2. Introduction
Types of canal
Cross section of irrigation canal
Losses of water in canal
Canal lining
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion
Reference
3. An irrigation canal is a hydraulic system whose main objective is to
convey water from a source (dam and river) to different users.
Such systems can be very large (several tens or hundreds of
kilometers); they are characterized by time delays and nonlinear
dynamics, strong unknown perturbations and interactions among
subsystems.
Varying operational objectives are assigned to their managers. The
main general objective is to provide water to the different users at the
right moment and in the right quantity, reducing losses as much as
possible in order to guarantee the safety of the infrastructure.
4. Contour canal
A contour canal has to cross natural drains as these
drains flows perpendicular to contours and hence, cross
drainage works are required to be provided.
Main canal
The main canal carries discharge directly from the river. It
takes off directly from the upstream side of weir head
works or dam.
5. Feeder Canal
Carrier Canal. A carrier canal serves the purpose of feeder
canal as well as it also provides the water for direct irrigation.
It is hence a multipurpose.
Irrigation canal
Irrigation Canal. The canal that carries water for agricultural
purposes is called an irrigation canal. Example: Ganga canal,
Indra Gandhi canal, Narmada.
Distributary
Minor distributary canal takes off from major distributaries and
sometimes directly from branch canals depending upon the
discharge of canals.
6. The cross-section of a canal is in the shape of a trapezium. If the canal
is 12 m wide at the top and 8 m wide et the bottom and the area of its
cross-section is 84 m2, determine its depth. The cross section of a
canal is in a shape of a trapezium.
The cross section of a canal is in the shape of trapezium. The canal
is 15m wide at the top and 9m wide at the bottom. If the area of the
cross section is 720m2.
The cross-section of a cannel is a trapezium in shape. If the canal is 15
m wide at the top and 5 m wide at the bottom and the area of cross-
section is 560 sq m, the depth of canal is:
7. As the world population grows, the need for food production has increased, and
less water is allocated to the agriculture sector (Shaheed et al., 2017). Consequently,
supply-oriented management strategies have been used to identify new
potential water resources for agricultural purposes.
However, climate change and continuous droughts in recent decades in arid
regions have created challenges to the provision of a timely and sufficient water
supply for agricultural water demand (Chen et al., 2020).
Therefore, in order to reduce water losses in the infrastructure and increase water
productivity, demand-oriented approaches have become priorities and have been
widely employed on the on-farm scale through precision agriculture systems
(Noorisameleh et al., 2020).
8. Canal Linings are provided in canals to resist the flow of water
through its bed and sides.
These can be constructed using different materials such as
compacted earth, cement, concrete, plastics, boulders, bricks etc.
The main advantage of canal lining is to protect the water from
seepage loss.
Canal Lining is an impermeable layer provided for the bed and
sides of canal to improve the life and discharge capacity of canal.
60 to 80% of water lost through seepage in an unlined canal can
be saved by construction canal lining.
9. These are effective means of irrigation.
They generate income to government.
They cover large area for irrigation.
Canal are effective means to sustain drought.
Carry sediment which enrich the fertility of soil.
10. Cause problem of waterlogging and alkalinity in the
peripheral areas.
Irrigation through water often causes wastage of
water.
Causes disputes regarding sharing of water.
Danger of spreading water borne disease in
peripheral areas.
11. Most canals provide perennial irrigation and provide
water as needed.
This saves the crops from drought and helps to increase
farm production.
However, during the rainy season, many canals
overflow and flood the surrounding areas.
