This document discusses manufacturing systems and plant layouts. It begins by defining manufacturing as processing raw materials into products with added value. There are two main categories of manufacturing systems - discrete parts and continuous process. Plant layout focuses on arranging equipment and work centers to allow efficient material flow. The main types of plant layouts are process, product, and fixed position layouts, as well as hybrid combinations. Process layouts group similar processes together while product layouts group similar products together.
Process parameters calculation for various production processes-Selection jigs and fixtures election of quality assurance methods - Set of documents for process planning-Economics of process planning.
Process parameters calculation for various production processes-Selection jigs and fixtures election of quality assurance methods - Set of documents for process planning-Economics of process planning.
PPCE unit 3 (ME8793 – PROCESS PLANNING AND COST ESTIMATION) TAMILMECHKIT
UNIT III - INTRODUCTION TO COST ESTIMATION
Importance of costing and estimation –methods of costing-elements of cost estimation –Types of estimates – Estimating procedure- Estimation labor cost, material cost- allocation of over head charges- Calculation of depreciation cost
PPCE unit 3 (ME8793 – PROCESS PLANNING AND COST ESTIMATION) TAMILMECHKIT
UNIT III - INTRODUCTION TO COST ESTIMATION
Importance of costing and estimation –methods of costing-elements of cost estimation –Types of estimates – Estimating procedure- Estimation labor cost, material cost- allocation of over head charges- Calculation of depreciation cost
PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL PPC NOTES.pptxshishirrathod1
To understand the various components and functions of production planning and control
To know the recent trends like manufacturing requirement Planning (MRP) and Enterprise
Resource planning (ERP).
To know the importance of selection of material, machines, methods and manpower
Production planning and control refers to two strategies that work cohesively throughout the manufacturing process. Production planning involves what to produce, when to produce it, how much to produce, and more. A long-term view of production planning is necessary to fully optimize the production flow.
Production control uses different control techniques to reach optimum performance from the production system to achieve throughput targets.
Click below to ENROLL in the course OR Copy paste the URL below.
https://www.udemy.com/course/production-ppc
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
2. Manufacturing
■ Although the basis of manufacturing can be traced back as far as 5000-
4000 BC, the word manufacture did not appear until 1567, with
manufacturing appearing over 100 years later in 1683.
■ The word was derived from the Latin words manus (meaning 'hand')
and facere (meaning 'to make').
■ In Late Latin, these were combined to form the word manufactus
meaning 'made by hand' or 'hand-made'.
■ Indeed, the word factory was derived from the now obsolete word
manufactory. In its broadest and most general sense, manufacturing is
defined as (DeGarmo et al., 1988)
3. However, in more concise terms, it is defined in the Collins English
Dictionary (1998) as:
■ Processing or making (a product) from raw materials, especially as
a large scale operation using machinery.
In a modem context, this definition can be expanded further to:
■ The making of products from raw materials using various
processes, equipment, operations and manpower according to a
detailed plan.
4. ■ It should have worth in the market or a value. Therefore,
manufacturing is 'adding value' to the material.
■ The value added to the material through processing must be greater
than the cost of processing to allow the organization to make money or
a profit. Therefore, added value can be defined as (ICMA, 1974):
The increase in market value resulting from an alteration of the form,
location or availability of a product, excluding the cost of materials and
services.
This allows manufacturing to be further defined as:
■ The making of products from raw materials using various
processes, equipment, operations and manpower according to a
detailed plan that is cost-effective and generates income through
sales.
5. Manufacturing System
A system in which raw materials are processed from one form
into another, known as a product, gaining a higher or added
value in the process and thus creating wealth in the form of a
profit.
6. ■ This defines a manufacturing system as (Lucas Engineering and
Systems, 1992):
An integrated combination of processes, machine systems,
people, organizational structures, information flows, control
systems and computers whose purpose is to achieve economic
product manufacture and inter- nationally competitive
performance.
8. Common Characteristics of a
Manufacturing System
■ All systems will have specific business objectives to meet in the
most cost-effective manner.
■ All systems consist of an integrated set of sub-systems, usually
based on functions, which have to be linked according to the
material processing.
■ All systems must have some means of controlling the sub-
systems and the overall system.
■ To operate properly, all systems need a flow of information and a
decision-making process.
9.
10. Developing a manufacturing
strategy
■ Six basic decision categories have been identified and these are
(Hayes and Wheel right, 1984):
■ Capacity Decisions - these deal with how customer demand is
met in terms of the resources available and those required. In
effect the questions being asked are, what has to be made, what
will be used to make it and when and how will this be achieved?
■ Process Decisions - this is basically about deciding which type
of system should be employed. This is complicated by the fact
that most companies employ hybrid systems. This decision is
linked to four distinct processing strategies
11.
12. ■ Facility Decisions - The main focus of this decision is the layout of plant
at a factory level, and the assigning of specific products to specific plants
at an organizational level.
■ Make or Buy Decisions - The essence of this decision is identifying what
is to be made in house and what is to be sub-contracted. This is
particularly important as it will influence the capacity, facilities and
process decisions.
■ Infrastructure Decisions - This decision considers the policies and
organization required to meet the business objectives. Specifically it will
consider the production planning and control system, the quality assurance
system and the organizational structure.
■ Human Resource Decision - Obviously other decision categories can
have a huge influence on this decision. The two main decisions are
identifying the functions and organizational structure required and the
reward system, that is, pay, bonuses, etc.
13. Manufacturing Organizational
Structures
■ Sales and Marketing - This part of the organization provides the
interface with the market. The main responsibilities of this function are
to ensure a steady flow of orders and consolidate and expand the
organization's share of the market. Typical sub-functions might include
sales forecasting, order pro- cessing, market research, servicing and
distribution.
■ Engineering - Typically under this functional heading the sub-
functions would include product design, research and development
(R&D) and the setting of specifications and standards. The level to
which R&D is carried out will depend on the product. For example, in
high-tech products, R&D will play a major role in determining the use
of materials and processes and future product design.
14. Manufacturing - the diversification of the manufacturing function
will depend very much on the size of the organization.
Typical sub-functions might include:
Production planning with responsibility for producing
manufacturing plans such as the master production schedule (MPS)
and the materials requirements plan (MRP).
Quality assurance whose job it is to ensure that products are being
made to the required specification.
Plant maintenance with the responsibility of ensuring that all
equipment and machinery is maintained at an appropriate level for
its use.
15. Industrial engineering whose responsibilities include the
determination of work methods and standards, plant layouts and cost
estimates.
Manufacturing engineering whose responsibilities includes
manufacturing systems development, process development, process
evaluation and process planning.
Production materials control who coordinate the flow of materials
and work through the manufacturing plant (work-in-progress).
Stores will usually be included in this function.
Production whose responsibility it is to physically make the
product.
16. ■ Human resources - This is again a broad heading that typically will
include sub-functions such as recruitment, training and development,
labour relations, job evaluations and wages.
■ Finance and accounts - The main responsibilities of finance include
capital financing, budget setting and investment analysis. Accounts
generally deal with the keeping of financial records including cost
accounting, financial reporting and data processing.
■ Purchasing - This primarily involves the acquisition of materials,
equipment and services. They must ensure that the above support the
manufacturing capabilities by satisfying their supply need. They must
also ensure the quality and quantity of supplies through vendor rating.
17. Types of Organizational Structure
■ A functional structure
■ A product structure
■ A matrix structure
21. Categories of manufacturing
system
There are two basic categories of manufacturing system:
■ Discrete parts manufacturing;
■ Continuous process manufacturing.
Discrete parts manufacturing involves the manufacture of individual
items and can be further classified into:
■ Project manufacture
■ Jobbing shop manufacture
■ Batch manufacture
■ Mass/flow manufacture
22.
23.
24.
25. Plant Layout
■ As discussed above, plant layout focuses on the equipment and
machinery within the production area and all related areas.
■ However, this requires further definition. Plant layout is about
the physical arrangements of departments, workgroups within
departments, workstations, machines and stock-holding points
within a manufacturing facility.
■ These are also some- times referred to as economic activity
centres or work centres.
26. The objective is to arrange the people and equipment to
operate effectively and allow the smooth flow of work.
In general, the inputs to the layout decision are as follows
(Chase et al., 1998):
■ Specification of the objectives and criteria used to evaluate the
layout design. Typical examples are the required space and the
distance travelled between centres.
■ Estimates of product demand on the system.
■ Processing requirements in terms of the number of operations
and amount of flow between the elements in the layout.
■ Increasing the efficient utilization of labour and equipment.
■ Reducing hazards to employees.
■ Improving employee morale.
■ Improving communication.
27. Types of Plant Layout
■ Process layouts
■ Product layout
■ Fixed position layout
■ Hybrid layouts
29. ■ Resources are general purpose and thus less expensive.
■ It is more flexible as it is less vulnerable to changes in products.
■ Equipment utilization is higher as processes are used across a high
variety of products.
■ Employee supervision can be more specialized which is important due
to the high skill factor of personnel.
■ Processing rates tend to be slower.
■ Production time is lost due to set-up due to frequent product
changeover.
■ High inventory required to keep workstations busy.
■ Lead times tend to be long and variable.
■ Too much material handling.
■ The numerous routings and flows across the shop floor necessitate the
use of simple carrying devices such as carts.
■ Production planning and control is more difficult.
31. ■ High production rates.
■ Low work-in-progress inventory.
■ Minimizing material handling.
■ Minimizing lost production time due to changeovers.
■ Ease of production planning and control.
■ As the layout is based on the product it is less flexible.
■ Process breakdowns can halt an entire production line.
■ The capacity of the line is determined by the bottleneck work
centre.
■ Poor use of resources for low-volume products.