Introduction to water treatment, objectives for water treatment, water pollution and its effects on human health, BIS values for drinking water, Types of intake Structures.
Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
Individual responsibility in conservation of groundwater resourcesAncy Varghese
There is no simple or inexpensive way to purify polluted groundwater. Further pollution can be controlled, or reduced by:
Reducing the use of pesticides and fertilizers
Using environmental friendly chemicals in agriculture
Proper disposal of toxic wastes.
Use of native plants in our landscape
grade 11 chapter 4 module Earth Science: Water ResourcesRinaVeronicaFabian
a lesson explaining different water resources, hydrologic cycle, aquifers, wetland, surface water, glaciers, ground water, layers of the ocean and others.
Water logging - An ill-effect of Irrigation Priyank Busa
An Irrigated area is said to be waterlogged -
When the shallow water table rises to such an extent that soil pores in the root zone of a crop become saturated, resulting in restriction of the normal circulation of the air or
When the surplus water stagnates due to poor drainage.
The Presentation contributes an overall study of the term Waterlogging, its Effects, Causes and steps that needs to be taken for its Prevention.
An agricultural land is said to be waterlogging when the soil pores within the roof zone of the crops are saturated to such an extent that normal circulation of air within the soil pores is totally cut off and productivity of soil is affected. Waterlogging generally occurs because of over-irrigation , high water table and the poor water management.
The yield of crop is adversely affected when the depth of water table is equal to or less then the one given below.
Individual responsibility in conservation of groundwater resourcesAncy Varghese
There is no simple or inexpensive way to purify polluted groundwater. Further pollution can be controlled, or reduced by:
Reducing the use of pesticides and fertilizers
Using environmental friendly chemicals in agriculture
Proper disposal of toxic wastes.
Use of native plants in our landscape
grade 11 chapter 4 module Earth Science: Water ResourcesRinaVeronicaFabian
a lesson explaining different water resources, hydrologic cycle, aquifers, wetland, surface water, glaciers, ground water, layers of the ocean and others.
Water logging - An ill-effect of Irrigation Priyank Busa
An Irrigated area is said to be waterlogged -
When the shallow water table rises to such an extent that soil pores in the root zone of a crop become saturated, resulting in restriction of the normal circulation of the air or
When the surplus water stagnates due to poor drainage.
The Presentation contributes an overall study of the term Waterlogging, its Effects, Causes and steps that needs to be taken for its Prevention.
An agricultural land is said to be waterlogging when the soil pores within the roof zone of the crops are saturated to such an extent that normal circulation of air within the soil pores is totally cut off and productivity of soil is affected. Waterlogging generally occurs because of over-irrigation , high water table and the poor water management.
The yield of crop is adversely affected when the depth of water table is equal to or less then the one given below.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• OBJECTIVES FOR TREATMENT OF WATER
• SOURCES OF WATER
• MICRO-ORGANISMS IN NATURAL WATER AND PURIFICATION
• DRINKING WATER QUALITY AS PER BIS
• SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION, DISEASES AND CONTROL
• FLOW DIAGRAM ON WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
• INTAKE STRUCTURES AND TYPES
• REFERENCE 1
3. INTRODUCTION
• Water is the most abundant compound in the nature
• It covers 75% of the earth surface
• About 97.3% of water in the Oceans is saline and 2.14% is held in ice-caps.
• Barely the remaining 0.56% found on earth which is useful for general livelihood.
• Water quality typically falls within 3 categories i.e., physical, chemical and
microbiological. Physical parameters include colour, turbidity, total suspended
solids etc.,
• Chemical parameters include heavy metals, acidity or basicity etc.,
• Microbiological parameters include bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasites.
• The water treatment aims at removing all the above parameters and make the
water potable and palatable for human use.
2
4. OBJECTIVES
1) The principal objective of water treatment is to provide water free from physical,
chemical and microbiological parameters.
2) To make water potable for humans.
3) To remove pathogenic organisms.
4) To improve the quality of water.
5) To remove corrosion causing agents.
6) To maintain better sanitation and beautiful surroundings.
3
5. Sources of Water and their Characteristics
• The source of water commonly determines the nature of the collection,
purification, transmission and distribution works.
• Sources are classified as:
1. Surface sources:
i. Rainwater
ii. Rivers
iii. Lakes and ponds
2. Sub-surface sources:
i. Infiltration Galleries
ii. Wells
iii. Springs
4
6. Rainwater
• The evaporated water from the surface rise-up into the atmosphere were it
condenses in clouds and falls back to earth in the form of rain.
• Rate of precipitation can be measured in mm/hr using rain gauges
• Light rain <2.5mm per hour, medium rain 2.5mm to 7.6mm per hour and heavy
rain >7.6 mm per hour
• Types of rainfall
i. Relief rainfall: when air has been blown over the sea and is the forced up over
an area of high land.
ii. Frontal rainfall: when warm air is forced to rise over cold air. The moisture in
the warm air condenses as it cools which causes clouds and rain.
iii. Convectional rainfall: when hot air rises and cools condenses in cloud forming
rain. Occurs mostly in tropics where it is hot. 5
8. Rivers
• Rivers are the main source of surface water.
• Rivers are further classified into Perennial and Non-perennial rivers.
• Perennial rivers have water throughout the year therefore they do not require any
arrangements to hold the water.
• But the Non-perennial rivers dry up wholly or partially in summer.
• In summer the quality of river water is better than monsoon because the run-off
water also carries clay, slit etc which make the water turbid. So, river water require
special treatments.
• Mostly all the cities are situated near the rivers which usually discharges sewage
in the rivers.
• Therefore, much care should be taken while drawing water from the river.
7
10. Lakes and Ponds
• Inland bodies with sufficiently large surface areas are called lakes
• Inland bodies with small surface areas are called ponds
• Lakes and ponds may be artificially constructed or naturally occurring
• The water from these sources may be better in quality than the river water and can
be used for domestic purpose without much treatment.
• The quality of water in the natural ponds lakes depends upon the basin’s capacity,
catchment area, annual rainfall etc.,
9
12. Infiltration Galleries
• A horizontal tunnel which is constructed through water bearing strata for trapping
underground water near rivers, lakes or streams are called “Infiltration galleries”
• The yield from the galleries may be as much as 1.5 × 104
lt/day/m length of
infiltration gallery.
• Infiltration galleries may be constructed with masonry or concrete.
Fig: infiltration galleries
11
13. Wells
• A well is defined as an artificial hole or pit made in the ground for the purpose of
trapping water.
• In India 17- 85% of Indian population has to depend on wells for its water supply.
There are different types of wells,
1. Shallow wells
2. Deep wells
3. Tube wells
4. Artesian wells
12
14. Shallow wells
• Shallow wells are constructed in the uppermost layer of the earth’s surface.
• The diameter of well varies from 2-3 m and a maximum depth of 7m.
Deep wells
• The deep wells obtain their water from an aquifer below the impervious layer.
• The water from the outcrop travels to the site of deep well.
• The outcrop is the place where aquifer is exposed to the atmosphere.
• The rain water entered at outcrop and get thoroughly purified when it reaches to
the site of deep well.
13
16. Springs
• Sometimes ground water reappears at the ground surface in the form of springs.
• Springs generally supply small quantity of water and hence suitable for the hill
towns.
• Some springs discharge hot water due to presence of sulphur and useful only for
cure of certain skin disease.
• Types of springs:
1. Gravity springs
2. Surface springs
3. Artesian springs
15
17. Gravity springs
• When the ground water table rises high and water overflows through the sides of
natural valley or a depression, the spring formed is known as a gravity spring.
Surface springs
• Sometimes an impervious obstruction supporting the underground storages
becomes inclined causing the water table to go up and get exposed to the ground
surface. This type of spring is called surface spring.
Artesian springs
• When the ground water rises through a fissure in the upper impervious stratum,
the spring formed is artesian spring.
16
19. Comparison of Surface and sub-surface sources
SURFACE WATER
• Quantity: The quantity available for
surface water depends upon rainfall.
• Since the rainfall is not uniform,
storage reservoirs are constructed
which provide good means of storing
and utilizing rainwater.
• Quality: The quality of water
obtained from the rivers is generally
not reliable as it contains large amount
of untreated sewage, industrial waste
etc., which discharged.
• A lot of treatment will required before
supply.
SUB-SURFACE WATER
• Quantity: The quantity of ground
water is generally less than that of
surface water.
• They depends upon the underground
storage and the geological formation
of the area.
• Quality: Ground water generally
contain lesser suspended matter.
• As the water passes through the
porous earth strata water undergoes
natural filtration.
• This water require less treatment.
18
20. MICRO-ORGANISMS PURIFY WATER
1. Ciliate protozoa: they play an very important role in the purification process.
Bacteria are eaten by small Ciliate protozoa which in turn eaten by metazoa.
Fig 7: Ciliate protozoa
19
21. 2. Nitrifying Bacteria: these are aerobic bacteria which can convert nitrogenous
waste into nitrates, such as ammonia which is highly toxic. The main types of
nitrifying bacteria are Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.
Fig 8: Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.
20
22. 3. Methanogens: they can deliver methane gas, by breaking down the
organic materials or use H2 and CO2 to make methane.
Although methane emissions have negative environmental impacts, the
use of methanogens can be use in reducing wastewater and the pollution
of water systems across the world.
Fig 9: Filamentous methanogen.
21
23. 4. Rotifers: these microscopic complex organisms are filter feeders removing fine
particulate matter from water. They occur naturally in aerobic lagoons, activated
sludge process, in trickling filters and in final settlement tanks.
Fig 10: Rotifers
22
24. 5. Saprophytic Bacteria and Fungi: they can convert organic matter into living
cell mass, carbon-di-oxide, water and a range of metabolic by-products.
Fig 11: Saprophytic Bacteria and Fungi
23
25. DRINKING WATER QUALITY AS PER BIS
Sl.
No.
Characteristics Acceptable
limits
Permissible
limit
1 pH 6.5-8.5 No
Relaxation
2 Taste and odour agreeable agreeable
3 Colour (in forel ule
scale)
5 15
4 Turbidity (NTU Scale) 1 5
5 Total dissolved solids
in ppm
500 2000
6 Total hardness in mg/l 200 600
7 Total alkalinity as
CaCO3 mg/l
200 600
8 Chlorides in mg/l 200 1000
9 Fluorides in mg/l 1 1.5
10 Sulphates in mg/l 200 400
11 Iron in mg/l 0.3 No relaxation
24
26. Sl.
No.
Characteristics Acceptable
limits
Permissible
limit
12 Lead in mg/l 0.01 No relaxation
13 Magnesium as Mg in mg/l 30 100
14 Calcium as Ca in mg/l 75 200
15 Total alkalinity as 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
mg/l
200 600
16 Manganese as Mn mg/l 0.1 0.3
17 Copper as Cu in mg/l 0.05 1.5
18 Zinc as Zn in mg/l 5 15
19 Nitrate in mg/l 45 No relaxation
20 Silver as Ag in mg/l 0.1 No relaxation
21 Sulphide in mg/l 0.05 No relaxation
22 Free residual chlorine in mg/l 0.2 1
23 Boron as B in mg/l 0.5 1.0
27. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
• Water pollution is an major problem which lead the world on a path of destruction.
• Water is an easy solvent enabling most pollutants to dissolve in it easily and
contaminate it.
• The following are the sources of water pollution:
1) Industrial waste
2) Sewage and waste water
3) Marine dumping
4) Radioactive waste
5) Leakage from landfills
25
28. WATER-BORNE DISEASES
• Water pollution involves the pollution of surface waters and/or groundwater,
which may cause a series of diseases referred to as water pollution diseases.
• Diseases like:
1. Typhoid
2. Cholera
3. Diarrhea
4. Jaundice
5. Amoebiasis
6. Vomiting
7. Stomach cramps
8. Respiratory infections
9. Thyroid system disorders
26
29. Control Measures of Water Pollution
1. Administration of water pollution control should be in the hands of
state or central government.
2. Public awareness must be initiated regarding adverse effects of
water pollution using the media.
3. Basic and applied research in public health engineering should be
encouraged.
4. Qualified and experienced people must be consulted from time to
time for effective control of water pollution.
5. Laws, standards and practices should be established to prevent water
pollution.
6. Industrial plants should be based on recycling operations as it helps
prevent disposal of wastes into natural waters. 27
30. Control measures contd..,
7. Water supplies must be disinfected, checked thoroughly then sent to
public. This applies to water supply scheme and open wells etc.
8. More precautions needed during heavy rain, floods and repair works
on road.
28
36. INTAKE STRUCTURES AND TYPES OF INTAKE
STRUCTURE
• Definition of intake structures:
Intake structures are used for collecting water from the surface
sources such as river, lake, and reservoir and conveying it further to the
water treatment plant.
• These structures are masonry or concrete structures and provides
relatively clean water, free from pollution, sand and objectionable
floating material.
31
37. Site selection for intake structures
1. The site should be so selected that it may admit water even under worst
condition of flow.
2. Generally, it is preferred that intake should be sufficiently below the shore
line.
3. Site should be very close to treatment plant as possible.
4. It should be so located that it is free from the pollution. It is better to
provide intake at upper stream of city so that water is not contaminated.
5. It should not interfere with river traffic.
6. It should be located where good foundation conditions are available.
7. The site should be protected from rapid currents which may damage the
intake structure.
8. The site of the work should be easily approachable without any
obstruction. 32
38. Design Considerations
1. Sufficient factor of safety against external forces such as heavy
currents, floating materials, submerged bodies, ice pressure, etc.
2. Should have sufficient self weight so that it does not float by up-
thrust of water.
33
39. Types of intake structures
1. Simple Submerged intakes:
i. Submerged intake structures
ii. Rock filled timber intake
2. Intake towers:
i. Wet intake towers
ii. Dry intake towers
3. River intake structures
i. Twin well type
ii. Single well type
4. Canal intake
5. Reservoir intake
34
40. Simple submerged intake
1. Intake structures are constructed by simple concrete block or rock filled timber
crib.
2. These are constructed near lakes, where slit tends to settle down.
3. The opening is generally kept at about 2 to 2.5 m above the lake bed level to
avoid entry of silt.
4. They are cheap in construction and are constructed entirely under water does
the name submerged intake.
5. They are widely used for small water supply projects.
6. Limitation is that they are not accessible for cleaning and repairing.
35
43. Intake towers
• They are widely used on large water supply projects, for drawing
water from rivers or reservoirs having large change in water level.
• They are located near the river bank.
• There are two major types:
i. Wet intake towers
ii. Dry intake towers
38
44. Wet intake towers
• It consists of a concrete circular shell filled with water up to the
reservoir level.
• Has a vertical shaft inside which is connected to withdrawal pipe.
• The withdrawal pipe may lie over the bed of the river or may be in the
form of tunnels.
• Gates are placed on the shaft, so as to control the flow of water into
the shaft.
• The water coming out of the withdrawal pipe may be taken to pump
house for lift.
39
47. Dry intake towers
• The water is directly drawn into the withdrawal conduit through the
gated entry ports.
• It has no water inside the tower if its gates are closed.
• When the entry ports are closed, a dry intake tower will be subjected
to additional buoyant forces.
• Hence it must be of heavier construction than wet intake tower.
• They are used as water can be withdrawn from any selected level of
the reservoir by opening the port at the level.
41
50. River intake structures
• They are generally constructed for withdrawing water from almost all
rivers.
• It is a type of intake which may either located sufficiently inside the
river so that demands of water are met with in all the seasons of the
year.
• Or they may be located near the river bank where a sufficient depth of
water is available.
• They can be classified as:
i. Twin well type of intake structure
ii. Single well type of intake structure
43
51. Twin well type of intake structure
• They are constructed on almost all types of rivers, where the river
water hugs the river bank.
• It consists of 3 components:
An inlet well: inlet well is usually circular in C/s, made of masonry or
concrete.
An inlet pipe: inlet pipe connects inlet well with jack well. It has a
minimum dia of 45 cm, laid at slope of 1 in 200. flow velocity through
it <1.2 m/s. water entering jack well is lifted by pumps and fed into the
rising main.
Jack well: jack well should be founded on hard strata having bearing
capacity ≥ 450 KN/m2
.
44
53. Single well type of intake structure
• Intake structures will not have inlet wells and inlet pipe in this type of
river intake.
• Opening or ports fitted with bar screens are provided in the jack well
itself.
• The silt entering the jack well will partly settle down in the bottom silt
zone of jack well.
• The jack well can be periodically cleaned manually by stopping the
water entry in to the well.
46
56. Canal intake
• In some cases, source of water supply to small town may be an
irrigation canal passing through the town, canal intake are constructed.
• Generally it consists of masonry or concrete intake chamber of
rectangular shape, admitting water through a coarse screen.
• A fine screen is provided over the bell mouth entry of the outlet pipe.
• The intake chamber may be constructed inside the canal bank if it
does not offer any appreciable resistance to normal flow in the canal.
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59. Reservoir intake
• When the flow in the river is not guaranteed throughout the year, a
dam is constructed across it to store water in the reservoir so formed.
• These are similar to river intake, except that these are located near the
upstream face of the dam where maximum depth of water is available.
• Design of intake may vary based on the type of dam.
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63. REFERENCE
1) Clifford, D. A. (1990) “Water Quality & Treatment: A Handbook of Community
Water Supplies”, 4th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2) Conlon, W. J. and S. A. McClellan. (1989). “A water treatment process”. Journal
of the American Water Works Association 81(11):47.
3) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1985). National Primary
Drinking Water Regulations: Fluoride. Federal Register 50:220.
4) H. David Stensel and Franklin L. Burton “Textbook for: Wastewater engineering
treatment and reuse” Metcalf and Eddy fourth edition.
5) Issam Najm and R. Rhodes Trussell, “New and Emerging Drinking Water
Treatment Technologies”