This chapter discusses the history and patterns of energy consumption. It explains that early humans relied primarily on biological energy sources like wood. The industrial revolution led to a major increase in the use of fossil fuels like coal and later oil as the main sources of energy to power machines and transportation. Countries that had access to large deposits of coal saw more rapid industrialization. The invention of the automobile further increased oil consumption and shaped modern lifestyles. Geopolitics and economics strongly influence patterns of energy use between developed and developing nations.

1. Environmental Science
A Study of Interrelationships
Thirteenth Edition
Enger & Smith
Chapter 8
Energy and Civilization: Patterns of Consumption
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Energy and Civilization:
Patterns of Consumption

3. 8.1 History of Energy Consumption
 Pre Industrial
revolution
• Biological energy
sources
– Initial energy transfer--photosynthesis.
– Very early in human
history
– Hunter/gatherers

4. 8.1 History of Energy Consumption
 Exploit additional energy sources
 Domesticated animals/plants
 Use of wood
 Heating
 Cooking

5. 8.1 History of Energy Consumption
• Increased Use of Wood
– Dense, rapidly growing settlements outstripped wood
production
– new fuel sources such as coal

6. 8.1 History of Energy Consumption
 Fossil Fuels
• modified remains of plants, animals, microorganisms
that lived million of years ago
 Coal
• 286-362 million years ago
• Plant material under heat/pressure
 Oil and natural gas
• one-celled marine organisms.

7. 8.1 History of Energy Consumption
 During the Industrial
Revolution
• machines replaced
human/animal labor in
manufacture and
transportation
• Steam engines (heat
energy into forward
motion)
• Countries or regions
without large coal
deposits left behind.

8. 8.1 History of Energy Consumption
 Prior to the Industrial Revolution
• goods were manufactured on a small scale (farms)
 Expanding factories needed larger labor pools
– people began congregating around factories and cities.
• Coal in cities resulted in increased levels of air pollution.
 Within 200 years, energy consumption of
industrialized nations increased eightfold.

9. 8.1 History of Energy Consumption
Changes in energy sources

10. 8.1 History of Energy Consumption
 The invention of the automobile
• increased the demand for oil products
• 2% in 1900 to 40% in 2010
 Automobile industry led to roadway construction,
which required energy.
•
•
•
•
Better roads---higher speeds.
Higher speeds---bigger, faster cars.
Bigger, faster cars---better roads.
“More chasing more”

11. 8.1 History of Energy Consumption
 More cars
• Job growth in automobile-related industries.
• Major role in development of industrialized nations.
 Cars altered people’s lifestyles:
• Vacationers --greater distances.
• People could live farther from work
– Led to cities and suburbs.
– labor-saving, energy-consuming devices became
essential
– Energy dependent

13. Discussion
 http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-ethanol-solution/
 Page 220 and 230 in text

14. 8.2 How Energy Is Used
 Industrialized nations use energy roughly equally
for:
• Residential / commercial uses
• Industrial uses
• Transportation
 Less-developed countries--residential purposes.
• Cooking and heating
 Developing countries--develop industry.

16. 8.2 How Energy Is Used
 In North America, 22% of energy is used for
residential and 18% for commercial purposes.
• In Canada, about 60% of residential energy is used for
heating.
 In Africa and Asia--used for cooking, and comes
from wood.
• Using fuel-efficient stoves instead of fires
– could reduce energy consumption by 50%
– improve health--breathe less wood smoke.

18. Transportation Energy Uses
 Per capita energy use for transportation is
• high in developing countries
• highest in highly developed countries
• The specific combination
– bus, rail, waterways, and private automobiles
– main factor in determining a country’s energy use for
transportation.

20. 8.2 How Energy Is Used
How Americans get to work

21. 8.3 Electrical Energy
 Most electrical energy
• burning fossil fuels.
 Electricity is easily transported
• uses are so varied
• electricity is a major world energy source
• Industrialized nations have 20% of the world’s
population, but use 55% of the world’s electricity.

23. 8.4 The Economics and Politics
of Energy Use
 A direct link exists between economic growth
and the availability of inexpensive energy.
• industrial societies want to ensure a continuous
supply of affordable energy.
• The higher the price of energy
– more expensive goods and services become.
• Subsidies help keep energy costs down.

24. 8.4 The Economics and Politics
of Energy Use
• International trade fossil fuels
– Influence world economy/politics
 Automobile fuel efficiency --government policy has
had significant impact
 The price of gasoline :
• Purchasing and processing crude oil
• Taxes

25. 8.4 The Economics and Politics
of Energy Use
 Taxes in the U.S. represent 15% of retail
gasoline price.
• 30% in Canada
• 45-65% in Japan and Europe
 The average European car driver pays about
twice as much as U.S. and Canadian drivers,
and uses 40% less fuel to drive the same
distance as a U.S. driver.

26. 8.4 The Economics and Politics
of Energy Use
Gasoline taxes and fuel efficiency

27. 8.4 The Economics and Politics
of Energy Use
 Governments often charge road users to help build
and repair roads by taxing fuel.
• U.S. only raises 60% of monies needed for roads from
fuel taxes.
– Low fuel costs in the U.S. encourage more travel, which
increases road repair costs.

28. Kyoto Treaty
 Kyoto Treaty
• The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on
December 1997 and entered into force on February
2005
– 37 industrialized countries and the European
Community committed to reduce GHG emissions
• Mandates reductions in carbon dioxide into
atmosphere
• U.S. has not signed into treaty

29. 8.4 The Economics and Politics
of Energy Use
 The Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) consists of 13 countries.
 OPEC nations control over 75% of the world’s
estimated oil reserves (1,400 billion barrels).
 With increased solidarity among OPEC
countries,
• oil prices have continued to rise and reached over
$147 per barrel in 2008
• before falling at the end of 2008
– world economy entered a recession.

31. Persian Gulf OPEC
40% oil production; Control 75% of oil reserves

32. 8.5 Energy Consumption Trends
 Over half of world energy consumption is by the
25 member countries of the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD), the developed nations of the world.
• Available Energy Sources
– Oil
36%
– Coal
28%
– Natural Gas
24%
– Nuclear energy and hydropower provide the rest.

33. 8.5 Energy Consumption Trends
Changes in world energy consumption

34. Summary
 A direct correlation exists between the amount of
energy used and the complexity of civilizations.
 Fossil-fuel consumption in conjunction with the
invention of labor-saving machines resulted in the
Industrial Revolution, which led to the development
of technology-oriented societies today in the
developed world.
 The invention of the automobile caused major
changes in the lifestyles of people that led to
greater consumption of energy.

35. Summary
 Because of the high dependence of modern
societies on oil as a source of energy, OPEC
countries can set the price of oil through
collective action.
 In general, rich countries use large amounts of
energy and poor countries use much less.
 Analysts expect the worldwide demand for
energy to increase steadily and the growth in
energy usage by those countries becoming
industrialized to be greater than that of alreadyindustrialized nations.

36. FUEL
 http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/fuel/