The document covers various aspects of transportation engineering, including modes of transportation, types of roads and pavements, and their significance in national development. It details road design elements such as horizontal and vertical alignment, classifications based on usage and pavement type, as well as causes of road damage. Additionally, it discusses traffic signs, signals, and road markings which play a critical role in ensuring safety and efficiency in transportation systems.

1. Prepared by : Prof. Kajol Panchal
Diwaliba Polytechnic 1

2. Topics
• Modes of transportation and its importance
• Classification of roads
• Types of pavements
• Cross sections of road and railway
• Causes of damage to roads
• Traffic signs and signals
• Significance of transportation in nation's development
• Role of engineers in transportation.
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4. Major disciplines of transportation
Transportation engineering can be broadly consisting
of the four major parts:
1. Transportation Planning
2. Geometric Design
3. Pavement Design
4. Traffic Engineering
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5. BASIC MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
5Continue…

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7. Highway Components
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10. Types of alignment
Horizontal Alignment : Horizontal alignment
in road design consists of straight sections of
road.
• It is the design of the road in the
horizontal plane.
• Should provide safe travel at a uniform
design speed.

11. Vertical Alignment : Vertical alignment is the longitudinal section (shown
on the y-axis) of a road, it consists of straight grades joined by vertical
curves.
• Vertical alignment specifies the elevations of points along the roadway.

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Classification of Road
Usage
during
seasons
Type of
carriage
way
Type of
pavement
surface
According
to location
and
function
According to
transported
tonnage
According
to traffic

31. Based on usage during season
All-weather roads: Those roads which are used during all
weather, except at major river crossings where interruption
of traffic is permissible up to a certain extent are called all
weather roads.
Fair-weather roads: Those Roads on which the traffic may
be interrupted during monsoon season at causeways where
streams may overflow across the road.
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32. Based on type of carriage way
Paved roads: If they are provided with a hard pavement
course such roads are called paved roads.
Unpaved roads: Roads which are not provided with a hard
course of at least a WBM layer is called unpaved roads.
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(eg: stones, Water bound
macadam (WBM), Bituminous
macadam (BM), concrete
roads)
eg: Earth and gravel roads
come under this category.

33. Based on type of pavement surface
Surfaced roads (BM, concrete): Roads which are provided
with a bituminous or cement concreting surface are called
surfaced roads.
Unsurfaced roads (soil/gravel): Roads which are not
provided with a bituminous or cement concreting surface
are called unsurfaced roads.
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34. According to Transport tonnage
Traffic volume: Based on the traffic volume, they
are classified as…
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35. According to Traffic
Load transported: Based on the load carried by
these roads, they are classified as…
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According to location and function

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42. Pavement…?
• The hard surface of a road or street.
• Any paved area or surface.
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43. Types of Pavement
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Flexible Pavements
PAVEMENTS
Rigid Pavements

44. • Surface course: Surface course is the layer directly
in contact with traffic loads and generally contains
superior quality materials.
• Base course: The base course is the layer of
material immediately beneath the surface of binder
course.
• Sub-Base course:The sub-base course is the layer
of material beneath the base course.
• Sub-grade:The top soil or sub-grade is a layer of
natural soil prepared to receive the stresses from
the layers above and distribute to soil.
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Flexible Pavements

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Rigid Pavements

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49. Requirements of a pavement…
Sufficient thickness to distribute the wheel load stresses to
a safe value on the sub-grade soil.
Structurally strong to withstand all types of stresses
imposed upon it.
Adequate coefficient of friction to prevent skidding of
vehicles.
Smooth surface to provide comfort to road users even at
high speed.
Produce least noise from moving vehicles.
Dust proof surface so that traffic safety is not impaired by
reducing visibility.
Impervious surface, so that sub-grade soil is well protected.
Long design life with low maintenance cost. 49

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52. Causes of damage to roads
Use of substandard material.(use of inferior
material)
Low bearing capacity of sub strata.
Improper or no provision of drainage.
Improper supervision of site.
Faulty workmanship.
Tendency of taking more profit of contractor.
Inadequacies in the initial design, specifications
and construction standards of the bituminous
layers.
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55. RAIL GAUGES
The gauge of a railway track is defined as the clear
minimum perpendicular distance between the inner
faces of the two rails.
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72. • Transport of goods and people by ships , barges,
boat over a body of water such as sea,ocean,river
canal or lake is known as water transport.
• Major ports are located at Calcutta, Chennai,
cochin, Kandla, Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, etc…
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74. Harbour:
It is a partly enclosed water area
which provides safe and suitable
accommodation for vessels
seeking refuge, supplies,
refuelling, repairs or loading and
unloading cargo.
Port:
It is a harbour where marine
terminal facilities are provided.
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Port = Harbour + Storage Facilities + Communication Facilities
+ Other terminal facilities

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77. • The airport Authority of India (AAI) manages 126
airports, which include 14 International and 86
domestic airport.
International Airport:
1. New Delhi
2. Amritsar
3. Ahmedabad
4. Mumbai
5. Goa (Panji)
6. Pune
7. Cochin
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8. Trivandrum
9. Chennai
10. Bangalore
11. Hyderabad
12. Kolkata
13. Guwahati
14. Jaipur

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Traffic signs and signals

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99. Road markings are the lines, patterns, words,
symbols or reflectors applied to the carriage way,
kerbs, sides of islands etc.
Types of markings are:
1. Carriage way markings
2. Kerb markings
3. Object markings
4. Reflector markings
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Carriage way markings Kerb markings
Reflector markingsObject markings

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