1307 Fungi f2019
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This document discusses the characteristics of fungi and their roles in ecology. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to describe fungal characteristics, explain why they are not classified as multicellular heterotrophs, their role as decomposers, and their symbiotic relationships. It then provides information about fungal anatomy and taxonomy before discussing their ecological roles as decomposers, predators, pathogens, symbionts, and their human benefits. Specific examples provided are chytrid fungi, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, and lichens which are a symbiotic relationship between fungal hyphae and algal cells.
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True fungi: These are the "classic" fungi we typically think of, with cell walls made of chitin and a heterotrophic lifestyle (obtaining nutrients from other organisms). They are further divided into several phyla based on their reproductive structures and cell wall composition.
* **Fungus-like organisms:** These share some similarities with true fungi, but lack certain defining characteristics like chitin cell walls or fungal-specific metabolic pathways. Some common examples include water molds (oomycetes), slime molds (myxomycetes), and chytridiomycetes.
**Here are the main phyla of true fungi:**
1. **Chytridiomycota (Chytrids):** The most primitive lineage, known for their aquatic lifestyle and flagellated zoospores. Examples include Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid fungus responsible for amphibian declines worldwide.
2. **Zygomycota (Conjugated fungi):** Characterized by the formation of zygospores during sexual reproduction. Common examples include bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) and athlete's foot fungus (Mucor circinelloides).
3. **Ascomycota (Sac fungi):** The most diverse and species-rich phylum, including yeasts, molds, and many common mushrooms. Their defining feature is the ascus, a sac-like structure containing ascospores. Examples include brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), penicillin mold (Penicillium chrysogenum), and morels (Morchella spp.).
4. **Basidiomycota (Club fungi):** Another large and diverse phylum, known for their fruiting bodies with basidia that produce basidiospores. Examples include mushrooms like button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius), and various bracket fungi.
5. **Glomeromycota:** A recently established phylum characterized by their symbiotic relationship with plant roots. They play a crucial role in plant nutrient uptake and soil health.
**In addition to these phyla, the Deuteromycota (Fungi imperfecti) category exists:**
* **Deuteromycota:** This group used to be classified as a separate phylum, but most of its members have now been reclassified into other phyla based on genetic analysis. They lack a known sexual reproductive stage, but many are still important ecologically and commercially. Examples include bread mold (Neurospora crassa) and the antibiotic-producing Penicillium species.
Remember, this is just a brief overview, and there are many more intricacies to the classification of fungi. If you have any specific questions about a particular type of fungus or want to delve deeper into a specific phylum, I'd be happy to provide more information!
Fungi classification plant pathology.pptx
Unveiling the Fungi: A Journey Through Classification
The world of fungi, with its vast diversity and enigmatic nature, has captivated biologists for centuries. From the humble molds feasting on forgotten bread to the majestic mushrooms sprouting in damp forests, these fascinating organisms play crucial roles in ecosystems, yet their classification remains a complex and evolving field. This essay delves into the intricate tapestry of fungal classification, exploring the major phyla and delving into the underlying principles that categorize these remarkable beings. Traditionally, the kingdom Fungi was comprised of five primary phyla, each distinguished by their unique reproductive mechanisms and cellular structures. The Chytridiomycota, often dubbed "the chytrids," are microscopic marvels found in freshwater and marine environments. These tiny filamentous fungi employ flagellated zoospores for dispersal, resembling swimming sperm cells. In contrast, the Zygomycota, also known as "bread molds," engage in a simpler yet no less fascinating reproductive strategy. During sexual reproduction, their hyphae fuse, forming characteristic zygosporangia, structures within which new spores develop. Moving on to the more conspicuous fungi, we encounter the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, encompassing the majority of known fungal species. Ascomycetes, including the familiar yeasts and truffles, produce their spores inside sac-like structures called asci. Their diversity is staggering, ranging from the vibrant orange of lobster mushrooms to the velvety black of morels. Basidiomycota, on the other hand, are renowned for their fruiting bodies, including the iconic mushrooms we see in supermarkets and forests. These charismatic fungi produce spores on club-shaped structures called basidia, adorning the landscape with their often vibrant hues and intricate shapes. However, the fungal kingdom is not a static entity. Advances in molecular biology have unveiled hidden relationships and challenged traditional classifications. The controversial phylum **Deuteromycota**, once encompassing fungi that lacked a known sexual cycle, has been largely disbanded, with its members reclassified into existing phyla based on genetic analysis. Additionally, a new phylum, Glomeromycota, has been recently recognized, consisting of symbiotic root fungi essential for plant growth. Beyond phylogenetic classification, fungi can be categorized based on their ecological roles and nutritional strategies. Saprophytic fungi, adept at decomposing dead organic matter, are the tireless recyclers of the natural world, playing a vital role in nutrient cycling.Parasitic fungi, on the other hand, obtain their nourishment from living hosts, some causing devastating plant diseases, while others form intricate partnerships with their benefactors. The symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae in lichens is a testament to the remarkable diversity of fungal interactions with other organisms.
Overview of fungi
Along with bacteria, these are the most important Decomposers in the biosphere. They convert dead, organic matter into its inorganic components. Pathogenic/parasitc fungi have specialized hyphae called haustoria, which are used to invade the host's cells and create a nutrient pathway between fungus and host.
Lichens are very effective at absorbing nutrients directly from the atmosphere, and for this reason are very sensitive to smog.They are important primary producers in harsh environments such as tundra.
Several major taxa of fungi are generally recognized...
Chytridiomycota (the "chytrids")
Zygomycota (the black bread molds)
Ascomycota (the sac fungi)
Basidiomycota (the club fungi)
Introductiontoalgalcharacteristicsanddiversity
This document provides an overview of a phycology and phycology lab course, including required textbooks, attendance policies, and syllabus details. The course will cover topics like algal taxonomy, growth, losses, and ecology. Students will learn about the diversity of algae including their structures, forms, habitats, and roles in ecosystems.
What are fungi.
Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. They are classified into different kingdoms and can have complex life cycles involving both sexual and asexual reproduction. Key characteristics of fungi include being heterotrophic and absorbing nutrients from organic material or hosts, growing as thread-like hyphae that form a mycelium, having cell walls composed of glucans and chitin, and producing microscopic spores for propagation. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers, parasites, and symbionts and are found in nearly all terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They are also of significant benefit to humans as sources of food, enzymes, antibiotics, and through roles in food production
FUNGI pptx
A. Protists are a diverse group of unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms that include important pathogens. B. Helminth parasites like roundworms and flatworms are often identified microscopically and can infect the intestines or other tissues. C. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with chitin cell walls that can be unicellular or multicellular, including medically important molds, yeasts, and dermatophytes. D. Algae include unicellular and multicellular photosynthetic protists used to produce industrial compounds like agar. E. Lichens are a symbiotic partnership between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria that
Physiology and reproduction in fungi
This presentation includes all the general characteristics of fungi, types, structure of a fungi, classifications, and reproduction. Different types of fungi and its classification, its reproduction are all included.
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- 2. Learning objectives 1. Describe the characteristics common to all fungi 2. Understand why fungi are not classified as multicellular heterotrophs. 3. Explain the role of fungi as decomposers. 4. Identify symbiotic relationships that exist between fungi and other organisms.
- 4. Fungi DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdom Fungi DOMAIN EUKARYA DOMAIN BACTERIA DOMAIN ARCHAEA Protista Plants Animals Prokaryotes Figure 20.5 Contd.
- 12. Figure 29.7
- 14. Fungal Ecology • Decomposers • Predators • Pathogens/Parasites • Symbionts • Human benefits
- 18. Chytrid fungi
- 23. Lichens Fungal hyphaeAlgal cells Rock or other substance SEM (false color) Hypha Algal cell 15 μm
- 24. With endophytes Without endophytes Young Mature 0 5 10 15 20 Proportionofleafareadamaged(%) a b b c Leaf age at time of treatment Endophytes