This document discusses the introduction of edible oils. It defines natural oils as those extracted from oil-bearing seeds or fruits, also known as essential oils. Synthetic oil is defined as oil made through chemical manufacturing processes that allow tight control of molecular structures. The major sources of edible oils discussed are seeds of annual plants, oil-bearing trees like olive and coconut, and palm oil extracted from fruit pulp rather than seeds.

1. INTRODUCTION OF
EDIBLE OIL
1 . 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N O F M A J O R S O U R C E O F E D I B L E O I L
1 . 2 N A T U R A L O I L
1 . 3 S Y N T H E T I C O I L
12/2/2020 1Dr. Mohammed Danish

2. INTRODUCTION OF OILS AND FATS
• Fat and oils occur naturally in a wide range of sources, with each source providing a separate and
distinctive materials.
• Hundreds of seeds and fruits bear oil, all animals produce fat, and marine sources also provide oils.
• All edible fats and oils are water insoluble substances that consists predominantly of glyceryl esters
of fatty acids, or triglycerides, with some nonglyceridic materials present in small or trace
quantities.
• The term fats and oils are used interchangeably, and the choice of the terms is usually based on the
physical state of the material at ambient temperature.
• Fat appears solid at ambient temperature and oil appears liquid.
• The melting points of fats are higher than the melting point of oils.
12/2/2020 2Dr. Mohammed Danish

3. • Oil and fat belong to a group of organic
compounds known as lipid.
• Oils and fats are natural occurring esters.
• Fats are found in animals
• Oils are found in both animals and plants
• Fats are oils are esters (Fatty acids + glycerol)
• Fatty acids containing 12-18 carbons per
molecule.
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4. FATTY ACIDS
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Name of fatty Molecular formula Types of fatty
Lauric acid CH3(CH2)10COOH Saurated
Palmatic acid CH3(CH2)14COOH Saturated
Stearic acid CH3(CH2)16COOH Saturated
Oleic cid CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH Unsaturated
Linoleic acid CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH Unsaturated
Dr. Mohammed Danish

5. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SATURATED
FAT AND UNSATURATED FAT
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Saturated fats Unsaturated fats
Consist of saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty
acids have no double bonds between the
carbon atoms of the fatty acid chains.
Consist of unsaturated fatty acids. UnsSaturated
fatty acids have one or more than one double
bonds in the fatty acid chains.
Higher melting point Lower melting point
Exist as solid at room temperature. Exist as liquid at room temperature.
Can not be hydrogenated. Can be hydrogenated
High cholesterol content No cholesterol content
Dr. Mohammed Danish

6. SOURCES OF EDIBLE OILS
• It was only during the last 10,000 years that they learned domesticate plants
and animals.
• The combined largest source of vegetable oils is the seeds of annual plants
grown in relatively temperate climates.
• The second source of the vegetable oil is oil-bearing trees. Olive, coconut,
and palm oils are extracted from the fruit pulp rather than the seed of the
fruit.
• Olive tree are the most hardy and can survive to be several hundred year
old.
• Coconut tree can start to bear fruit after 5 to 6 years, and their life
expectancy is as long as 60 years.
• Palm tree start to bear fruit after 4 to 5 years and continue to do so far
another 20 to 25 years.
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7. VEGETABLE OIL YIELDS
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Oil seed Oil content (%)
Canola 40-45
Corn 3.1-5.7
Cottonseed 18-20
Peanut 45-50
Safflower 30-35
Coconut 65-68
Olive 15-35
Palm 45-50
Dr. Mohammed Danish

8. NATURAL OIL
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• Natural oils are those that extracted from the oil bearing seed or fruit. Natural oils
also known as essential oil.
• Essential oil contain true essence of the plant it was derived from. It is highly
concentrated. It doesn’t contain artificial substances, unlike perfumes and fragrant oils.
• Essential oils are steam distilled or expressed.
• It is mixture of organic compounds.
• The distinctive character of an essential oil can be attributed to the functional present
in its key molecules.
• Ester, ethers, aldehydes, lactones, ketones, and alcohols are all found in the essential
oils.
Dr. Mohammed Danish

9. SYNTHETIC OIL
• Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that artificially made.
• Synthetic oil was developed before the second world war. In 1975 first commercially
available synthetic oil was launched.
• Synthetic oils are better perfoming oils so the use of it increased and auto
manufactureers now require the use of synthetic oil in engines.
• Synthetic oils has uniformly consistent properties, unlike cruide oil, which is a mixture
of hydrocarbons of varying molecular structure and size.
• Synthetic oils contains fewer impurities that affect the durability of conventional motor
oil. Consequently, synthetic oil lasts longer and provides a significantly greater level of
engine protection.
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10. DEFINITION OF SYNTHETIC OIL
• Synthetic oil is made with products that are chemically manufactured. These products,
primarily polyalphaolefins (PAO) and ester, possess many of the same qualities as
crude oil but without its disadvantages. The chemical processes permit tight control of
the molecular structure of PAOs and esters, ensuring the final oils have uniform and
stable properties.
• Some synthetic oils are made from highly refined crude oil. A process known as severe
hydrocracking breaks the long chain hydrocarbons into shorter, more uniform
molecules and at the same time reduces the level of impurities in the oil.
• Synthetic oil is an effective substitute for normal refined lubrication oil and has
superior lubricating properties, is longer lasting, and is a better choice for modern
engine.
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11. ADVANTAGES OF USING SYNTHETIC
OILS
Synthetic motor oil provides the following benefits:
• Longer engine life
• Lower emissions
• Excellent winter performance
• Enhanced engine wear protection
• Minimal deterioration between oil changes
• Cleaner engines
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12. REVIEW OF
TODAYS
LECTURE
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What are the differences between oils and Fats?
What are the fatty acids?
What are differences between the saturated and
unsaturated fats?
What are the major sources of edible oils?
Definitions of natural oil and synthetic oils?
Dr. Mohammed Danish

13. END OF SLIDES
THANKS FOR
YOUR
AT TENTION!
12/2/2020 13Dr. Mohammed Danish