The document discusses various methods for isolating fatty acids and glycerine from triglycerides including chemical and enzymatic modifications. Chemical modifications include transesterification, hydrolysis, aminolysis, and saponification. Transesterification is used to produce biodiesel and involves a reaction of triglycerides with an alcohol like methanol. Enzymatic modifications use lipases to selectively modify triglycerides in ways that cannot be achieved with chemical modifications. Overall, the document provides an overview of important industrial processes for separating fatty acids and glycerine from oils and fats.
PRODUCTION OF 60, 000 MTPA OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD PALM KERNEL ...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
OBJECTIVES
To produce 60,000 MTPA of methyl esters from RBD palm kernel oil.
To achieve the production of methyl esters by using homogeneous base-catalyzed transesterification method with sodium methoxide (NaOCH3) as catalyst.
Fatty alcohol. Define fatty alcohols Describe the production processes of fatty alcohols and its derivatives Draw the flow chart of fatty alcohol production Explain the uses and application of fatty alcohols.
3. Definitionof Fatty Alcohols Fatty alcohols are the workhorse raw materials that facilitate the existence of products such as shampoos, shaving creams, laundry detergents, etc, and are produced at a rate of about one-and-a-half million tonnes per year and growing. Fatty alcohols are oleochemicals derived from vegetable feedstocks. The feedstock raw materials include coconut and palm kernel oils. These refined vegetable oils are first converted to a methyl ester or fatty acid. This reaction generates crude glycerine. The intermediate methyl ester or fatty acid are then fractionated and hydrogenated to produce fatty alcohol. Sources : http://www.pgchemicals.com/products/fatty-alcohols/
4. Chemical Equation for Fatty Alcohol Production Sources : http://www.pgchemicals.com/products/fatty- alcohols/
5. Block diagram of Fatty Alcohol production process
6. Fatty acids are converted into methyl ester and hydrogenated into fatty alcohols.
7. Sources : http://www.abq.org.br/workshop/11/ADRIANO- SALES-%20FIRJAM_Oleochemicals-from-Palm-Kernel- Oil.pdf
8. Hydrogenation All natural fatty alcohol processes are based on renewable fats and oils like coconut, palm oil,palm kernel,rope seed and soya bean oil. It has been proven that hydrogenation of methyl esters are preferred alternatives than hydrogenating the oils directly. Using fixed bed hydrogenation process offers the advantage of lower hydrogenation temperatures and pressures. Using special catalysts, this process is able to produce unsaturated fatty alcohols too. To produce fatty alcohols, there are three routes which is acid route,ester route and wax ester route that are shown in the following block diagrams.
9. - Acid route - Ester route - Wax ester route
10. Acid Route
Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD PALM KERNEL OIL SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM
RBD PALM KERNEL OIL
Oleo chemicals
The term ― oleo chemicals refers to any chemical compounds derived from natural oils
almost 95% of natural oils and fats are used in food application
small percentage is applied in non-food purposes such as soap manufacturing
The advantages of using oleo chemicals over petrochemicals are:
Oleo chemicals are derived from renewable resources .
Oleo chemical production requires less energy and causes less pollution .
Oleo chemicals are fully non-toxic .
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
Description
Glycerolysis procedure is more economical - fats are cheaper and less glycerol is required.
Fats and fatty acids are insoluble in glycerol - high temperatures are required to force the reaction to proceed.
On production scale, direct esterification and interesterification can be done continuously or batchwise.
Generally, there will be input for the process and output from the process. Here we can define what are the related variables or input-output that present in this process.
Feed stream: In this process, the feed raw material is assumed already pure, so no need to purify the feed streams.
Excess reactant: fatty acid is fed as an excess reactant and is supplied in liquid form.
Recycle and purge: There are recycle stream from glycerol and fatty acid but there are no purges from the process.
Biodiesel can also be used as a heating fuel in domestic and commercial boilers, a mix of heating oil and biofuel which is standardized and taxed slightly differently from diesel fuel used for transportation. Bioheat fuel is a proprietary blend of biodiesel and traditional heating oil.
biodiesel tax credit extension 2019
biodiesel tax credit news
biodiesel vs diesel
biodiesel prices vs diesel prices
home biodiesel kits
biodiesel tax credit 2019
biodiesel cars
how to make biodiesel
biodiesel tax credit extension 2019
biodiesel tax credit news
biodiesel vs diesel
biodiesel prices vs diesel prices
home biodiesel kits
biodiesel tax credit 2019
biodiesel cars
how to make biodiesel
interesting civil engineering topics
seminar topics pdf
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
civil engineering ppt
latest civil engineering seminar topics
how biodiesel is produced
what is biodiesel made of
what is biodiesel used for
biodiesel vs diesel
what is biodiesel b20
disadvantages of biodiesel
what is biodiesel fuel
biodiesel production process description
contents Glycerol
Oligoglycerol and its types
History
Synthesis of different types of Oligoglycerols
Laboratory preparation & purification
Analysis of composition of Oligoglycerols by GC
Applications
Commercialization
Future Scope
Conclusion
Refrences
PRODUCTION OF 60, 000 MTPA OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD PALM KERNEL ...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
OBJECTIVES
To produce 60,000 MTPA of methyl esters from RBD palm kernel oil.
To achieve the production of methyl esters by using homogeneous base-catalyzed transesterification method with sodium methoxide (NaOCH3) as catalyst.
Fatty alcohol. Define fatty alcohols Describe the production processes of fatty alcohols and its derivatives Draw the flow chart of fatty alcohol production Explain the uses and application of fatty alcohols.
3. Definitionof Fatty Alcohols Fatty alcohols are the workhorse raw materials that facilitate the existence of products such as shampoos, shaving creams, laundry detergents, etc, and are produced at a rate of about one-and-a-half million tonnes per year and growing. Fatty alcohols are oleochemicals derived from vegetable feedstocks. The feedstock raw materials include coconut and palm kernel oils. These refined vegetable oils are first converted to a methyl ester or fatty acid. This reaction generates crude glycerine. The intermediate methyl ester or fatty acid are then fractionated and hydrogenated to produce fatty alcohol. Sources : http://www.pgchemicals.com/products/fatty-alcohols/
4. Chemical Equation for Fatty Alcohol Production Sources : http://www.pgchemicals.com/products/fatty- alcohols/
5. Block diagram of Fatty Alcohol production process
6. Fatty acids are converted into methyl ester and hydrogenated into fatty alcohols.
7. Sources : http://www.abq.org.br/workshop/11/ADRIANO- SALES-%20FIRJAM_Oleochemicals-from-Palm-Kernel- Oil.pdf
8. Hydrogenation All natural fatty alcohol processes are based on renewable fats and oils like coconut, palm oil,palm kernel,rope seed and soya bean oil. It has been proven that hydrogenation of methyl esters are preferred alternatives than hydrogenating the oils directly. Using fixed bed hydrogenation process offers the advantage of lower hydrogenation temperatures and pressures. Using special catalysts, this process is able to produce unsaturated fatty alcohols too. To produce fatty alcohols, there are three routes which is acid route,ester route and wax ester route that are shown in the following block diagrams.
9. - Acid route - Ester route - Wax ester route
10. Acid Route
Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD PALM KERNEL OIL SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM
RBD PALM KERNEL OIL
Oleo chemicals
The term ― oleo chemicals refers to any chemical compounds derived from natural oils
almost 95% of natural oils and fats are used in food application
small percentage is applied in non-food purposes such as soap manufacturing
The advantages of using oleo chemicals over petrochemicals are:
Oleo chemicals are derived from renewable resources .
Oleo chemical production requires less energy and causes less pollution .
Oleo chemicals are fully non-toxic .
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
Description
Glycerolysis procedure is more economical - fats are cheaper and less glycerol is required.
Fats and fatty acids are insoluble in glycerol - high temperatures are required to force the reaction to proceed.
On production scale, direct esterification and interesterification can be done continuously or batchwise.
Generally, there will be input for the process and output from the process. Here we can define what are the related variables or input-output that present in this process.
Feed stream: In this process, the feed raw material is assumed already pure, so no need to purify the feed streams.
Excess reactant: fatty acid is fed as an excess reactant and is supplied in liquid form.
Recycle and purge: There are recycle stream from glycerol and fatty acid but there are no purges from the process.
Biodiesel can also be used as a heating fuel in domestic and commercial boilers, a mix of heating oil and biofuel which is standardized and taxed slightly differently from diesel fuel used for transportation. Bioheat fuel is a proprietary blend of biodiesel and traditional heating oil.
biodiesel tax credit extension 2019
biodiesel tax credit news
biodiesel vs diesel
biodiesel prices vs diesel prices
home biodiesel kits
biodiesel tax credit 2019
biodiesel cars
how to make biodiesel
biodiesel tax credit extension 2019
biodiesel tax credit news
biodiesel vs diesel
biodiesel prices vs diesel prices
home biodiesel kits
biodiesel tax credit 2019
biodiesel cars
how to make biodiesel
interesting civil engineering topics
seminar topics pdf
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
civil engineering ppt
latest civil engineering seminar topics
how biodiesel is produced
what is biodiesel made of
what is biodiesel used for
biodiesel vs diesel
what is biodiesel b20
disadvantages of biodiesel
what is biodiesel fuel
biodiesel production process description
contents Glycerol
Oligoglycerol and its types
History
Synthesis of different types of Oligoglycerols
Laboratory preparation & purification
Analysis of composition of Oligoglycerols by GC
Applications
Commercialization
Future Scope
Conclusion
Refrences
Introduction of fats, Reaction of fatty acids, Reaction of fats or oil- Hydrolysis, Hydrogenation, Halogenation, saponification, Drying of oil, Rancidity, Determination of acid value, saponification value, iodine value, acetyl value,
Due to increase demand of energy, increasing price
of petroleum fuels, depletion of petroleum fuels, and
environmental pollution by these fuel emissions, it is very
necessary to find the alternative fuels. This work focused on use
of hybrid blends of Karanja and Cottonseed oil Biodiesels. In this
work 20% and 25% blends are used and the performance and
emission tests were conducted on single cylinder, 4-stroke, water
cooled CI engine by running the engine at a speed of 1500rpm, at
a compression ratio of 16.5:1 and at an injection pressure of
205bar and performance parameters like BP, BSFC, BTE and
the emissions like CO, HC and NOx are compared. It was found
that the blends gave comparatively good results in respect of
performance and emissions.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
1. 4.0 FATT Y ACIDS
ISOL ATION AND
GLYCERINE RECOVERY
C H E M I C A L M O D I F I C A T I O N
T R A N S E S T E R I F I C A T I O N
H Y D R O L Y S I S
A M I N O L Y S I S
S A P O N I F I C A T I O N
E N Z Y M E M O D I F I C A T I O N S
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
1
2. WHY
ISOLATION OF
FATTY ACIDS
AND
GLYCERINE IS
INDUSTRIALLY
IMPORTANT?
The importance of fatty acid and glycerine in chemical industry is
well known, they are the key constituents in wide range of the
daily use products such as:
• Fatty acids: used in production of soap & detergents,
cosmetics, lubricants, paints, rubber, textile and emulsifier.
• Glycerine: used in production of toothpaste, alkyd resins,
explosive, cosmetics, food & beverages, pharmaceuticals.
29/2/2020 CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol Dr. Mohammed Danish 2
3. HOW FATTY ACID AND
GLYCERINE SEPARATED FROM
THE TRIGLYCERIDES (OIL &
FAT)?
Splitting of triglycerides (oil & fat) can be
carried out by two methods:
• Chemical modification (catalysed or
uncatalyzed)
• Enzyme modifications
29/2/2020 CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol Dr. Mohammed
Danish 3
4. CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS
Chemical modification in oil and fat can be performed by the following methods:
o Transesterification
o Hydrolysis
o Aminolysis
o Saponification
Chemical agents required to perform above reactions are
o Salt of methanol = Transesterification
o Water = Hydrolysis
o Amines = Aminolysis
o Caustic soda = Saponification
29/2/2020 CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol Dr. Mohammed
Danish 4
5. REVERSIBLE REACTION
o Glycerol react with three molecules of fatty acid gives ester product named
triglycerides and three molecules of water.
o Triglycerides in presence of water under suitable condition break into glycerol and
three molecules of fatty acids.
G l y c e r o l + 3 F a t t y a c i d s
E s t e r i f i c a t i o n
S p l i t t i n g
T r i g l y c e r i d e + 3 H 2 O
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
5
6. TRANSESTIFICATION
• Transesterification includes chemical reactions where an ester is reacted with alcohol
(alcoholysis), acid (acidolysis), or another ester (interesterification or ester exchange),
to generate a new ester.
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
6
7. ALCOHOLYSIS
• When alcohol reacts with triglycerides the products formed are fatty acid alkyl ester and
glycerol. Most common alcoholysis is methanol reaction with triglycerides, called
methanolysis in this reaction fatty acid methyl ester and glycerol are generated.
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
7
8. • Fatty acid methyl ester can be used an alternative fuel for diesel engine (biodiesel).
Biodiesel is a substitute or extender for traditional petroleum diesel.
• Biodiesel can be used in conventional diesel engines, and the use of biodiesel is
advantageous for reducing emission of CO2, CO, SO2 and particle materials.
• Use of biodiesel spreading worldwide, in France, all the diesel fuel marketed contains
5% of biodiesel.
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
8
9. • Another common alcoholysis is glycerolysis, in which triglycerides react with glycerol
(alcohol) in the presence of alkaline catalyst to form partial glyceride such as
monoacylglycerol.
• A mixture of triacylglycerol and glycerol are heated at 200-250 °C in the presence of
sodium hydroxide, the resulting main product is monoacylglycerol, which is used as
food emulsifier after purification by molecular distillation.
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
9
10. ACIDOLYSIS
• An Industrial Application of acidolysis is production of long chain fatty acids vinylesters
from vinylacetate (this can be obtained by chemical reaction of ethylene and acetic
acid) and fatty acids. Long chain fatty acid vinyl esters are industrial raw material for
making plastics.
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
10
11. INTERESTERIFICATION
• Interesterification of oil changes its molecular composition. Oils or fats are mixture of
various triacylglycerol molecules having different fatty acids and positional distribution.
• Treating oils and fats with sodium methoxide as a catalyst at 80 °C causes
intermolecular ester exchange, changing the molecular composition, while leaving the
fatty acid composition unchanged.
• As a result of it, the oil changes its physical properties such as melting point and
consistency.
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
11
13. • An important application of interesterification is improvement of natural lard.
• Natural lard tends to form a rough crystal, which is difficult to handle, during storage.
This is because 64% of palmitic acid is attached to 2nd position of triacylglycerol
molecules.
• Randomization of the positional distribution of fatty acids of natural lard by
interesterification improves its physical property, making it a smooth.
• Another example of interesterification is in the margarine production. Interesterification
of soyabean oil and completely hydrogenated soybean oil provides a material for
margarine.
• This rearranged oil has an advantage that it does not contain trans fatty acid, because it
is not made through partial hydrogenation.
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
13
14. WHY CATALYST IS IMPORTANT IN
INTERESTERIFCATION REACTION?
• Although fatty acid can be rearranged in the triglycerides without the use of a catalyst at
a temperature of 250 °C (475 °F) or higher, but most oil and fat processors use alkali
metal alkylates or alkali metals to speed up the reaction.
• Oil and fat at higher temperature without the assistance of a catalyst proceed slowly to
equilibrium and have other undesirable changes such as, isomerization, polymerization,
and decomposition reactions.
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
14
15. CHEMICAL INTERESTERIFICATIONS
Some of the chemical catalyst used frequently in interesterification reaction of the oil and
fat are:
oSodium methylate: it is most widely used as low temperature catalyst for conducting
interesterification. It can be used as powder or dispersion in solvent such as xylene at
very low level, 0.1% if the oil and fat have low free fatty acids.
o Sodium potassium alloy: it is liquid at room temperature so no need any solvent for
dispersion, it can also used in very low level 0.05 % to 0.1%. it can catalysed low
temperature reactions at faster rate than any other catalyst but requires high shear
agitation and is physically more expensive even though it offer low oil loss. The oil must
be dried before the use of this catalyst, otherwise it form H2 gas which inactivate the
catalyst. It can create explosion with H2 gas and heat generated during deactivation.
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
15
16. • Sodium or potassium hydroxide: it is lowest cost catalyst, but they must be used in
combination with glycerol. It require a two stage reaction under vacuum at high
temperature. In first stage at 60 °C to neutralize any free fatty acids, dry the oil and
disperse the catalyst. In second stage the reaction mixture should heated at 140- 160
°C to effect the rearrangement.
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
16
17. STEPS INVOLVED IN
INTERESTERIFICATION PROCESS
The chemical rearrangement of the fats and oil can be accomplished using either batch
or continuous process. Both processes performed the three important rearrangement
steps:
o Pre-treatment of the oil.
o Reaction with the catalyst, and
o Deactivation of the catalyst.
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
17
18. BATCH INTERESTERIFICATION
PROCESS• A typical batch interesterification rearrangement reaction vessel should be equipped
with an agitator, coils for heating and cooling, nitrogen sparging, and vacuum
capabilities.
29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
18
19. 29/2/2020
CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
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The process steps for batch rearrangement are:
o Heat fat to 120-150 °C, in the reaction vessel under a vacuum to dry the oil.
o After drying the fat is cooled to the reaction temperature, which ranges from 70 °C to
100 °C depending upon the product and desired processing conditions.
o Catalyst such as sodium methylate powder is sucked into the reaction vessel with the
vacuum. The catalyst requirement can be calculated as: % catalyst required = (FFA x
0.19) + 0.06.
oWhen the reaction completion is confirmed by the laboratory results, the catalyst is
neutralized in the reaction vessel.
o The neutralization may be done by adding phosphoric acid or carbon dioxide prior to
water washing to deactivate the catalyst.
20. CONTINUOUS INTERESTERIFICATION
PROCESS
The process flow for one continuous system is as follow:
oThe oil heated with a heat exchanger and flash dried with a vacuum oil dryer o bring the
moisture level to 0.01% or less.
o The catalyst is introduced into the hot oil stream and homogenized for dispersion.
oThe homogenized mixture then passed through a tubular reactor. The reactor residence
time can be adjusted by changing the length of the tube.
o The catalyst is deactivated with water and centrifuged to separate the soap and oil.
o After separation the product is vacuum dried to remove the remaining traces of
moisture.
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CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
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22. HYDROLYSIS
• Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a substance by the addition of water: fats and oils
(triglycerides) are hydrolysed by moisture to yield glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
• Chemically fats and oil are ester, so they liable to hydrolysis. This reaction is either
catalysed by by enzymes or non enzymatic chemical catalyst.
• Partial hydrolysis or triglycerides will yield mon- and di-glycerides and free fatty acids.
• When hydrolysis is carried to completion with water in the presence of an acid catalyst,
the mono-, di-, and triglycerides will hydrolysed to yield glycerol and free fatty acids.
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CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
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24. AMINOLYSIS
• Triglycerides reacts with ammonia to form amides of fatty acids and glycerol.
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CPB30303 Oil & Fat Technol
Dr. Mohammed Danish
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H2C
H
C CH2
O O O
CO CO CO
R R R
+
NH3
H2C
H
C CH2
O O O
H H H
+ 3 H2N C
O
R
Triglycerides
Amm onia
Glycerol
Alkyl am ide
25. SAPONIFICATION
What is saponification process?
• A process in which ester in fats are hydrolysed
with sodium or potassium hydroxide (NaOH or
KOH) to produce a carboxylate anion which can
act as a surfactant, i.e. soap.
Or
• When triglyceride are hydorlyzed (saponified) by
alkalis, glycerol plus the salts of fatty acids are
produced. Generally the sodium or potassium
salts are obtained which are termed soaps.
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26. • The triglycerides are most often animal fats or vegetable oils. When sodium hydroxide is
used, a hard soap is produced. Using potassium hydroxide results in a soft soap.
• Saponification is the name of the reaction that produces soap.
• In the process, animal or vegetable fat is converted into soap and glycerol (alcohol). The
reaction requires a solution of an alkali (e.g. sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) in
water and also heat.
• The reaction is used commercially to make soap, lubricants and fire extinguishers.
There are two methods to produce soaps:
• One step process
• Two step process
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27. • One-step triglyceride reaction with lye (base) is most frequently used, there is also two step saponification
reaction.
• In the two step reaction, steam hydrolysis of the triglyceride yields carboxylic acid (rather than salt of it) and
glycerol. In the second step of the process, alkali neutralizes the fatty acid to produce soap.
Advantage of two step process:
• The advantage of the process is that it allows for purification of the fatty acids and thus produces a higher
quality soap.
Disadvantage of two step process:
• The two-step process if slower.
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28. ENZYMES MODIFICATION
• Enzymatic interesterification is now used to produce high-value added structured fat and oil products.
• Specific lipase such as lipolytic enzymes (Candida Rugosa, Aspergillus Niger and Rhizopus Arrhizus) can
produce useful glycerides mixtures that can not be produced by the chemical modification.
• In all glyceride reactions, the lipases catalysed either the removal or the exchange of fatty acid groups on the
glycerol backbone. Different lipases can show preferences for both the position of the fatty acid groups on the
glycerides and the nature of the fatty acids.
• Two types of lipase catalyst identified by application specificity:
o Random lipases, which catalyse reactions at all three positions on the glycerides randomly.
o 1,3-specific lipases, which catalyse reactions only at the outer 1- and 3- positions of the glycerides.
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30. RANDOM LIPASE
INTERESTERIFICATION
• It is very little advantages over standard chemical techniques.
• Non-specific catalysed reactions with triglycerides produce products similar to those
obtained by chemical interesterification.
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1,3-SPECIFIC LIPASES
• With 1,3-specific lipase as a catalyst, fatty acid migration is confined to the 1- and 3-
position to produce a mixture of triglycerides not possible with chemical
interesterification.
31. PREPARATION OF LIPASE
• Lipase are manufactured by fermentation of selected microorganisms followed by a
purification process.
• The enzymatic interesterification catalysts are prepared by the addition of a solvent such as
acetone, ethanol, or methanol to a slurry of an inorganic particulate material in buffered
lipase solution.
• The precipitated enzyme coats the inorganic material, and the lipase-coated particles are
recovered by filtration and dried.
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32. ADVANTAGES OF LIPASE-CATALYSED
INTERESTERIFICATION
• Lipase-catalysed interesterification of fat and oil can performed either by stirred batch
reactor or with continuous processing using a fixed-bed reactor.
• The continuous processing using fixed bed reactor is preferred process offering following
advantages:
o It minimize the reaction time due to the high catalyst substrate ratio.
o The catalyst used recovered without damage
oImprove operability
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33. STEPS OF LIPASE-CATALYSED INTERESTERIFICATION
• The continuous fixed-bed interesterification process begins:
• by dissolving the feed stock in a solvent
• followed by treatment to remove enzyme catalyst inhibitors, catalyst terminator (poison)s, and particulate
matter.
• The resulting solution is then partially saturated with water prior to pumping through a bed of hydrated catalyst
particles.
• The reaction products are a mixture of triglycerides and free fatty acids.
• After reaction, the FFA are removed by evapouration and processed for recovery.
• The FFA-free oil is then solvent fractionated to yield the desired triglyceride composition.
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34. SLIDE ENDS HERE
T H A N K S F O R Y O U R AT T E N T I O N !
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