct bacterial signatures compared to when empty. These signatures are found both in airborne and settled particle samples.
4) Different people leave distinct but personal microbial clouds behind in occupied indoor spaces,
E. coli is a model organism commonly used in research due to its small genome, rapid reproduction rate, and ability to be easily manipulated and engineered. As a prokaryotic and unicellular organism, E. coli is useful for research because it can be grown and studied without ethical concerns. Its simple nutrient needs allow it to adapt to different environments and be cultured for multiple generations in a short period of time to advance scientific understanding.
Protists exhibit diverse characteristics due to endosymbiosis, where one lineage of heterotrophic eukaryotes acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that evolved into plastids, giving rise to red and green algae with similar DNA to cyanobacteria. Red and green algae then underwent secondary endosymbiosis by being ingested and becoming endosymbionts of other eukaryotes, like chlorarachniophytes evolving from a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfing green algae, as evidenced by their four membrane-bound plastids from the involved organisms.
Confirming the Documented Graminous Host Range for Sugarcane AphidJennifer Blackburn
The document summarizes research identifying and verifying documented graminous hosts of the sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) through a literature review and container study. The container study tested 35 grass species and found persistent sugarcane aphid populations on pearl millet, sorghum, Johnson grass, broom corn, and sudangrass. Non-persistent populations were found on large crabgrass, jungle rice, barnyardgrass, Japanese millet, napiergrass, sugarcane, and corn. The sugarcane aphid failed to feed on oats, rye, wheat, rough barnyardgrass, annual ryegrass, and switchgrass. The discussion
- Water samples were taken from three sites (A, B, C) along a treatment wetland in Marina, California to analyze fecal coliform levels. Site B in the middle of the wetland had the lowest fecal coliform levels, indicating the wetland reduces coliforms as the water flows through.
- Analysis found the membrane filtration technique to be 18% more accurate than the Most Probable Number technique at identifying fecal coliforms. It was concluded the wetland reduces fecal coliform levels by at least one order of magnitude.
- Species of fecal coliforms clustered based on their collection site in the wetland. Antibiotic resistance varied between sites as well, with a
This document summarizes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil bacteria capable of producing novel antibiotics. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies were purified, stained, and had their DNA analyzed. The isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic resistance and their ability to inhibit the growth of other bacteria, which could indicate antibiotic production. The goal was to find bacteria producing compounds similar to teixobactin, a potent antibiotic discovered from uncultured soil bacteria.
This document describes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil-collected bacteria that could produce novel antibiotic compounds. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies showing growth were purified and analyzed using gram staining, freezing, electrophoresis, and tests for antibiotic resistance and production. Initial results identified distinct colony morphologies from the soil samples and showed growth from the undiluted, but not highly diluted, samples. Further analysis of purified colonies is planned to characterize the bacteria and determine their antibiotic properties.
Plants evolved from green algae and share characteristics like chloroplasts, cellulose cell walls, and photosynthesis. Key adaptations for living on land included a cuticle and stomata to retain water and exchange gases. Plants diversified into bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and ultimately angiosperms. Angiosperms reproduce through double fertilization within flowers, protecting the embryo in seeds and enabling widespread dispersal. Plants play vital roles in ecosystems and for humanity through food, oxygen, medicines, and more.
This study examined the arthropod species consuming pig carcasses in Florida to document their role in decomposition rates. Four pig carcasses were caged and exposed to sunlight to allow arthropod access. Insect larvae were collected after two days and reared to adulthood in the lab. Preliminary results found skeletonization within 10 days, much faster than expected. Only fly species were present on the carrion, not dermestid beetles as anticipated. The collected flies are awaiting identification to determine which species inhabited the carcasses and their role in the accelerated decomposition in Florida's climate.
1. The document discusses protists, the most diverse eukaryotic kingdom. It describes how endosymbiosis led to the evolution of multicellular organisms from prokaryotic ancestors through the incorporation of membrane-bound organelles.
2. Protists are classified based on evolutionary lineages revealed by DNA analysis, though classification remains a work in progress. They exhibit a wide range of motility and fulfill important ecological roles as phytoplankton and zooplankton.
3. Examples like choanoflagellates, Chlamydomonas, and Dictyostelium are used to study the origins of multicellularity and cellular processes like sex determination, communication,
This document discusses the classification of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It outlines the key characteristics biologists use to classify animals, including specialized tissues, body symmetry, germ layers, embryonic development, and DNA. Animals are classified into major groups including deuterostomes, protostomes, radiata, and parazoa based on these traits. The document specifically focuses on 10 animal phyla that will be covered in lecture, including chordates, echinoderms, arthropods, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, flatworms, cnidarians, sponges, and bacteria and archaea as outgroups.
The document summarizes an experiment to identify mycobacteriophages from soil samples. Soil samples were taken from different locations and enriched with bacteria to isolate any phages present. However, the testing of samples did not pass the enrichment phase due to issues with the bacteria. One sample from Gurabo was retested successfully, allowing the experiment to progress to plaque purification. The identification process is currently in the third purification step. The experiment highlights the challenges of phage identification but the potential benefits of understanding phage behavior and using phages in applications like phage therapy.
All cells share common features including DNA, RNA, proteins, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. Prokaryotes are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells. As cell size increases, surface area to volume ratio decreases, making exchanges with the environment more difficult. Prokaryotes are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria. They reproduce through binary fission and can undergo horizontal gene transfer. Examples are given of how antibiotics target different cellular processes in bacteria.
15. camille and 3. justin final version bacteria reportJustinCotto
This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria from soils in Puerto Rico. Two soil samples were collected from different locations, diluted and plated. Three distinct bacterial colonies grew and were purified. Gram staining showed one was gram-positive coccus and two were gram-positive bacillus. PCR/electrophoresis positively identified one coccus sample. No bacteria produced antibiotics but two samples showed resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, bacitracin and vancomycin while the other did not resist any antibiotics tested. The goal was to identify properties of isolated bacteria including antibiotic production and resistance.
توێژینهوهیهك له زانكۆی سۆران له بهشی بایۆلۆجی لهبارهی قهوزه و پارامیتهری ئاوی سێ
سهرچاوهی سروشتی له گهلی عهلی بهگدا
ئامادهكردنی:
محمود خلیل پیرانی
شۆرش شاكر گهردی
بهسهرپهرشتی:
م.بهلقیس حاجی رهسول
*********************************************************************
پێشكهشه به ههموو پێشمهرگه قارهمانهكانی كوردستان و ههموو ماله شههیده نهمر و سهربهرزهكان
*********************************************************************
Kurdistan Regional Government
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Soran University
Faculty of Science-Biology Department
*******************************************************************
A study of algal species with some water parameters in three springs within Gali Ali-bag valley
******************************************************************
Summary:
In the present study, three spring locations were selected in Gali Ali-Bag valley,
within Arbil province for limnological and phycological studies.
The ranges of physico-chemical parameters for studied springs were as follows:
17.7 -12°C for water temperature. The pH values never fall below 7.3 and with
maximum value of 7.9. Specific electrical conductivity was varied form 200 –
370 μs.cm -1 , the alkalinity was in range of 95-136 mg.CaCO 3. l -1 . Acidity values
were at levels of 1.8 -3.3 mg.CaCO 3. l -1 . The Chloride was varied form 4.9-8.9
mg.l -1 .
A total of 25 non diatom algal species belong to 3 divisions, 5 classes, 8 orders, 9
families, 12 genera were identified.
*****************************************************************
By
Shoreh Sh. Yaseen
Mahmoud Kh. Mahmoud
*******************************************************
Supervised by
Balqis H. Rasul
*********************************************************
Dedications:
Dedicate to all Peshmarga, immortal Peshmarga martyrs and their proud families
*********************************************************
Acknowledgment:
Of course, we are satisfied with our subject in this project, however it is our first
experience, but we could pass our tasks successfully with the help of some
teachers and friends for which we appreciate them especially head of the biology
department Mr. Shoresh who let us do this project.
Our special thanks to:
- Mrs. Balqis who was our supervisor and helped us to develop and complete
the thesis by her advices, guidance and comments.
- All friends who helped us in this project.
***************************************************************
Email: mahmoud_pirani@yahoo.com
mahmud.khalil.p@gmail.com
Mobile Phone: (00964) 0750 412 8959
www.facebook.com/mahmoud.shab3
**************************************************************
The document discusses bacteria and their classification. It begins with an introduction to bacteria, noting they evolved 4 billion years ago. It then covers the discovery of bacteria under a microscope in the 1600s. The document outlines where bacteria can be found, including in air, water, soil, plants, animals, and the human body. It classifies bacteria by shape and other characteristics, and discusses both useful and harmful bacterial species. It concludes by thanking the reader for their cooperation.
In this monograph I present my experience with the extremely halotolerant ciliate Fabrea salina. It is an organism able to be kept or cultured in the laboratory under a wide range of salinities (from normal to >200 ppt). It can grow filtering all kinds of microalgae and reach high desnsities (>100 ind./ml). It can serve as live food in marine fish hatcheries.
This document describes the development and evaluation of a new medium called Makka medium for screening gram negative bacteria like coliforms in drinking water samples. The researchers developed Makka medium as an economical and safer alternative to the commonly used m-Endo agar medium. Makka medium uses methylene blue as an indicator to inhibit gram positive bacteria and allow growth of gram negatives. Tests showed that Makka medium was comparable to m-Endo agar in detecting coliforms, with coliforms appearing as blue-green colonies on Makka medium. The researchers concluded that Makka medium is recommended for use instead of m-Endo agar for detection of coliforms and gram negative bacteria in water samples due to its low cost
1. What is pathogen variability?
2. Significance of pathogen Variability
3. Stages of variation
4. Mechanism of Variability in fungi
5. Characterization of variability among plant pathogens
This document summarizes key information about the kingdom Monera. It discusses that Monera are prokaryotic organisms that do not have a nucleus membrane and includes bacteria and cyanobacteria. The taxon Monera was first proposed in 1866 and was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925. In modern taxonomy, bacteria and archaea are divided into separate domains. Bacteria have a well-developed cell structure not found in archaea or eukaryotes. The document also summarizes different genera of cyanobacteria like Nostoc, Anabaena, and Rivularia. Bacteria can be grouped based on their response to oxygen as aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative anaerobic. They can also be
1. The document discusses various aspects of fungal genetics including the life cycles, modes of reproduction, and nuclear states of fungi.
2. It notes that fungi typically have haploid vegetative states and undergo plasmogamy and karyogamy during sexual reproduction, followed immediately by meiosis.
3. The document also discusses asexual reproduction in fungi through spores, as well as parasexual reproduction which involves nuclear fusion without meiosis.
This document summarizes several studies conducted by James Meadow and colleagues on personal microbial clouds and the indoor microbiome. The studies found that:
1) Indoor bacterial communities are influenced by factors like ventilation, occupancy, and outdoor air sources. Human-associated bacteria account for differences between occupied and unoccupied indoor spaces.
2) The type of indoor surface predicts the bacterial communities found on it, and how people interact with surfaces influences which bacteria are present.
3) An occupied room and the individual occupying it have distinct bacterial signatures compared to when empty. These signatures are found both in airborne and settled particle samples.
4) Different people leave distinct but personal microbial clouds behind in occupied indoor spaces,
E. coli is a model organism commonly used in research due to its small genome, rapid reproduction rate, and ability to be easily manipulated and engineered. As a prokaryotic and unicellular organism, E. coli is useful for research because it can be grown and studied without ethical concerns. Its simple nutrient needs allow it to adapt to different environments and be cultured for multiple generations in a short period of time to advance scientific understanding.
Protists exhibit diverse characteristics due to endosymbiosis, where one lineage of heterotrophic eukaryotes acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that evolved into plastids, giving rise to red and green algae with similar DNA to cyanobacteria. Red and green algae then underwent secondary endosymbiosis by being ingested and becoming endosymbionts of other eukaryotes, like chlorarachniophytes evolving from a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfing green algae, as evidenced by their four membrane-bound plastids from the involved organisms.
Confirming the Documented Graminous Host Range for Sugarcane AphidJennifer Blackburn
The document summarizes research identifying and verifying documented graminous hosts of the sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) through a literature review and container study. The container study tested 35 grass species and found persistent sugarcane aphid populations on pearl millet, sorghum, Johnson grass, broom corn, and sudangrass. Non-persistent populations were found on large crabgrass, jungle rice, barnyardgrass, Japanese millet, napiergrass, sugarcane, and corn. The sugarcane aphid failed to feed on oats, rye, wheat, rough barnyardgrass, annual ryegrass, and switchgrass. The discussion
- Water samples were taken from three sites (A, B, C) along a treatment wetland in Marina, California to analyze fecal coliform levels. Site B in the middle of the wetland had the lowest fecal coliform levels, indicating the wetland reduces coliforms as the water flows through.
- Analysis found the membrane filtration technique to be 18% more accurate than the Most Probable Number technique at identifying fecal coliforms. It was concluded the wetland reduces fecal coliform levels by at least one order of magnitude.
- Species of fecal coliforms clustered based on their collection site in the wetland. Antibiotic resistance varied between sites as well, with a
This document summarizes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil bacteria capable of producing novel antibiotics. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies were purified, stained, and had their DNA analyzed. The isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic resistance and their ability to inhibit the growth of other bacteria, which could indicate antibiotic production. The goal was to find bacteria producing compounds similar to teixobactin, a potent antibiotic discovered from uncultured soil bacteria.
This document describes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil-collected bacteria that could produce novel antibiotic compounds. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies showing growth were purified and analyzed using gram staining, freezing, electrophoresis, and tests for antibiotic resistance and production. Initial results identified distinct colony morphologies from the soil samples and showed growth from the undiluted, but not highly diluted, samples. Further analysis of purified colonies is planned to characterize the bacteria and determine their antibiotic properties.
Study on Distribution of Microbial and Diazotrophic Azotobacter Population in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The current scenario encounters the steady demand of food supply and the application of fertilizer is become an indispensable in modern agriculture. Hence, the present study is focused on distribution of microbial and diazotrophic Azotobacter population in rhizosphere soil sample. Total microbial population viz, bacteria, fungi, actiomycetes and diazotrophic Azotobacter were enumerated from five different rhizosphere soil samples and compared the distribution of diazotrophic Azotobacter with other three microbial groups. The results of enumeration of total microbial population reveals that comparatively the bacterial population found to be higher followed by Azotobacter population in various rhizosphere soil. Based on the predominant growth, five Azotobacter strains (one isolate from each sample) were isolated and authenticated through morphological and biochemical characteristics.
Isolation and characterization of bacteria from tropical soilsJessica Cristina
The document describes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria from soils in Puerto Rico. Five bacteria were isolated from soils in Caguas, Santa Isabel, and Comerío. All five isolates were gram-positive bacilli. Two isolates showed resistance to tetracycline. One isolate had endospores and showed decreasing resistance when tested with bacterial clusters closer to antibiotics. Another isolate changed color from white to red with time, and also showed decreasing resistance with bacterial clusters. The isolates did not produce antibiotics against E. coli or M. luteus, though one was able to coexist with E. coli. Further experiments are needed to determine the causes of antibiotic resistance in the isolates.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
The researchers isolated a novel bacteriophage from tropical soil samples in Brazil and named it Gêmeos. Through enrichment culture and purification techniques, they isolated the phage that infected Bacillus cereus. Initial observations indicated Gêmeos was a lysogenic phage. Electrophoresis of the phage's proteins showed migration, indicating successful separation. Further experiments like genome sequencing could provide more details about Gêmeos.
The document describes experiments conducted to isolate, characterize, and identify an unknown species of bacteria collected from soil in Flagstaff, Arizona. A series of tests were performed on the isolated bacteria, including Gram staining, endospore staining, catalase testing, carbohydrate testing, and more. Results of the tests were used to compare the unknown bacteria to known species in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology in order to identify the bacteria. Preliminary analysis indicated the bacteria were adapted to the alkaline soil and climate conditions of Flagstaff's high altitude location.
4068 isolation, identification and characterization of entomopathogenicSheena Prem
Control of white grub using entomopathogenic nematode (Heterorhabdtidae and steinernematidae )and entomopathogenic fungi Isolation of Symbiontic bacteria of antomopathogenic nematode .
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
This laboratory report summarizes three experiments conducted by a group of students:
1. Media preparation demonstration - The group prepared two types of nutrient agar media.
2. Isolation of soil bacteria - The group determined the viable titer of soil bacteria by serial dilution and plating, then isolated pure cultures.
3. Staining techniques - The group demonstrated endospore staining of Bacillus and gram staining of an unknown bacterium to identify cell structure.
DeBrota M, Penry O - Isolation and Classification of Soil Microorganisms with...Michael DeBrota
As part of the BIO220 Microbiology course at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, our group conducted a study isolating and classifying various soil microorganisms with suspected antimicrobial properties.
1. The study isolated 32 bacterial strains from chlorpyrifos contaminated soil that were able to degrade chlorpyrifos as the sole carbon source.
2. Four strains - SGB2, SWLC1, SWLC2, and SWLH2 - were able to degrade up to 92% of 100 mg/L chlorpyrifos within 18 days under shaking conditions at 30°C and neutral pH.
3. Analysis showed the biodegradation was directly correlated to bacterial growth, indicating it was a growth-linked process. 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified the strains as Enterobacter spp. (SGB2, SWLC1, SWLC2) and Agrobacterium (SWLH
Root is the part where plant interact with microbes. Microbes really plays an important role in the overall wellbeing of the crop. Here is some basics regarding root colonization
Decoding Wheat Endosphere– Rhizosphere Microbiomes in Rhizoctonia solani – In...Aravindharaj S T M
The endosphere and the rhizosphere are pertinent milieus with microbial communities that perturb the agronomic traits of crop plants through beneficial or detrimental interactions. In this study, they challenged these communities by adding Streptomyces biocontrol strains to wheat seeds in soils with severe Rhizoctonia solani infestation. Wheat plants were grown in a glasshouse standardized system, and the bacterial and fungal microbiomes of 233 samples of wheat roots (endosphere) and rhizosphere soils were monitored for 20 weeks from seed to mature plant stage. The results showed highly dynamic and diverse microbial communities that changed over time, with Sphingomonas bacteria, Aspergillus, Dipodascus and Trichoderma fungi increasing over time. Application of biocontrol Streptomyces strains promoted plant growth and maturation of wheat heads and modulated the root microbiome, decreasing Paenibacillus and increasing other bacterial and fungal OTUs. The soils with the highest levels of R. solani had increased reads of Thanatephorus (Rhizoctonia anamorph) and increased root disease levels and increased Balneimonas, Massilia, Pseudomonas and unclassified Micrococcaceae. As enter the era of biologically sustainable agriculture, it may be possible to reduce and limit the effects of serious fungal infestations by promoting a beneficial microbiome through the application of biocontrol agents during different periods of plant development.
Decoding Wheat Endosphere– Rhizosphere Microbiomes in Rhizoctonia solani – In...Aravindharajan S T M
This study examined the endosphere and rhizosphere microbiomes of wheat plants grown in soils infested with the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani and challenged with Streptomyces biocontrol agents. Wheat seeds were treated with three Streptomyces strains and planted in soils with varying levels of R. solani infestation. Over 20 weeks, 233 root and soil samples were analyzed. The microbiomes changed over time, with some bacteria and fungi increasing. Biocontrol strains promoted plant growth and modulated the root microbiome by decreasing some bacteria like Paenibacillus and increasing other microbes. Soils with highest R. solani levels had more fungal pathogens and plant disease. Application of beneficial Streptomy
This document discusses a study on the effect of lawn treatment on nematode diversity around Lewis & Clark College. The researchers hypothesized that nematode diversity would be higher in untreated forest areas than treated lawn areas, as chemical treatments and homogeneous plant diversity in lawns may negatively impact soil nematodes. They collected nematodes from forest and lawn sites using old fruit and soil samples to examine diversity. Preliminary results identified some nematode genera from each site. Future work could improve nematode collection methods and further analyze diversity between sites.
Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria of the Growth of Cicer arietinumOpen Access Research Paper
This research was conducted to isolate the rhizospheric bacteria of chickpea plant and to check their effect on its growth. Out of ten bacterial strains isolated, six were checked. They included two strains of Pseudomonas sp., three strains of Bacillus sp. and one strain of Brevibacterium sp. Out of all strains, one Bacillus strain showed good results. The 16s rRNA sequencing showed it Bacillus velezensis MN611255. Early germination, enhanced number of leaves, shoots, roots, and increase in their weight were notable features of B. velezensis as a PGPR. Furthermore, its effect on the flavonoids, total flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates and chlorophyll content of chickpea plant was more pronounced as compared to the control. PGPR did not show siderophore production but were positive to indole acetic acid and phosphate solubilization. It can be concluded from the observations that indigenous isolated B. velezensis showed promising results as a PGPR. Field trials can help in further elaborating its role as a biofertilizer.
This document describes a student experiment studying bacterial diversity by isolating and analyzing bacterial colonies from various environments. The students hypothesized that all environments tested would grow bacteria and that the washed hand would have fewer species due to anti-bacterial soap. They found bacteria in all samples but the washed hand did not have fewer species as expected. The air sample had the most diverse bacteria. Further identification and research was suggested.
Pandalicious Enterprise has developed 4 marketing strategies to promote their pudding business in Jeli, Kelantan:
1) Product strategy focuses on an attractive logo and packaging design with healthy ingredients.
2) Pricing strategy sets the price at RM2.50 per cup, affordable for local residents, based on production costs.
3) Place strategy directly supplies various fruit puddings across Jeli, including local universities and schools.
4) Promotion strategy utilizes social media like Facebook and Instagram as well as flyers to spread awareness in the community.
Discussion and conclusion of experiment of Antimicrobial Agent World wide
Antimicrobial agent :
disinfectants
: time of contact between bacteria and disinfectant agent
: effective concentration
antiseptics : Colgate, Listerine and Dettol
: zone of inhibition (MIC)
This laboratory report summarizes an experiment testing the effects of antimicrobial agents on bacteria growth. Three types of antimicrobial agents - disinfectants, antiseptics, and antibiotics - were tested using methods of varying contact time with bacteria, different concentrations of agents, and measuring zones of inhibition. The experiment found that after 10 minutes of contact, Dettol antiseptic agent completely prevented the growth of E. coli bacteria. Testing different concentrations of E. coli exposed to Dettol showed heavy growth at low concentrations and little to no growth at higher concentrations. When measuring zones of inhibition, the zone was larger for E. coli exposed to Listerine mouthwash compared to Colgate mouthwash.
This document summarizes an experiment on Mendelian genetics involving monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. It describes using Punnett squares to determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios for crosses involving one or two traits. Chi-square tests were used to analyze if the observed ratios fit the expected Mendelian ratios. For monohybrid crosses, the observed ratios fit 1:2:1 genotypic and 3:1 phenotypic ratios. However, for some dihybrid cross samples, the observed ratios did not fit the expected 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio, possibly due to limitations in the experimental design and samples used.
Dengue is an important arthropod-borne viral disease that affects tropical and subtropical regions. It is caused by the dengue virus, which has four distinct serotypes, and is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Secondary infection with a different serotype is a major risk factor for the more severe form of the disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever, due to antibody-dependent enhancement. Each year, around 100 million cases of dengue fever occur worldwide, mostly in tropical areas such as Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Central and South America.
Collenchyma tissue provides mechanical support for growing plants. It consists of living cells with thickened, uneven cell walls that are strongest at the corners. Collenchyma tissue is found below the epidermis and in the midribs of leaves and petioles in herbaceous plants. The thickened cell walls allow the tissue to provide support while still allowing bending, and to help growing organs expand. The tissue can also perform photosynthesis and store starch.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. Introduction
Soil is an important source which is rich of nutrients for plants. Besides that, soil
also act as an excellent medium that suitable for various type of bacteria to survive.
The identities of microbes that survived in soil are unable to determine directly as there
are A huge number of species of bacteria contained in this medium. To study the level
of contaminated of soil by microbes and the types of the bacteria that survive in
different types of condition, the selective condition is provided to carry out the
experiment. Since the identification and comparison, the types of microbes that
survived in soil cannot be determined directly, therefore a series of an experiment is
carried out. Isolation of microbes from two soil sample which is normal soil and chicken
farm soil is done by using the technique of serial dilution and spread plate. The series
of dilution in tubes were 10-2
,10-3
, 10-4
,10-5
, and 10-6
and transfer them into a nutrient
agar plate and nutrient agar plate with 7.5% NaCl after each dilution. After incubation
of the plates, the enumeration of microorganisms is started by technique of standard
Plate Count and identification of colony morphology. The colonies which grew in agar
plate streak into new agar plate which is a pure culture for microbes and incubated it.
Lastly, identification and differentiation of microorganisms with using simple stain, gram
stain and endospore stain methods. In the gram stain, crystal violet dye, gram’s iodine
and counterstain safranin are used to differentiated whether the microbes contain in
both soils are gram-positive or negative bacteria. However, endospore stain is to
determine the present of endospore in the bacteria with using counterstain safranin
and malachite green dye. From this experiment, we can conclude out the level of
contaminated of soil with different condition and also the types of the bacteria that
survive in different types of condition. From these two issues, we can that chicken farm
soil is more contaminated by bacteria than normal soil as chicken farm soil provide
higher nutrients to bacteria that normal soil. As we can have counted the number colony
from in the plates with a higher dilution of bacteria is the lowest number of population
of bacteria. Besides that, chicken farm soil is more contaminated than the normal soil,
thus the amount and types of microbes will be higher in normal soil. Furthermore, the
growth of microbes in plate agar with 7.5 % of NaCl will be more active than the normal
nutrient agar. Thus, microbes are more flavour to survive in salty media they are gram
negative bacteria which have thin cell wall than the gram positive bacteria. There are
not only vegetative endospores bacteria live in soil but also the bacteria without
endospore. In short, soil is a media that rich of different species of microbes that we
can explore.